Misplaced Pages

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88-750: The territory of the Hackensack was variously called Ack-kinkas-hacky, Achkinhenhcky, Achinigeu-hach, Ackingsah-sack, among other spellings (translated as "place of stony ground" or "mouth of a river") and included the areas around the Upper New York Bay , Newark Bay , Bergen Neck , the Meadowlands , and the Palisades . A phratry of the Lenape, the Hackensack spoke the Unami dialect, one of

176-476: A homestead at Vriessendael, gave his observations of the Hackensack. The British takeover of New Netherland, between 1663 and 1674, coincided with Oratam's death (he was said to have lived into his 90s). The government of the newly formed province of East Jersey quickly surveyed, patented, or deeded lands throughout Hackensack, Tappan, and Raritan territory. In most cases, the Lenape were compensated for sale of

264-572: A 2014 report in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health found that only 10% of either "heavy drinkers" or "binge drinkers" defined according to the above criteria also met the criteria for alcohol dependence, while only 1.3% of non-binge drinkers met the criteria. An inference drawn from this study is that evidence-based policy strategies and clinical preventive services may effectively reduce binge drinking without requiring addiction treatment in most cases. The therapeutic index for ethanol

352-501: A 2022 study, recreational heavy drinking and intoxication have become increasingly prevalent among Nigerian youth in Benin City. Traditionally, alcohol use was more accepted for men, while youth drinking was often taboo. Today, many young people engage in heavy drinking for pleasure and excitement. Peer networks encourage this behavior through rituals that promote intoxication and provide care for inebriated friends. The findings suggest

440-482: A 2024 WHO report indicates that these harmful consequences of alcohol use result in approximately 2.6 million deaths annually, accounting for 4.7% of all global deaths. In 2023, the WHO declared that 'there is no safe amount of alcohol consumption' and that 'the risk to the drinker’s health starts from the first drop of any alcoholic beverage.' This new global health policy aligns with the scientific consensus regarding

528-718: A decline in quality of life and a shortened lifespan by 3–6 years. Alcohol-based sugar-sweetened beverages , are closely linked to episodic drinking in adolescents. Sugar-infused alcoholic beverages include alcopops , and liqueurs . The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) defines binge drinking as a pattern of alcohol consumption that brings a person's blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 percent or above. This typically occurs when men consume five or more US standard drinks , or women consume four or more drinks, within about two hours. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) defines binge drinking slightly differently, focusing on

616-469: A deficiency of thiamine can produce Korsakoff's syndrome , which is associated with serious brain damage. Christian views on alcohol encompass a range of perspectives regarding the consumption of alcoholic beverages, with significant emphasis on moderation rather than total abstinence. The moderationist position is held by Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodox , and within Protestantism, it

704-660: A figure of 6.93 kilocalories (29.0 kJ) per gram of alcohol (5.47 kcal or 22.9 kJ per ml) for calculating food energy. For distilled spirits , a standard serving in the United States is 44 ml (1.5 US fl oz), which at 40% ethanol (80 proof ), would be 14 grams and 98 calories. However, alcoholic drinks are considered empty calorie foods because other than food energy they contribute no essential nutrients . Alcohol increases insulin response to glucose promoting fat storage and hindering carb/fat burning oxidation. This excess processing in

792-411: A glass a day can be good for the heart. But there's more to the story. No research has proved a cause-and-effect link between drinking alcohol and better heart health." In folk medicine , consuming a nightcap is for the purpose of inducing sleep . However, alcohol is not recommended by many doctors as a sleep aid because it interferes with sleep quality . " Hair of the dog ", short for "hair of

880-445: A higher demand for alcohol compared to those who drink solely for recreation or self-medication. This finding raises concerns, as this group may be more likely to develop alcohol use disorder and experience negative consequences related to their drinking. A significant proportion of patients attending mental health services for conditions including anxiety disorders such as panic disorder or social phobia have developed these conditions as

968-573: A large underwater reef on the New Jersey side of the harbor. The reef was historically one of the largest oyster beds in the world and provided a staple for the diet of all classes of citizens both locally and regionally until the end of the 19th century, when the beds succumbed to pollution. Historically, it has played an extremely important role in the commerce of the New York metropolitan area . The Statue of Liberty National Monument recalls

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1056-489: A long association of military use, and has been called "liquid courage" for its role in preparing troops for battle, anaesthetize injured soldiers, and celebrate military victories . It has also served as a coping mechanism for combat stress reactions and a means of decompression from combat to everyday life. However, this reliance on alcohol can have negative consequences for physical and mental health. Military and veteran populations face significant challenges in addressing

1144-406: A major global public health issue and includes alcoholism , abuse , alcohol withdrawal , fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), liver disease , hepatitis , cardiovascular disease (e.g., cardiomyopathy ), polyneuropathy , alcoholic hallucinosis , long-term impact on the brain (e.g., brain damage , dementia , and Marchiafava–Bignami disease ), and cancers . For roughly two decades,

1232-440: A need to reconsider cultural prohibitions on youth drinking and advocate for public health interventions promoting low-risk drinking practices. Heavy alcohol use is defined differently by various health organizations. The CDC defines "Current heavier drinker" as consuming more than 7 drinks per week for women and more than 14 drinks per week for men. Additionally, "Heavy drinking day (also referred to as episodic heavy drinking"

1320-550: A result of recreational alcohol or sedative use. Self-medication or mental disorders may make people not decline their drinking despite negative consequences. This can create a cycle of dependence that is difficult to break without addressing the underlying mental health issue. The American Heart Association warn that "We've all seen the headlines about studies associating light or moderate drinking with health benefits and reduced mortality. Some researchers have suggested there are health benefits from wine, especially red wine, and that

1408-408: A spontaneous abortion, is the death and expulsion of an embryo or fetus before it can survive independently. Alcohol consumption is a risk factor for miscarriage. Drinking of alcohol by parents is linked to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). One study found a positive correlation between the two during New Years celebrations and weekends. Another found that alcohol use disorder was linked to

1496-537: A vast tract of land (2200 acres), between Overpeck Creek and the Hackensack River, to Sara Kiersted, who had mastered the Lenape language and acted as interpreter. He also brokered other land sales, and treaties, between the native and colonizing peoples, including those that ended Kieft's War and the Esopus Wars . In a series of essays published in 1655, David Pietersen de Vries , who had established

1584-405: Is 10%. Alcohol can have analgesic (pain-relieving) effects, which is why some people with chronic pain turn to alcohol to self-medicate and try to alleviate their physical discomfort. People with social anxiety disorder commonly self-medicate with alcohol to overcome their highly set inhibitions. However, self-medicating excessively for prolonged periods of time with alcohol often makes

1672-452: Is a medical term for ethanol solutions with 95% ABV . When taken by mouth or injected into a vein ethanol is used to treat methanol or ethylene glycol toxicity when fomepizole is not available. Ethanol, when used to treat or prevent methanol and/or ethylene glycol toxicity, competes with other alcohols for the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme, lessening metabolism into toxic aldehyde and carboxylic acid derivatives, and reducing

1760-654: Is accepted by Anglicans , Lutherans and many Reformed churches . Moderationism is also accepted by Jehovah's Witnesses . Spiritual use of moderate alcohol consumption is also found in some religions and schools with esoteric influences, including the Hindu tantra sect Aghori , in the Sufi Bektashi Order and Alevi Jem ceremonies, in the Rarámuri religion, in the Japanese religion Shinto , by

1848-610: Is also used as a recreational drug , for example by college students , for self-medication , and in warfare . It is also frequently involved in alcohol-related crimes such as drunk driving , public intoxication , and underage drinking . Short-term effects from moderate consumption include relaxation , decreased social inhibition , and euphoria , while binge drinking may result in cognitive impairment , blackout , and hangover . Excessive alcohol intake causes alcohol poisoning , characterized by unconsciousness or, in severe cases, death. Long-term effects are considered to be

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1936-412: Is characterized as having 4 or more drinks on a single occasion for women and 5 or more for men, in the past year. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) provides gender-specific guidelines for heavy drinking. According to NIAAA, men who consume five or more US standard drinks in a single day or 15 or more drinks within a week are considered heavy drinkers. For women, the threshold

2024-787: Is classified as a teratogen —a substance known to cause birth defects; according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), alcohol consumption by women who are not using birth control increases the risk of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). This group of conditions encompasses fetal alcohol syndrome, partial fetal alcohol syndrome, alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder, static encephalopathy, and alcohol-related birth defects. The CDC currently recommends complete abstinence from alcoholic beverages for women of child-bearing age who are pregnant, trying to become pregnant, or are sexually active and not using birth control. In South Africa, some populations have rates as high as 9%. Miscarriage , also known in medical terms as

2112-780: Is connected to Lower New York Bay by the Narrows , to Newark Bay by the Kill Van Kull , and to Long Island Sound by the East River , which, despite its name, is actually a tidal strait . It provides the main passage for the waters of the Hudson River as it empties through the Narrows. The channel of the Hudson as it passes through the harbor is called the Anchorage Channel and is approximately 50 feet deep in

2200-426: Is considered to be an anaphrodisiac . Albeit not a valid intoxication defense , weakening the inhibitions by drunkenness is occasionally used as a tool to commit planned offenses such as property crimes including theft and robbery, and violent crimes including assault, murder, or rape – which sometimes but not always occurs in alcohol-facilitated sexual assaults where the victim is also drugged. Alcohol has

2288-541: Is drinking alcoholic beverages with an intention of becoming intoxicated by heavy consumption of alcohol over a short period of time, but definitions vary considerably. Binge drinking is a style of drinking that is popular in several countries worldwide, and overlaps somewhat with social drinking since it is often done in groups. Drinking games involve consuming alcohol as part of the gameplay. They can be risky because they can encourage people to drink more than they intended to. Recent studies link binge drinking habits to

2376-725: Is enclosed by the New York City boroughs of Manhattan , Brooklyn , and Staten Island and the Hudson County, New Jersey municipalities of Jersey City and Bayonne . The name may also refer to the entirety of New York Bay including Lower New York Bay . The harbor is fed by the waters of the Hudson River (historically called the North River as it passes Manhattan ), as well as the Gowanus Canal . It

2464-529: Is found in fermented beverages such as beer, wine, and distilled spirit – in particular, rectified spirit , and serves various purposes; Certain religions integrate alcohol into their spiritual practices. For example, the Catholic Church requires alcoholic sacramental wine in the Eucharist , and permits moderate consumption of alcohol in daily life as a means of experiencing joy. Alcohol

2552-813: Is held that the Gambino crime family controlled the New York waterfront and the Genovese crime family controlled the New Jersey side. In 1984 the Teamsters local was put under Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) trusteeship, and in 2005 a similar suit was brought against the International Longshoremen's Association local. In March 2006, the Port passenger facility

2640-562: Is lower, with four or more drinks in a day or eight or more drinks per week classified as heavy drinking. In contrast, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) takes a different approach to defining heavy alcohol use. SAMHSA considers heavy alcohol use to be engaging in binge drinking behaviors on five or more days within a month. This definition focuses more on the frequency of excessive drinking episodes rather than specific drink counts. Despite this risk,

2728-409: Is much healthier than it was 30 years ago." The Port of New York and New Jersey is the largest oil importing port and third largest container port in the nation. The commercial activity of the port of New York City, including the waterfronts of the five boroughs and nearby cities in New Jersey, since 1921 has been formalized under a single bi-state Port Authority of New York and New Jersey . Since

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2816-476: Is often used as "liquid courage" in the hookup culture , for them to make a sexual advance in the first place. However, a recent trend called "dry dating" is gaining popularity to replace "liquid courage", which involves going on dates without consuming alcohol. Consuming alcohol prior to visiting female sex workers is a common practice among some men. Sex workers often resort to using drugs and alcohol to cope with stress. Alcohol when consumed in high doses

2904-807: Is still served by cruise lines , commuter ferries , and tourist excursion boats. Although most ferry service is private, the Staten Island Ferry is operated by the New York City Department of Transportation . Passenger ship facilities are New York Passenger Ship Terminal , the Brooklyn Cruise Terminal at Red Hook , and MOTBY at Bayonne . 40°40′06″N 74°02′44″W  /  40.66833°N 74.04556°W  / 40.66833; -74.04556 Alcohol (drug) Alcohol (from Arabic al-kuḥl  'the kohl '), sometimes referred to by

2992-476: Is the U.S. Customs "green lane" program, in which trusted shippers have fewer containers inspected, providing easier access for contraband material. The water quality in New York Harbor has been affected by centuries of shipping activity, industrial development and urbanization . Water pollution from these sources has been a constant phenomenon, although there have been improvements in some areas of

3080-465: The Director-General of New Netherland , negotiated the purchase of all the land from "the great rock above Wiehacken", west to Sikakes , and south to Konstapels Hoeck . The area became collectively known as Bergen with the founding of a village at Bergen Square in 1661. In 1666, the Hackensack sold the land that would become the city of Newark to Robert Treat . In 1669, Oratam deeded

3168-576: The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) of the WHO has classified alcohol as a Group 1 Carcinogen . Globally, alcohol use was the seventh leading risk factor for both deaths and DALY in 2016. According to WHO's Global status report on alcohol and health 2018, more than 200 health issues are associated with harmful alcohol consumption, ranging from liver diseases, road injuries and violence, to cancers, cardiovascular diseases, suicides, tuberculosis , and HIV/AIDS . Moreover,

3256-741: The Wappinger in the Hudson Valley , and Canarsee and Rockaway on Long Island , were sometimes collectively called the River Indians . The Lenape engaged in agriculture and seasonally migrated, cultivating companion planting at their campsites to supplement foraging , hunting , fishing , trapping , and shellfishing . The terrain they inhabited was diverse: wide tidal flats and oyster beds, forested mountains, and level land that could be cultivated. The Hackensack would relocate their semi-permanent village every several years to allow

3344-424: The totem of the turtle ("Turtle Clan"). Those with the totem of the turtle were held in great esteem by Lenape groups, particularly as peacemakers. The society of the Hackensack (and all Lenape) was based on governance by consensus. A sachem , or sagamore , ("paramount chief"), though influential, was obliged to follow the decisions of the council made up of leaders among the tribe. The word caucus may come from

3432-672: The 1950s, the New York and Brooklyn commercial port has been almost completely eclipsed by the container ship facility at nearby Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal in Newark Bay , which is the largest such port on the Eastern Seaboard . The port has diminished in importance to passenger travel, but the Port Authority operates all three major airports, La Guardia (built 1939) and JFK/Idlewild (built 1948) in New York, and Newark (built 1928) in New Jersey. The harbor

3520-514: The Algonquian caucauasu meaning "counselor". In the 17th century, the Hackensack numbered about one thousand, of whom 300 were warriors. An important sachem of that time was Oratam (born circa 1576). He was likely also the sagamore of the Tappan, a distinct but closely related Lenape group. It has also been written that the Tappan and the Hackensack were one tribe, the evidence for this being

3608-684: The German navy's Operation Drumbeat set the top U-boat aces loose against the merchant fleet in U.S. territorial waters in January 1942, starting the Second happy time . The U-boat captains were able to silhouette target ships against the glow of city lights, and attacked with relative impunity, in spite of U.S. naval concentrations within the Harbor. Casualties included the tankers Coimbria off Sandy Hook and Norness off Long Island. New York Harbor, as

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3696-545: The Hackensack had early and frequent contact with the New Netherlanders . They traded beaver , pelts , and sewant for manufactured goods , including firearms , gunpowder , and alcohol . The Hackensack also "sold" their land, which became sites for the Dutch settlements at Pavonia , Communipaw , Harsimus , Hoboken , Weehawken , Constable Hook , Achter Col , and Vriessendael . In 1658, Peter Stuyvesant ,

3784-499: The Harbor and explored a stretch of the river that now bears his name. His journey prompted others to explore the region and engage in trade with the local population. The first permanent European settlement was started on Governors Island in 1624, and in Brooklyn eight years after that; soon these were connected by ferry operation. The colonial Dutch Director-General of New Netherland , Peter Stuyvesant , ordered construction of

3872-460: The Lenape population to around 4,000 total by 1700. The Lenape people, like all Native Americans, had no immunity to Eurasian diseases, which had been endemic in European cities for centuries after arriving from Asia; and they suffered high fatality rates from the diseases. As the Lenape population declined and the European population increased, the history of the area was increasingly defined by

3960-464: The Narrows , the strait between Staten Island and Long Island that connects the Upper and Lower New York Bay , where he received a canoe party of Lenape. A party of his sailors may have taken on fresh water at a spring called "the watering place" on Staten Island—a monument stands in a tiny park on the corner of Bay Street and Victory Boulevard at the approximate spot—but Verrazzano's descriptions of

4048-616: The Staten Island shore. Liberty State Park opened in 1976. In recent years, it has become a popular site for recreation sailing and kayaking . The harbor is traversed by the Staten Island Ferry , which runs between Whitehall Street at the southernmost tip of Manhattan near Battery Park ( South Ferry ) and St. George Ferry Terminal on Richmond Terrace in Staten Island near Richmond County Borough Hall and Richmond County Supreme Court. NY Waterway operates routes across

4136-671: The United States. Upper New York Bay New York Harbor is a bay that covers all of the Upper Bay and an extremely small portion of the Lower Bay . It is at the mouth of the Hudson River where it empties into New York/New Jersey Bight near the East River tidal estuary , and then into the Atlantic Ocean on the East Coast of the United States . New York Harbor is also known as Upper New York Bay , which

4224-666: The amusement parks in Coney Island , Brooklyn , and the Coney Island Light , and Sandy Hook Lighthouse . The Harbor reached its peak activity in March 1943 during World War II, with 543 ships at anchor awaiting assignment to convoy or berthing (with as many as 426 seagoing vessel already at one of the 750 piers or docks). Eleven hundred warehouses with nearly 1.5 square miles (3.9 km ) of enclosed space served freight along with 575 tugboats and 39 active shipyards ,

4312-739: The area of English colonization. In the eighteenth century, the Lenape were signatories to the Walking Purchase agreement in Pennsylvania, and Treaty of Easton . The British were trying to gain control of lands they had "acquired" from the French after the French and Indian War (1754-1763), and the Native Americans were trying to prevent further European encroachment into their territory. Today Lenape groups are dispersed around

4400-398: The bay and through The Narrows to locations near Sandy Hook . The harbor supports a very diverse population of marine species, allowing for recreational fishing, most commonly for striped bass and bluefish. The original population of the 16th century New York Harbor, the Lenape , used the waterways for fishing and travel. In 1524 Giovanni da Verrazzano anchored in what is now called

4488-522: The chemical name ethanol , is the second most consumed psychoactive drug globally behind caffeine , and the most abused drug in the world, according to the Global Burden of Disease Study . It is a central nervous system (CNS) depressant , decreasing electrical activity of neurons in the brain. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies alcohol as a toxic , psychoactive, dependence -producing, and carcinogenic substance. Alcohol

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4576-629: The co-occurrence of PTSD and alcohol use disorder . Military personnel who show symptoms of PTSD, major depressive disorder , alcohol use disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder show higher levels of suicidal ideation . Alcohol consumption in the US Military is higher than any other profession, according to CDC data from 2013–2017. The Department of Defense Survey of Health Related Behaviors among Active Duty Military Personnel published that 47% of active duty members engage in binge drinking, with another 20% engaging in heavy drinking in

4664-846: The dog that bit you", is a colloquial expression in the English language predominantly used to refer to alcohol that is consumed as a hangover remedy (with the aim of lessening the effects of a hangover ). Many other languages have their own phrase to describe the same concept. The idea may have some basis in science in the difference between ethanol and methanol metabolism. Instead of alcohol, rehydration before going to bed or during hangover may relieve dehydration -associated symptoms such as thirst, dizziness, dry mouth, and headache. Drinking alcohol may cause subclinical immunosuppression . Dutch courage , also known as pot-valiance or liquid courage, refers to courage gained from intoxication with alcohol. Alcohol use among college students

4752-526: The drinking habits of 541 students over two football seasons. It revealed that high-profile game days ranked among the heaviest drinking occasions, similar to New Year's Eve. Male students increased their consumption for all games, while socially active female students drank heavily during away games. Lighter drinkers also showed a higher likelihood of risky behaviors during away games as their intoxication increased. This research highlights specific drinking patterns linked to collegiate sports events. According to

4840-498: The fact that it increases the blood alcohol content (BAC). However, alcohol is a significant source of food energy for individuals with alcoholism and those who engage in binge drinking; For example, individuals with drunkorexia , engage in the combination of self-imposed malnutrition and binge drinking to avoid weight gain from alcohol, to save money for purchasing alcohol, and to facilitate alcohol intoxication. Also, in alcoholics who get most of their daily calories from alcohol,

4928-566: The first American drydock was completed on the East River. Because of its location and depth, the Port grew rapidly with the introduction of steamships ; and then with the completion in 1825 of the Erie Canal New York became the most important transshipping port between Europe and the interior of the United States, as well as coastwise destinations. By about 1840, more passengers and a greater tonnage of cargo came through

5016-578: The first engineer in chief. By the turn of the 20th century numerous railroad terminals lined the western banks of the North River (Hudson River) in Hudson County, New Jersey , transporting passengers and freight from all over the United States. The freight was ferried across by the competing railroads with small fleets of towboats , barges, and 323 car floats , specially designed barges with rails so cars could be rolled on. New York subsidized this service which undercut rival ports. Major road improvements allowing for trucking and containerization diminished

5104-399: The first time: I have never seen the bay of Naples , I can therefore make no comparison, but my imagination is incapable of conceiving any thing of the kind more beautiful than the harbour of New York. Various and lovely are the objects which meet the eye on every side, but the naming them would only be to give a list of words, without conveying the faintest idea of the scene. I doubt if ever

5192-571: The first wharf on the Manhattan bank of the lower East River sheltered from winds and ice, which was completed late in 1648 and called Schreyers Hook Dock (near what is now Pearl and Broad Streets). This prepared New York as a leading port for the British colonies and then within the newly independent United States . In 1686, the British colonial officials gave the municipality control over

5280-432: The geography of the area are a bit ambiguous. It is fairly firmly held by historians that his ship anchored at the approximate location of the modern Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge 's approach viaduct in Brooklyn. He also observed what he believed to be a large freshwater lake to the north (apparently Upper New York Bay). He apparently did not travel north to observe the existence of the Hudson River. In 1609 Henry Hudson entered

5368-577: The harbor complex in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. A 2019 study of the harbor identifies water quality trends in nine regions of the harbor, using data collected during 1996 to 2017. The Lower New York Bay region has the highest quality, due to frequent exchange of water with the Atlantic Ocean. The poorest regions are those with limited exchange of water flows: Newtown Creek , Flushing Bay and Jamaica Bay . High levels of nutrient pollution (nitrogen and phosphorus) were observed throughout

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5456-472: The harbor even at slack tide. Gedney's Channel, as it came to be called, was also shorter than the previous channel, another benefit appreciated by the ship owners and the merchants they sold to. Gedney received the praise of the city, as well as an expensive silver service . In her 1832 book Domestic Manners of the Americans , Fanny Trollope wrote of her impressions upon entering New York Harbor for

5544-455: The huge sandbar, which was interrupted in a number of places by channels of fairly shallow depth: 21 feet (6.4 m) at low tide and 33 feet (10 m) at high tide. Because of the difficulty of the navigation required, since 1694, New York had required all ships to be guided into the harbor by an experienced pilot. The new channel Gedney discovered was 2 feet (0.61 m) deeper, enough of an added margin that fully laden ships could come into

5632-582: The immigrant experience during the late 19th and early 20th century. Since the 1950s, container ship traffic has been primarily routed through the Kill Van Kull to Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal , where it is consolidated for easier automated transfer to land conveyance. As a consequence, the waterfront industries of the Harbor experienced a decline leading to diverse plans for revitalization, though important maritime uses remain at Red Hook , Port Jersey , MOTBY , Constable Hook , and parts of

5720-412: The land to renew itself. It was usually sited between Tantaqua and the middle reaches of the Hackensack River. Their summer encampment and council fire was located at Gamoenpa , (the "big landing-place from the other side of the river"). At Hopoghan Hackingh (meaning "land of the tobacco pipe"), they collected soapstone from which to carve tobacco pipes . The Hackensack identified themselves with

5808-406: The land. Both the land at Newark Tract and Horseneck Tract were sold to English-speaking settlers by the Hackensack. In 1600, the Lenape population may have numbered as many as 20,000. Several wars, at least 14 separate epidemics of new infectious diseases ( yellow fever , smallpox , influenza , encephalitis lethargica , etc.), and disastrous over-harvesting of the animal populations reduced

5896-469: The largest being Brooklyn Navy Yard . With a large inventory of heavy equipment, this made New York Harbor the busiest in the world. Deterrence and investigation of criminal activity, especially relating to organized crime, is the responsibility of the bi-state Waterfront Commission . The commission was set up in 1953 (a year before the movie On the Waterfront ), to combat labor racketeering . It

5984-417: The liver acetyl CoA can lead to fatty liver disease and eventually alcoholic liver disease . This progression can lead to further complications, alcohol-related liver disease may cause exocrine pancreatic insufficiency , the inability to properly digest food due to a lack or reduction of digestive enzymes made by the pancreas. The use of alcohol as a staple food source is considered inconvenient due to

6072-588: The major convoy embarkation point for the U.S., was effectively a staging area in the Battle of the Atlantic , with the U.S. Merchant Marine losses of 1 of 26 mariners, a rate exceeding those of the other U.S. forces. Bright city lights made it easier for German U-boats to spot targets at night, but local officials resisted suggestions that they follow London 's lead and blackout the lights of coastal cities. However, some lights were darkened, including those of

6160-462: The many land deeds signed by men who were sachems of both tribes at the same time. After Henry Hudson first explored the area, sailing up the river now named for him, anchoring at Weehawken Cove in September 1609, the Dutch claimed Hackensack lands as part of the colonial province of New Netherland . Living close to what became the province's capital, New Amsterdam , at the tip of Manhattan ,

6248-458: The midpoint of the harbor. A project to replace two water mains between Brooklyn and Staten Island, which will eventually allow for dredging of the channel to nearly 100 feet (30 m), was begun in April 2012. The harbor contains several islands including Governors Island , near the mouth of the East River, as well Ellis Island , Liberty Island , and Robbins Reef which are supported by

6336-401: The more serious toxic effects of the glycols when crystallized in the kidneys . Drinking culture is the set of traditions and social behaviors that surround the consumption of alcoholic beverages as a recreational drug and social lubricant . Although alcoholic beverages and social attitudes toward drinking vary around the world, nearly every civilization has independently discovered

6424-427: The nearby main port of entry at Ellis Island processed 12 million arrivals from 1892 to 1954. The Statue of Liberty National Monument , encompassing both islands, recalls the period of massive immigration to the United States at the turn of the 20th century While many stayed in the region, others spread across America, with more than 10 million leaving from the nearby Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal . After

6512-504: The need. The harbor saw major federal investment at the end of the century when Congress passed the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 . Over $ 1.2 million of initial funding was appropriated for the dredging of 40-foot-deep (12.2 m) channels at Bay Ridge , Red Hook , and Sandy Hook . The Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) stands on Liberty Island in the harbor, while

6600-546: The new European inhabitants. The Lenape Indian tribes played an increasingly secondary role. By the mid-18th century, the English colonists referred to the Lenape people generally as the Delaware, in recognition of their major territory along that river and around the bay it feeds, both of which they named for Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr , governor of the Jamestown Colony . Some Lenape had migrated west out of

6688-624: The new religious movement Thelema , in Vajrayana Buddhism , and in Vodou faith of Haiti. In the US, alcohol is subject to the FDA drug labeling Pregnancy Category X ( Contraindicated in pregnancy ). Minnesota, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, and Wisconsin have laws that allow the state to involuntarily commit pregnant women to treatment if they abuse alcohol during pregnancy. Ethanol

6776-498: The number of drinks consumed on a single occasion. According to SAMHSA, binge drinking is consuming five or more drinks for men, or four or more drinks for women, on the same occasion on at least one day in the past month. Light drinking, moderate drinking, responsible drinking, and social drinking are often used interchangeably, but with slightly different connotations: A 2007 study at the University of Texas at Austin monitored

6864-491: The past 30 days. Reports from the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 and since suggested that Russian soldiers are drinking significant amount of alcohol (as well as consuming harder drugs), which increases their losses. Some reports suggest that on occasion, alcohol and drugs have been provided to the lower quality troops by their commanders, in order to facilitate their use as expendable cannon fodder . The USDA uses

6952-411: The pencil of Turner could do it justice, bright and glorious as it rose upon us. We seemed to enter the harbour of New York upon waves of liquid gold, and as we darted past the green isles which rise from its bosom, like guardian centinels of the fair city, the setting sun stretched his horizontal beams farther and farther at each moment, as if to point out to us some new glory in the landscape. In 1824

7040-587: The port of New York than all other major harbors in the country combined and by 1900 it was one of the great international ports. The Morris Canal carried anthracite and freight from Pennsylvania through New Jersey to its terminus at the mouth of the Hudson in Jersey City . Portions in the harbor are now part of Liberty State Park . In 1870, the city established the Department of Docks to systematize waterfront development, with George B. McClellan as

7128-687: The processes of brewing beer, fermenting wine and distilling spirits . Common drinking styles include moderate drinking, social drinking, and binge drinking . In today's society, there is a growing awareness of this, reflected in the variety of approaches to alcohol use, each emphasizing responsible choices. Sober curious describes a mindset or approach where someone is consciously choosing to reduce or eliminate alcohol consumption, not drinking and driving, being aware of your surroundings, not pressuring others to drink, and being able to quit anytime. However, they are not necessarily committed to complete sobriety. Binge drinking, or heavy episodic drinking,

7216-470: The risks of alcohol consumption for pregnant women, particularly due to FASDs , as well as for individuals under the legal drinking age . Additionally, this social change also reflects the temperance movement 's opposition to alcohol consumption and is supported by national public health agencies, which increasingly recommend abstinence in their alcohol consumption recommendations while noting that any alcohol intake raises risk levels. Spiritus fortis

7304-589: The symptoms of anxiety or depression worse. This is believed to occur as a result of the changes in brain chemistry from long-term use. A 2023 systematic review highlights the non-addictive use of alcohol for managing developmental issues , personality traits, and psychiatric symptoms , emphasizing the need for informed, harm-controlled approaches to alcohol consumption within a personalized health policy framework. A 2023 study suggests that people who drink for both recreational enjoyment and therapeutic reasons, like relieving pain and anxiety/depression/stress, have

7392-857: The two major dialects of the Lenape, or Delaware, languages, which were part of the Algonquian language family. Unami meant the "people down river". Other bands of Unami speakers in the area included the Raritan on Staten Island / Raritan Bay , the Acquackanonk on the Passaic River , the Tappan along the Palisades and Pascack Valley , and the Pompton people along the Passaic River and Saddle River tributaries. These groups, along with

7480-486: The various harbor regions, although there has been a general lowering trend in total nitrogen, and some other indicator parameters show improvements. The implementation of the Clean Water Act and related pollution control laws, along with cleanup programs and conservation measures throughout the region, have begun to yield some improvements since the 1970s. The study authors state that "the New York Harbor ecosystem

7568-545: The war, the 1919 New York City Harbor Strike by the Marine Workers Union shut down the port for weeks. It started on January 9 and was paused on January 13 for arbitration. The strike resumed March 4 after workers rejected the War Board labor ruling and ended on April 20, 1919 after new terms had been offered by both public and private port employers. After the United States entered World War II ,

7656-660: The waterfront. In 1835, Lieutenant Thomas Gedney of the Survey of the Coast (renamed the United States Coast Survey in 1836 and the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1878) discovered a new, deeper channel through the Narrows into New York Harbor. Previously, the passage was complex and shallow enough that loaded ships would wait outside the harbor until high tide, to avoid running into

7744-536: Was to be transferred to Dubai Ports World . There was considerable security controversy over the ownership by a foreign corporation, particularly Arabic, of a U.S. port operation, this in spite of the fact the current operator was the British-based P&;O Ports , and the fact that Orient Overseas Investment Limited , a company dominated by a Chinese Communist official, has the operating contract for Howland Hook Marine Terminal . An additional concern

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