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26-427: These dances are mostly found in weddings and generally accompanied by zurna and davul , but in the recent years, electronic instruments have started to replace them. Typically, Halay dancers form a circle or a line, while holding each other in many ways, such as finger to finger, shoulder to shoulder, or hand to hand. The last and the first player may hold a piece of cloth. It usually begins slow and speeds up. Due to

52-402: A cylindrical bore, and a bell opening out in a parabolic curve , thus adapted to reflect the sound straight ahead. Because of its loud and highly directional sound as well as accompaniment by big drums, it has historically been played outdoors, during festive events such as weddings and public celebrations. It has also been used to gather crowds in order to make official announcements. This use of

78-506: A relative of the oboe , is found almost everywhere where the common reed grows because it uses a short cylindrical reed that is tied to a conical brass tube on one end, flattened to a narrow slit on the other end as a source of the sound. It requires high pressure to give any tone at all and when it does, it is almost constantly loud, high pitched, sharp, and piercing. The need for high pressure makes it suitable for playing without stop using circular breathing . A small pacifier-style disk that

104-705: Is a double reed wind instrument played in Central Asia , West Asia , the Caucasus , Southeast Europe and parts of North Africa . It is also used in Sri Lanka . It is usually accompanied by a davul (bass drum) in Armenian , Anatolian and Assyrian folk music. A folk etymology explains that the name is derived from Persian " سرنای " ( surnāy ), composed of " سور " ( sūr ) meaning "banquet, feast", and نای ( nāy ) meaning "reed, pipe". The term

130-740: Is a linguistic manual of the Middle Ages , designed to help Catholic missionaries communicate with the Cumans , a nomadic Turkic people. It is currently housed in the Library of St. Mark , in Venice (BNM ms Lat. Z. 549 (=1597)). The codex was created in Crimea in 14th century and is considered one of the oldest attestations of the Crimean Tatar language , which is of great importance for

156-448: Is attested in the oldest Turkic records, as " suruna " in the 12th and 13th century Codex Cumanicus (CCM fol. 45a). Zurna has also been suggested as a possible borrowing from Hittite or Luwian into the Armenian language , where Arm. զուռնա zuṙna is compared to Luwian zurni "horn". The zurna was said to originate from Central Asia and ancient Asia Minor ( Anatolia ). Images of the zurna are visible in stone reliefs and artwork by

182-659: Is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread. And forgive us our sins as we forgive those who have done us evil. And lead us not into temptation, But deliver us from evil. Amen. Atamız kim köktesiñ. Alğışlı olsun seniñ adıñ, kelsin seniñ hanlığıñ, olsun seniñ tilegeniñ — nasıl kökte, öyle [de] yerde. Kündeki ötmegimizni bizge bugün ber. Daa yazıqlarımıznı (suçlarımıznı) bizge boşat (bağışla) — nasıl biz boşatamız (bağışlaymız) bizge yaman etkenlerge. Daa şeytannıñ sınağanına bizni qoyurma. Episi yamandan bizni qurtar. Amin! Что касается места окончательного формирования сборника, то наиболее вероятной следует считать Кафу — As for

208-656: Is made from the slow-growing and hardwood of fruit trees such as plum or apricot ( Prunus armeniaca ). There are several different types of zurnas. The most typical is the Armenian zurna. The longest (and lowest-pitched) is the kaba zurna, used in Bulgaria, the shortest (and highest-pitched), which can be made of bone, is the zurna played in Messolonghi and other villages of Aetolia-Acarnania region in Greece. The zurna,

234-662: The Hittites , who were an ancient empire from Asia Minor about 2000 to 1200 B.C. It was known in Persia from 6th century A.D., and later introduced in several countries following the spread of Islam (A.D. 650-1500). The zurna played an important role in Ottoman mehter music. As zurna became popular and intriguing, it spread further to the east and west. In the 16th century, the Central Asian shawms got to China under

260-537: The Cuman grammar, and poems belonging to Petrarch . However the codex referred to the language as "Tatar" ( tatar til ). The first part of Codex Cumanicus was written for practical purposes, to help learn the language. The second part was written to spread Christianity among the Cumans and different quotes from the religious books were provided with its Cuman translation. In the same section there are words, phrases, sentences and about 50 riddles, as well as stories about

286-1250: The Kurdish (Kurmanji) hilayi or halayi meaning "standing up, playing". This word is derived from the Kurdish (Kurmanji) verb hildan or haldan "to play, to jump, to lift". However, on 24 July 2022, Nişanyan put doubt on this revealing that he doesn't know the origin of the word. It is also known as Govend or Dîlan in Kurdish, as Ḥeggāʾ ( ܚܓܐ ) in Syriac, as Yallı in Azerbaijani, as šurǰpar ( Շուրջպար ) in Armenian, as Chaláï ( Χαλάϊ ) in Greek, and as Halay in Turkish. Zurna The zurna ( Armenian : զուռնա zuṙna ; Old Armenian : սուռնայ suṙnay ; Albanian : surle/surla ; Romanian : surlă ; Persian : karna/Kornay/surnay ; Macedonian : зурла/сурла zurla/surla; Bulgarian : зурна/зурла ; Hungarian : zurna/töröksip ; Serbian : зурла/zurla ; Assyrian : ܙܘܪܢܐ/zurna ; Tat : zurna ; Turkish : zurna ; Kurdish : zirne ; Greek : ζουρνάς ; Azerbaijani : zurna ; Sinhalese : හොරණෑව [horaṇǣva])

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312-635: The Portuguese chirimoya . Few, if any, noodle vendors continue this tradition, and those who do would use a loudspeaker playing a recorded charumera. A zurna was used by frontman Stu Mackenzie in King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard 's 9th studio album, Flying Microtonal Banana . The Homeworld series uses a zurna quite extensively in its soundtrack, particularly in more action-focused pieces Codex Cumanicus The Codex Cumanicus

338-533: The Roman army. The Latin word was recorded at the 2nd century BC and refers to the cavalry units deployed to the right and left of the infantry unit in the centre. The Greek form first appears in the 959 compilation of laws by Constantine VIII Porphyrogennetos. The original meaning of the Turkish word is a cavalry unit in neat ranks, unlike the traditional Turkish raiding order. According to Sevan Nişanyan 's Etymological Dictionary of Contemporary Turkish , it comes from

364-474: The codex are believed to have originated in the 12th or 13th century. Substantial additions were likely made over time. The copy preserved in Venice is dated 11 July 1303 on fol. 1r (see Drimba, p. 35 and Schmieder in Schmieder/Schreiner, p. XIII). The codex consists of a number of independent works combined into one. The "Cuman Riddles" (CC, 119–120; 143–148) are a crucial source for

390-726: The history of Kipchak and Oghuz dialects — as directly related to the Kipchaks (Polovtsy, Kumans) of the Black Sea steppes and particularly the Crimean peninsula . It consists of two parts. The first part consists of a dictionary in Latin , Persian and Cuman written in the Latin alphabet , and a column with Cuman verbs, names and pronouns with its meaning in Latin. The second part consists of Cuman- German dictionary, information about

416-566: The life and work of religious leaders. The codex likely developed over time. Mercantile , political, and religious leaders, particularly in Hungary, sought effective communication with the Cumans as early as the mid-11th century. As Italian city-states such as Republic of Genoa began to establish trade posts and colonies along the Black Sea coastline, the need for tools to learn the Cuman language sharply increased. The earliest parts of

442-443: The lips may lean on helps the lip muscles that hold the high-pressure air, rest, and recover during long non-stop playing sessions. The combination of constant volume and non-stop playing makes the zurna unsuitable for emphasis of the rhythm. It has therefore been played almost invariably along with big drums that both provide the rhythm and the lower frequencies that travel further away than the zurna's loud, high pitched sound. It has

468-535: The name 'sona'. The Kirghiz peoples , from ancient Persia and Afghanistan, had used the zurna, as well as Syrian people , who called it 'zamr'. As the Ottoman Empire sprawled into Europe, the zurna was introduced to the Balkans , Hungary , and even Western Europe . There were alteration of name and its structure, but the similarities to the original zurna was very apparent, as seen in the zurna of Macedonia,

494-536: The other Caucasian countries , and have now spread throughout India , China , Korea and Eastern Europe . The zurna is most likely the immediate predecessor of the European shawm , and is related to the Chinese suona still used today in weddings, temple and funeral music. The Japanese charumera , or charamera , traditionally associated with itinerant noodle vendors is a small zurna, its name derived from

520-476: The place of the final formation of the manual, Caffa should be considered the most probable <...> По диалектным особенностям кодекс считается старейшим памятником крымскотатарского языка, имеющим огромное значение для истории кыпчакских и огузских говоров... — According to the dialectal features, the code is considered the oldest monument of the Crimean Tatar language, which is of great importance for

546-524: The restrictions concerning COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey Halay dance had been restricted in weddings. Because of the pandemic weddings were required people to hold sticks connecting each other, rather than their hands. The linguistic origin of the term Halay is not fully known. There are multiple theories. The original etymology given in the Kubbealtı Dictionary is that the word is derived from

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572-572: The shepherd flute of the Basque and the mountain territories of Italy, and the zurna in North Africa, called 'zmar', of Tunis and Tangier . In Turkish folk music , the zurna joined with the davul to appoint a melodic concomitant to tribal and village folk dance. Today, the zurna is an essential part of Turkish folk music and dance, as well as in Armenian dance , Assyrian folk dance and Kurdish dance . Turkish lore says that Adam , who

598-778: The study of early Turkic folklore. Andreas Tietze referred to them as "the earliest variants of riddle types that constitute a common heritage of the Turkic nations." Among the riddles in the codex are the following excerpts: The codex's Pater Noster reads: Atamız kim köktäsiñ. Alğışlı bolsun seniñ atıñ, kelsin seniñ xanlığıñ, bolsun seniñ tilemekiñ — neçik kim köktä, alay [da] yerdä. Kündeki ötmäkimizni bizgä bugün bergil. Dağı yazuqlarımıznı bizgä boşatqıl — neçik biz boşatırbız bizgä yaman etkenlergä. Dağı yekniñ sınamaqına bizni quvurmağıl. Basa barça yamandan bizni qutxarğıl. Amen! Our Father which art in heaven. Hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done in earth as it

624-578: The word "alay", which means "community, crowd". The word "alay" was transferred to Turkish from Persian. In Persian, it is taken from the Greek ;aláyi(on) αλάγιον "independent cavalry unit in the Byzantine army (10th century)". The Greek word(aláyi) is taken from the Latin ;"alae". This word(alae) is the plural of the Latin "ala" 1st wing, 2nd the name given to the cavalry units in

650-584: The zurna as a token of the ruling power developed into Janissary bands and eventually into military music. Seven holes on the front, and one thumb hole, provide a range of over one octave including some transposition. Similar to the mizmar and rhaita , zurnas are used in the folk music of many countries and regions, especially in Armenia , Iran , Algeria , Azerbaijan , Central Asia , Iraq , Syria , Turkey , Greece , Bulgaria , North Macedonia , The Maghreb , Albania , Serbia , Bosnia , Kurdistan and

676-423: Was moulded from clay, had no soul. It is said only the melodious tuiduk-playing of Archangel Gabriel could breathe life into Adam. According to a Turkmen legend, the devil played the main role in tuiduk invention (note the term "devil openings", şeytan delikleri , in Turkish for the small apertures on the bell). The zurna, like the duduk and kaval , is a woodwind instrument used to play folk music. The zurna

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