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52-611: Halda was founded in 1887 by the factory owner Henning Hammarlund (1857-1922) in order to primarily produce pocket watches . Its name is formed by a contraction of the founder's surname - Ha mmar l un d ( a ). The first pocket watches, called Haldauren, were sold in 1889. In 1893, they were rewarded two medals at the World Exhibition in Chicago . In 1890, Halda also began to produce typewriters and taximeters . After World War II , Hammarlund developed new techniques for

104-519: A 90% pure silver alloy commonly used in dollar coinage , slightly less pure than the British (92.5%) sterling silver , both of which avoided the higher purity of other types of silver to make circulating coins and other utilitarian silver objects last longer with heavy use. Watch manufacture was becoming streamlined; the Japy family of Schaffhausen , Switzerland, led the way in this, and soon afterwards

156-601: A day or more.) The first widely used improvement was the cylinder escapement , developed by the Abbé de Hautefeuille early in the 18th century and applied by the English maker George Graham . Then, towards the end of the 18th century, the lever escapement (invented by Thomas Mudge in 1755) was put into limited production by a handful of makers including Josiah Emery (a Swiss based in London) and Abraham-Louis Breguet . With this,

208-611: A domestic watch could keep time to within a minute a day. Lever watches became common after about 1820, and this type is still used in most mechanical watches. In 1857 the American Watch Company in Waltham, Massachusetts , introduced the Waltham Model 57, the first to use interchangeable parts . This cut the cost of manufacture and repair. Most Model 57 pocket watches were in a coin silver ("one nine fine"),

260-413: A fob. Ostensibly practical gadgets such as a watch winding key, vesta case , seal , and/or a cigar cutter also appeared on watch chains, although usually in an overly decorated style. Also common are fasteners designed to be put through a buttonhole and worn in a jacket or waistcoat , this sort being frequently associated with and named after train conductors . An early reference to the pocket watch

312-412: A long chain would have been cumbersome or likely to catch on things. This fob could also provide a protective flap over their face and crystal. Women's watches were normally of this form, with a watch fob that was more decorative than protective. Chains were frequently decorated with a silver or enamel pendant, often carrying the arms of some club or society , which by association also became known as

364-497: A ring of steel sandwiched to a ring of brass. These rings were then split in two places. The balance would, at least theoretically, actually decrease in size with heating to compensate for the lengthening of the hairspring. Through careful adjustment of the placement of the balance screws (brass or gold screws placed in the rim of the balance), a watch could be adjusted to keep time the same at both hot (100 °F (38 °C)) and cold (32 °F (0 °C)) temperatures. Unfortunately,

416-548: A so-called conversion dial, which relocates the winding stem to 12:00 and the sub-second dial to 3:00. After 1908, watches approved for railroad service were required to be cased in open-faced cases with the winding stem at 12:00. A hunter-case pocket watch is a case with a spring-hinged circular metal lid or cover, that closes over the watch-dial and crystal, protecting them from dust, scratches and other damage or debris. The name originated from England where "fox hunting men found it convenient to be able to open their watch and read

468-474: A time-platform and two interchangeable time-modules. Halda now produces around 300 watches per year. The first modern Halda Watch was developed with the Swedish astronaut Christer Fuglesang who tested the watch on his space mission, STS-128 . Pocket watch A pocket watch is a watch that is made to be carried in a pocket , as opposed to a wristwatch , which is strapped to the wrist . They were

520-442: A timing machine. Thus, adjusting a watch to position requires many hours of labor, increasing the cost of the watch. Medium grade watches were commonly adjusted to 3 positions (dial up, dial down, pendant up) while high grade watches were commonly adjusted to 5 positions (dial up, dial down, stem up, stem left, stem right) or even all 6 positions. Railroad watches were required, after 1908, to be adjusted to 5 positions. 3 positions were

572-548: A watch so adjusted would run slow at temperatures between these two. The problem was completely solved through the use of special alloys for the balance and hairspring which were essentially immune to thermal expansion. Such an alloy is used in Hamilton's 992E and 992B. Isochronism was occasionally improved through the use of a stopworks, a system designed to only allow the mainspring to operate within its center (most consistent) range. The most common method of achieving isochronism

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624-402: A week, adjusted to temps of 34 °F (1 °C) to 100 °F (38 °C), have a double roller, steel escape wheel, lever set, regulator, winding stem at 12 o'clock, and have bold black Arabic numerals on a white dial, with black hands. There are two main styles of pocket watch, the hunter-case pocket watch and the open-face pocket watch. An open-faced, or Lépine , watch, is one in which

676-568: Is a practical necessity in watches using a verge escapement, and can also provide considerable benefit with a lever escapement and other high precision types of escapements (Hamiltons WWII era Model 21 chronometer used a fusee in combination with a detent escapement). Keywind watches are also commonly seen with conventional going barrels and other types of mainspring barrels, particularly in American watchmaking. Invented by Adrien Philippe in 1842 and commercialized by Patek Philippe & Co. in

728-800: Is in a letter in November 1462 from the Italian clockmaker Bartholomew Manfredi to the Marchese di Mantova Federico Gonzaga, where he offers him a "pocket clock" better than that belonging to the Duke of Modena . By the end of the 15th century , spring -driven clocks appeared in Italy , and in Germany . Peter Henlein , a master locksmith of Nuremberg , was regularly manufacturing pocket watches by 1526. Thereafter, pocket watch manufacture spread throughout

780-525: Is now called Haldex AB. Using their knowledge of taximeters the company created a series of trip computers for use in rallying. The Halda Speedpilot was called "a considerable advance upon anything of the kind previously marketed, as regards usefulness, compactness, mechanical simplicity (and hence reliability), simplicity of operation and price" by Autosport in 1956. This was succeeded by the Halda Tripmaster. Production of pocket watches moved under

832-532: Is through the use of the Breguet overcoil, which places part of the outermost turn of the hairspring in a different plane from the rest of the spring. This allows the hairspring to "breathe" more evenly and symmetrically. Two types of overcoils are found - the gradual overcoil and the Z-Bend. The gradual overcoil is obtained by imposing two gradual twists to the hairspring, forming the rise to the second plane over half

884-538: The steampunk subcultural movement embracing the arts and fashions of the Victorian era, during which pocket watches were nearly ubiquitous. Duke of Modena This is a list of rulers of the estates owned by the Este family, which main line of Marquesses ( Marchesi d'Este ) rose in 1039 with Albert Azzo II, Margrave of Milan . The name "Este" is related to the city where the family came from, Este . The family

936-438: The 1720s, almost all watch movements were based on the verge escapement , which had been developed for large public clocks in the 14th century. This type of escapement involved a high degree of friction and did not include any kind of jewelling to protect the contacting surfaces from wear. As a result, a verge watch could rarely achieve any high standard of accuracy. (Surviving examples mostly run very fast, often gaining an hour

988-620: The 1850s, the stem-wind, stem-set movement did away with the watch key which was a necessity for the operation of any pocket watch up to that point. The first stem-wind and stem-set pocket watches were sold during the Great Exhibition in London in 1851 and the first owners of these new kinds of watches were Queen Victoria and Prince Albert . Stem-wind, stem-set movements are the most common type of watch-movement found in both vintage and modern pocket watches. The mainstream transition to

1040-407: The 18th century often include advertisements offering rewards of between one and five guineas merely for information that might lead to the recovery of stolen watches. By the end of the 18th century, however, watches (while still largely hand-made) were becoming more common; special cheap watches were made for sale to sailors, with crude but colorful paintings of maritime scenes on the dials. Up to

1092-513: The adoption in 1893 of stringent standards for pocket watches used in railroading. These railroad-grade pocket watches, as they became colloquially known, had to meet the General Railroad Timepiece Standards adopted in 1893 by almost all railroads. These standards read, in part: ...open faced, size 16 or 18, have a minimum of 17 jewels, adjusted to at least five positions, keep time accurately to within 30 seconds

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1144-412: The case lacks a metal cover to protect the crystal. It is typical for an open-faced watch to have the pendant located at 12:00 and the sub-second dial located at 6:00. Occasionally, a watch movement intended for a hunting case (with the winding stem at 3:00 and sub second dial at 6:00) will have an open-faced case. Such watch is known as a "sidewinder." Alternatively, such a watch movement may be fitted with

1196-500: The century there was a trend for unusually shaped watches, and clock-watches shaped like books, animals, fruit, stars, flowers, insects, crosses, and even skulls (Death's head watches) were made. Styles changed in the 17th century and men began to wear watches in pockets instead of as pendants (the woman's watch remained a pendant into the 20th century). This is said to have occurred in 1675 when Charles II of England introduced waistcoats . To fit in pockets, their shape evolved into

1248-447: The chain is wrapped around the fusee and the force of the mainspring is exerted on the smallest diameter portion of the fusee cone. As the spring unwinds and its torque decreases, the chain winds back onto the mainspring barrel and pulls on an increasingly larger diameter portion of the fusee. This provides a more uniform amount of torque on the watch train, and thus results in more consistent balance amplitude and better isochronism. A fusee

1300-491: The circumference; and the Z-bend does this by imposing two kinks of complementary 45 degree angles, accomplishing a rise to the second plane in about three spring section heights. The second method is done for esthetic reasons and is much more difficult to perform. Due to the difficulty with forming an overcoil, modern watches often use a slightly less effective "dogleg", which uses a series of sharp bends (in plane) to place part of

1352-486: The dark, in anticipation of the eventual D-Day invasion. For a few years in the late 1970s and early 1980s three-piece suits for men returned to fashion, and this led to small resurgence in pocket watches, as some men actually used the vest pocket for its original purpose. Since then, some watch companies continue to make pocket watches. As vests have long since fallen out of fashion (in the US) as part of formal business wear,

1404-565: The duchy was restored under the Habsburg grandson of the last Este duke, continuing until it was annexed by Piedmont-Sardinia in 1859. In 1306, Francesco was expelled from Reggio, and, similarly, Aldobrandino was expelled from Modena. In 1308, not long after Azzo's death, Ferrara also expelled the family form government. In 1317, the Este family organized a pro-Este revolt in Ferrara, and restored their rule in that city, where they officialized

1456-409: The general requirement before that time. Early watches used a solid steel balance. As temperature increased, the solid balance expanded in size, changing the moment of inertia and changing the timing of the watch. In addition, the hairspring would lengthen, decreasing its spring constant. This problem was initially solved through the use of the compensation balance. The compensation balance consisted of

1508-402: The hinges for the lid at the 6 o'clock position and the stem, crown and bow at the 12 o'clock position, as with open-face watches. In both styles of watch-cases, the sub-seconds dial was always at the 6 o'clock position. A hunter-case pocket watch with a spring-ring chain is pictured at the top of this page. An intermediate type, known as the demi-hunter (or half-hunter), is a case style in which

1560-585: The last half of the 19th century led to the widespread use of pocket watches. A famous train wreck on the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway in Kipton, Ohio , on April 19, 1891, occurred because one of the engineers' watches had stopped for four minutes. The railroad officials commissioned Webb C. Ball as their Chief Time Inspector, in order to establish precision standards and a reliable timepiece inspection system for Railroad chronometers . This led to

1612-441: The lever was pulled out, the crown could be turned to set the time. The lever was then pushed back in and the crystal and bezel were closed over the dial again. This method of time setting on pocket watches was preferred by American and Canadian railroads, as lever setting watches make accidental time changes impossible. After 1908, lever setting was generally required for new watches entering service on American railroads. Much like

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1664-459: The lever-set movements, these pocket watches had a small pin or knob next to the watch-stem that had to be depressed before turning the crown to set the time and releasing the pin when the correct time had been set. This style of watch is occasionally referred to as "nail set", as the set button must be pressed using a fingernail. Pocket watch movements are occasionally engraved with the word "Adjusted", or "Adjusted to n positions". This means that

1716-434: The manufacturing of typewriters and taxi meters due to the decrease in demand for pocket watches. After financial problems, the pocket watch production was closed in 1917. From opening until closing, about 8,000 pocket watches were manufactured. In 1920 the company was split into AB Halda Fabriker, which manufactured the typewriters, and Fabriks AB Halda taximeter, which manufactured the meters for London cabs. Fabriks AB Halda

1768-434: The most common type of watch from their development in the 16th century until wristwatches became popular after World War I during which a transitional design, trench watches , were used by the military. Pocket watches generally have an attached chain to allow them to be secured to a waistcoat , lapel , or belt loop , and to prevent them from being dropped. Watches were also mounted on a short leather strap or fob, when

1820-517: The newborn American watch industry developed much new machinery, so that by 1865 the American Watch Company (afterwards known as Waltham) could turn out more than 50,000 reliable watches each year. This development drove the Swiss out of their dominating position at the cheaper end of the market, compelling them to raise the quality of their products and establish themselves as the leaders in precision and accuracy instead. The rise of railroading during

1872-559: The only available location for carrying a watch is in a trouser pocket. The more recent advent of mobile phones and other gadgets that are worn on the waist has diminished the appeal of carrying an additional item in the same location, especially as such pocketable gadgets usually have timekeeping functionality themselves. In some countries, namely the US, a gift of a gold-cased pocket watch is traditionally awarded to an employee upon their retirement . The pocket watch has regained popularity with

1924-413: The outer lid has a glass panel or hole in the centre giving a view of the hands. The hours are marked, often in blue enamel, on the outer lid itself; thus with this type of case one can tell the time without opening the lid. The first pocket watches, since their creation in the 16th century, up until the third quarter of the 19th century, had key-wind and key-set movements. A watch key was necessary to wind

1976-408: The outermost coil out of the way of the rest of the spring. Pocket watches are uncommon in the present day, having first been superseded by wristwatches and later by smartphones . Until early in the 20th century, though, the pocket watch remained predominant for men, with the wristwatch considered feminine and unmanly. In men's fashions, pocket watches began to be superseded by wristwatches around

2028-473: The present day, retaining the form and function of the original pocket watches while using a quartz crystal as opposed to the traditional fully-mechanical movement. The widespread use of pocket watches in a professional environment finally came to an end in approximately 1943. The Royal Navy of the British military distributed to their sailors Waltham pocket watches, which were nine-jewel movements, with black dials, and numbers coated with radium for visibility in

2080-482: The rest of Europe as the 16th century progressed. Early watches only had an hour hand, the minute hand appearing in the late 17th century. The first timepieces to be worn, made in 16th-century Europe, were transitional in size between clocks and watches. These 'clock-watches' were fastened to clothing or worn on a chain around the neck. They were heavy drum shaped brass cylinders several inches in diameter, engraved and ornamented. They had only an hour hand . The face

2132-455: The time of World War I, when officers in the field began to appreciate that a watch worn on the wrist was more easily accessed than one kept in a pocket. A watch of transitional design, combining features of pocket watches and modern wristwatches, was called a " trench watch " or "wristlet". The more accurate pocket watches continued to be widely used in railroading even as their popularity declined elsewhere. Quartz pocket watches are available in

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2184-489: The time with one hand, while holding the reins of their 'hunter' (horse) in the other hand". It is also known as a "savonnette", after the French word for soap (savon) due to its resemblance to a round soap bar. The majority of antique and vintage hunter-case watches have the lid-hinges at the 9 o'clock position and the stem, crown and bow of the watch at the 3 o'clock position. Modern hunter-case pocket watches usually have

2236-413: The timing (or escape) of the movement. Mandatory for all railroad watches after roughly 1908, this kind of pocket watch was set by opening the crystal and bezel and pulling out the setting-lever (most hunter-cases have levers accessible without removing the crystal or bezel), which was generally found at either the 10 or 2 o'clock positions on open-faced watches, and at 5:00 on hunting cased watches. Once

2288-631: The title of duke of Modena and Reggio . In 1471, Pope Paul II formally elevated him in as Duke of Ferrara , over which the family had in fact long presided. This latter territory was lost to the Papal States in 1597, while the House of Este continued to rule the Duchy of Modena and Reggio in the Emilia region until 1796, when it became part of Napoleon Bonaparte 's Cispadane Republic . In 1814,

2340-529: The typical pocket watch shape, rounded and flattened with no sharp edges. Glass was used to cover the face beginning around 1610. Watch fobs began to be used, the name originating from the German word fuppe , a small pocket. The watch was wound and also set by opening the back and fitting a key to a square arbor, and turning it. Until the second half of the 18th century, watches were luxury items; as an indication of how highly they were valued, English newspapers of

2392-401: The use of stem-wind, stem-set watches occurred at around the same time as the end of the manufacture and use of the fusee watch. Fusee chain-driven timing was replaced with a mainspring of better quality spring steel (commonly known as the "going barrel") allowing for a more even release of power to the escape mechanism. The balance wheel and balance spring provide a separate function: to regulate

2444-416: The watch and to set the time. This was usually done by opening the caseback and putting the key over the winding-arbor (which was set over the watch's winding-wheel, to wind the mainspring) or by putting the key onto the setting-arbor, which was connected with the minute-wheel and turned the hands. Some watches of this period had the setting-arbor at the front of the watch, so that removing the crystal and bezel

2496-534: The watch has been tuned to keep time under various positions and conditions. There are eight possible adjustments: Positional adjustments are attained by careful poising (ensuring even weight distribution) of the balance- hairspring system as well as careful control of the shape and polish on the balance pivots. All of this achieves an equalization of the effect of gravity on the watch in various positions. Positional adjustments are achieved through careful adjustment of each of these factors, provided by repeated trials on

2548-551: The watchmaker Carl Borgström 's housing, an employee of the Halda Fickursfabrik since 1904. He founded the company AB Urfabriken (ABU), and produced pocket watches until 1926 and then added in fishing equipment. ABU, now ABU-Garcia AB , is located in Svängsta. In 2009, Halda Watch Company was restarted by the watch entrepreneur and engineer Mikael Sandström who developed a new watch with an innovative concept of

2600-495: Was founded by Adalbert the Margrave, who might have been the true first margrave of Milan of this family. In 1209, Azzo VI was named the first marquess of Ferrara. The title passed to his descendants, and the marquisate was delegated to a cadet branch of the Este family. Later, they were also created marquesses of Modena and Reggio. In 1452 Borso d'Este , then marquis of Modena and Reggio, was raised by Emperor Frederick III with

2652-402: Was necessary to set the time. Watch keys are the origin of the class key, common paraphernalia for American high-school and university graduation. Many keywind watch movements make use of a fusee , to improve isochronism. The fusee is a specially cut conical pulley attached by a fine chain to the mainspring barrel. When the spring is fully wound (and its torque the highest), the full length of

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2704-453: Was not covered with glass, but usually had a hinged brass cover, often decoratively pierced with grillwork so the time could be read without opening. The movement was made of iron or steel and held together with tapered pins and wedges , until screws began to be used after 1550. Many of the movements included striking or alarm mechanisms. The shape later evolved into a rounded form; these were later called Nuremberg eggs . Still later in

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