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65-531: Hanging is killing a person by suspending them from the neck with a noose or ligature . Hanging has been a common method of capital punishment since the Middle Ages , and has been the primary execution method in numerous countries and regions. The first known account of execution by hanging is in Homer 's Odyssey . Hanging is also a method of suicide . The past and past participle of hang in this sense

130-470: A ⋅ m 3 =   W ⋅ s =   C ⋅ V {\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{3}\mathrm {J} \;&=~\mathrm {kg{\cdot }m^{2}{\cdot }s^{-2}} \\[0.7ex]&=~\mathrm {N{\cdot }m} \\[0.7ex]&=~\mathrm {Pa{\cdot }m^{3}} \\[0.7ex]&=~\mathrm {W{\cdot }s} \\[0.7ex]&=~\mathrm {C{\cdot }V} \\[0.7ex]\end{alignedat}}} One joule

195-577: A bill to make lynching a federal hate crime was passed. It is illegal to display a noose in a threatening manner in Virginia , New York and Connecticut . Austin Reed Edenfield, a former student of the University of Mississippi , pled guilty in 2016 to a federal civil-rights crime, acknowledging that he and Graeme Phillip Harris had tied a noose and a state of Georgia flag around

260-582: A " garage door pull rope fashioned like a noose". After the discovery, which was made by a crew member for Richard Petty Motorsports at the Alabama racetrack , NASCAR was alerted and contacted the FBI , which sent 15 agents to the track to investigate. After the FBI investigation the authorities said the rope had been hanging there since last fall and thus was not a hate crime targeting Wallace. The agencies said no crime

325-576: A 16-year-old girl, Atefeh Sahaaleh (also called Atefeh Rajabi), was executed for having committed "acts incompatible with chastity ". At dawn on 27 July 2008, the Iranian government executed 29 people at Evin Prison in Tehran. On 2 December 2008, an unnamed man was hanged for murder at Kazeroun Prison, just moments after he was pardoned by the murder victim's family. He was quickly cut down and rushed to

390-633: A West German court was carried out by guillotine in Moabit prison in 1949. The last hanging in Germany was the one ordered of several war criminals in Landsberg am Lech on 7 June 1951. The last known execution in East Germany was in 1981 by a pistol shot to the neck. Even though Hong Kong is now part of China it has no capital punishment; it is a special administrative region of China. When Hong Kong

455-717: A botched hanging in 1930 led the state of Arizona to switch to the gas chamber as its primary execution method, on the grounds that it was believed more humane. One of the more recent decapitations as a result of the long drop occurred when Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti was hanged in Iraq in 2007. Accidental decapitation also occurred during the 1962 hanging of Arthur Lucas , one of the last two individuals to be put to death in Canada. Nazis executed under British jurisdiction, including Josef Kramer , Fritz Klein , Irma Grese and Elisabeth Volkenrath , were hanged by Albert Pierrepoint using

520-417: A common suicide method . The materials necessary for suicide by hanging are readily available to the average person, compared with firearms or poisons. Full suspension is not required, and for this reason, hanging is especially commonplace among suicidal prisoners (see: Suicide watch ) . A type of hanging comparable to full suspension hanging may be obtained by self-strangulation using a ligature around

585-485: A force vector and a displacement vector. By contrast, torque is a vector – the cross product of a force vector and a distance vector. Torque and energy are related to one another by the equation E = τ θ , {\displaystyle E=\tau \theta \,,} where E is energy, τ is (the vector magnitude of) torque, and θ is the angle swept (in radians ). Since plane angles are dimensionless, it follows that torque and energy have

650-409: A hospital, where he was successfully revived. The conviction and hanging of Reyhaneh Jabbari caused international uproar as she was sentenced to death in 2009 and hanged on 25 October 2014 for murdering a former intelligence officer; according to Jabbari's testimony she stabbed him during an attempted rape and then another person killed him. Hanging was used under the regime of Saddam Hussein , but

715-400: A scientific advance on the standard drop, and further refined by his successor James Berry . Instead of everyone falling the same standard distance, the person's height and weight were used to determine how much slack would be provided in the rope so that the distance dropped would be enough to ensure that the neck was broken, but not so much that the person was decapitated. Careful placement of

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780-407: A suicide-via-hanging attempt, whether due to breakage of the cord or ligature point , or being discovered and cut down, face a range of serious injuries, including cerebral anoxia (which can lead to permanent brain damage), laryngeal fracture, cervical spine fracture (which may cause paralysis ), tracheal fracture, pharyngeal laceration, and carotid artery injury. There are some suggestions that

845-422: Is hanged , not hung . There are numerous methods of hanging in execution which instigate death either by cervical fracture or by strangulation . The short drop is a method of hanging in which the condemned prisoner stands on a raised support such as a stool, ladder, cart, or other vehicle, with the noose around the neck. The support is then moved away, leaving the person dangling from the rope. Suspended by

910-446: Is also equivalent to any of the following: The joule is named after James Prescott Joule . As with every SI unit named for a person, its symbol starts with an upper case letter (J), but when written in full, it follows the rules for capitalisation of a common noun ; i.e., joule becomes capitalised at the beginning of a sentence and in titles but is otherwise in lower case. The cgs system had been declared official in 1881, at

975-534: Is common elsewhere, in countries including Iran and Afghanistan. Hanging is the most used form of capital punishment in Afghanistan . Capital punishment was a part of the legal system of Australia from the establishment of New South Wales as a British penal colony, until 1985, by which time all Australian states and territories had abolished the death penalty; in practice, the last execution in Australia

1040-518: Is difficult to devise, because high ligature points (e.g., hooks or pipes) have been removed. In Canada , hanging is the most common method of suicide, and in the U.S., hanging is the second most common method, after self-inflicted gunshot wounds . In the United Kingdom, where firearms are less easily available, in 2001 hanging was the most common method among men and the second most commonplace among women (after poisoning). Those who survive

1105-533: Is equal to (approximately unless otherwise stated): Units with exact equivalents in joules include: In mechanics , the concept of force (in some direction) has a close analogue in the concept of torque (about some angle): A result of this similarity is that the SI unit for torque is the newton-metre , which works out algebraically to have the same dimensions as the joule, but they are not interchangeable. The General Conference on Weights and Measures has given

1170-419: Is suicide or homicide, as each leaves a distinctive ligature mark. One of the hints they use is the hyoid bone . If broken, it often means the person has been murdered by manual strangulation . Hanging has been a method of capital punishment in many countries, and is still used by many countries to this day. Long-drop hanging is mainly used by former British colonies, while short-drop and suspension hanging

1235-737: The 2008 Mumbai attacks was executed on 21 November 2012 in Yerwada Central Jail , Pune. The Supreme Court of India had previously rejected his mercy plea, which was then rejected by the President of India. He was hanged one week later. Afzal Guru , a terrorist found guilty of conspiracy in the December 2001 attack on the Indian Parliament , was executed by hanging in Tihar Jail , Delhi on 9 February 2013. Yakub Memon

1300-549: The Vikings practised hanging as human sacrifices to Odin , to honour Odin's own sacrifice of hanging himself from Yggdrasil . In Northern Europe, it is widely speculated that the Iron Age bog bodies , many of which show signs of having been hanged, were examples of human sacrifice to the gods. A hanging may induce one or more of the following medical conditions, some leading to death: The cause of death in hanging depends on

1365-453: The applied force does not cause a severe subluxation of C2 on C3. In the absence of fracture and dislocation, occlusion of blood vessels becomes the major cause of death, rather than asphyxiation . Obstruction of venous drainage of the brain via occlusion of the internal jugular veins leads to cerebral oedema and then cerebral ischemia . The face will typically become engorged and cyanotic (turned blue through lack of oxygen). Compromise of

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1430-447: The campus, alleging they faced racial harassment and were exposed to threats of racial violence, such as nooses, swastikas, KKK garb, racist graffiti, and confederate flags." He was sentenced to supervision, public service, and a $ 75 fine. In November 2022, a noose was found on an Obama Presidential Center construction site. In July 2020 a garage assigned to African-American NASCAR driver Bubba Wallace had been found to contain

1495-434: The cerebral blood flow may occur by obstruction of the carotid arteries, even though their obstruction requires far more force than the obstruction of jugular veins, since they are seated deeper and they contain blood in much higher pressure compared to the jugular veins. When cerebral circulation is severely compromised by any mechanism, arterial or venous, death occurs over four or more minutes from cerebral hypoxia, although

1560-543: The classic " hangman's fracture " (bilateral fractures of the pars interarticularis of the C2 vertebra). The location of the knot of the hanging rope is a major factor in determining the mechanics of cervical spine injury, with a submental knot (hangman's knot under the chin) being the only location capable of producing the sudden, straightforward hyperextension injury that causes the classic "hangman's fracture". According to Historical and biomechanical aspects of hangman's fracture ,

1625-405: The conditions related to the event. When the body is released from a relatively high position, the major cause of death is severe trauma to the upper cervical spine. The injuries produced are highly variable. One study showed that only a small minority of a series of judicial hangings produced fractures to the cervical spine (6 out of 34 cases studied), with half of these fractures (3 out of 34) being

1690-529: The country since 2000. Circa 2023, there have been some inmates on death row but their sentences have been commuted. Hanging is the only method of execution in Bangladesh , ever since its independence. Death by hanging was the customary method of capital punishment in Brazil throughout its history. Some important national heroes like Tiradentes (1792) were killed by hanging. The last man executed in Brazil

1755-660: The direction of that force. It is also the energy dissipated as heat when an electric current of one ampere passes through a resistance of one ohm for one second. It is named after the English physicist James Prescott Joule (1818–1889). In terms of SI base units and in terms of SI derived units with special names , the joule is defined as J =   k g ⋅ m 2 ⋅ s − 2 =   N ⋅ m =   P

1820-417: The end of a rope, and then passing a bight in the standing part through. The noose knot is a slipped version of the overhand knot . The knot most closely associated with execution is the hangman's knot , which is also known as the "hangman's noose". Tying is similar to the original noose, but many turns are wrapped around the loop. The reason for this was to make the hanging more humane, as it would break

1885-429: The execution and the rope throttled the former foreign minister for 20 minutes before he expired." A Life magazine report on the execution merely says: "The trap fell open and with a sound midway between a rumble and a crash, Ribbentrop disappeared. The rope quivered for a time, then stood tautly straight." The long-drop process, also known as the measured drop, was introduced to Britain in 1872 by William Marwood as

1950-459: The eye or knot of the noose (so that the head was jerked back as the rope tightened) contributed to breaking the neck. Prior to 1892, the drop was in the range of 4–10 ft (1.2–3.0 m), depending on the weight of the body, and was calculated to deliver an energy of 1,260 foot-pounds force (1,710  J ), which fractured the neck at either the 2nd and 3rd or 4th and 5th cervical vertebrae . This force resulted in some decapitations, such as

2015-532: The first International Electrical Congress . The erg was adopted as its unit of energy in 1882. Wilhelm Siemens , in his inauguration speech as chairman of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (23 August 1882) first proposed the joule as unit of heat , to be derived from the electromagnetic units ampere and ohm , in cgs units equivalent to 10  erg . The naming of

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2080-400: The first insurgents by hanging. Saddam Hussein was sentenced to death by hanging for crimes against humanity on 5 November 2006, and was executed on 30 December 2006 at approximately 6:00 a.m. local time. During the drop, there was an audible crack indicating that his neck was broken, a successful example of a long-drop hanging. Noose The knot is tied by forming a turn in

2145-498: The gallows stood. The last execution was in 1989, and the death penalty was abolished for all crimes in 1998. Historically, hanging was the only method of execution used in Canada and was in use as possible punishment for all murders until 1961, when murders were reclassified into capital and non-capital offences. The death penalty was restricted to apply only for certain offences to the National Defence Act in 1976 and

2210-482: The hanging to take place in public at the spot where the crime was committed, typically from a mobile telescoping crane which hoists the condemned high into the air. On 19 July 2005, two boys, Mahmoud Asgari and Ayaz Marhoni , aged 15 and 17 respectively, who had been convicted of the rape of a 13-year-old boy, were hanged at Edalat (Justice) Square in Mashhad , on charges of homosexuality and rape . On 15 August 2004,

2275-433: The heart may continue to beat for some period after the brain can no longer be resuscitated. The time of death in such cases is a matter of convention. In judicial hangings, death is pronounced at cardiac arrest, which may occur at times from several minutes up to 15 minutes or longer after hanging. Sphincters will relax spontaneously and urine and faeces will be evacuated. Forensic experts may often be able to tell if hanging

2340-432: The highest numbers of annual executions in the world. The method used is the short drop, which does not break the neck of the condemned, but rather causes a slower death due to strangulation. It is legal for murder, rape, and drug trafficking unless the criminal pays diyya to the victim's family, thus attaining their forgiveness (see Sharia ). If the presiding judge deems the case to be "causing public outrage", he can order

2405-518: The infamous case of Black Jack Ketchum in New Mexico Territory in 1901, owing to a significant weight gain while in custody not having been factored into the drop calculations. Between 1892 and 1913, the length of the drop was shortened to avoid decapitation. After 1913, other factors were also taken into account, and the energy delivered was reduced to about 1,000 foot-pounds force (1,400 J). The decapitation of Eva Dugan during

2470-425: The neck and the partial weight of the body (partial suspension) to tighten the ligature. When a suicidal hanging involves partial suspension the deceased is found to have both feet touching the ground, e.g., they are kneeling, crouching or standing. Partial suspension or partial weight-bearing on the ligature is sometimes used, particularly in prisons, mental hospitals or other institutions, where full suspension support

2535-401: The neck of a statue honoring James Meredith , the university's first African-American student. Harris was sentenced to prison and Edenfield to probation and community service. In September 2019, Andrew M. Smith, a University of Illinois student, was arrested for placing a noose in a campus elevator. "The incident [came] just months after black employees filed a class-action lawsuit against

2600-456: The neck, the weight of the body tightens the noose around the neck, effecting strangulation and death. Loss of consciousness is typically rapid and death ensues in a few minutes. Before 1850, the short drop was the standard method of hanging, and it is still common in suicides and extrajudicial hangings (such as lynchings and summary executions ) which do not benefit from the specialised equipment and drop-length calculation tables used in

2665-590: The newer methods. A short-drop variant is the Austro-Hungarian "pole" method, called Würgegalgen (literally: strangling gallows), in which the following steps take place: This method was later also adopted by the successor states, most notably by Czechoslovakia , where the "pole" method was used as the single type of execution from 1918 until 1954, when the prison hosting Czechoslovakia's executions, Pankrác Prison , constructed an indoor gallows that exclusively accommodated short-drop hangings to replace

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2730-496: The person's neck, killing the person instantly, rather than strangling them to death. A similar method is also commonly used for suicide . Search engines such as Google provide the number of a suicide helpline if a search for "how to tie a noose" is made. In the United States, a noose is sometimes left as a message in order to intimidate people, as it was the main object used in segregation era lynchings . In 2022,

2795-514: The phrase in the usual execution order, "hanged by the neck until dead", was necessary. By the late 19th century that methodical study enabled authorities to routinely employ hanging in ways that would predictably kill the victim quickly. The side, or subaural knot, has been shown to produce other, more complex injuries, with one thoroughly studied case producing only ligamentous injuries to the cervical spine and bilateral vertebral artery disruptions, but no major vertebral fractures or crush injuries to

2860-597: The pole method. Nazi war criminal Karl Hermann Frank , executed in 1946 in Prague , was among approximately 1,000 condemned people executed by the pole hanging method in Czechoslovakia. The standard drop involves a drop of between 4 and 6 feet (1.2–1.8 m) and came into use from 1866, when the scientific details were published by Irish doctor Samuel Haughton . Its use rapidly spread to English-speaking countries and those with judicial systems of English origin. It

2925-469: The spinal cord. Death from a "hangman's fracture" occurs mainly when the applied force is severe enough to also cause a severe subluxation of the C2 and C3 vertebra that crushes the spinal cord and/or disrupts the vertebral arteries. Hangman's fractures from other hyperextension injuries (the most common being unrestrained motor vehicle accidents and falls or diving injuries where the face or chin suddenly strike an immovable object) are frequently survivable if

2990-611: The successor organisation of the International Electrical Congress) adopted the " Giorgi system", which by virtue of assuming a defined value for the magnetic constant also implied a redefinition of the joule. The Giorgi system was approved by the International Committee for Weights and Measures in 1946. The joule was now no longer defined based on electromagnetic unit, but instead as the unit of work performed by one unit of force (at

3055-415: The territories occupied by Nazi Germany from 1939 to 1945, strangulation hanging was a preferred means of public execution, although more criminal executions were performed by guillotine than hanging. The most commonly sentenced were partisans and black marketeers , whose bodies were usually left hanging for long periods. There are also numerous reports of concentration camp inmates being hanged. Hanging

3120-434: The time not yet named newton ) over the distance of 1 metre . The joule was explicitly intended as the unit of energy to be used in both electromagnetic and mechanical contexts. The ratification of the definition at the ninth General Conference on Weights and Measures , in 1948, added the specification that the joule was also to be preferred as the unit of heat in the context of calorimetry , thereby officially deprecating

3185-452: The unit in honour of James Prescott Joule (1818–1889), at the time retired but still living (aged 63), followed the recommendation of Siemens: Such a heat unit, if found acceptable, might with great propriety, I think, be called the Joule, after the man who has done so much to develop the dynamical theory of heat. At the second International Electrical Congress, on 31 August 1889, the joule

3250-414: The unit of energy the name joule , but has not given the unit of torque any special name, hence it is simply the newton-metre (N⋅m) – a compound name derived from its constituent parts. The use of newton-metres for torque but joules for energy is helpful to avoid misunderstandings and miscommunication. The distinction may be seen also in the fact that energy is a scalar quantity – the dot product of

3315-422: The use of the calorie . This is the definition declared in the modern International System of Units in 1960. The definition of the joule as J = kg⋅m ⋅s has remained unchanged since 1946, but the joule as a derived unit has inherited changes in the definitions of the second (in 1960 and 1967), the metre (in 1983) and the kilogram ( in 2019 ). One joule represents (approximately): 1 joule

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3380-456: The variable-drop method devised by Marwood. The record speed for a British long-drop hanging was seven seconds from the executioner entering the cell to the drop. Speed was considered to be important in the British system as it reduced the condemned's mental distress. Long-drop hanging is still practised as the method of execution in a few countries, including Japan and Singapore. Hanging is

3445-492: The video surveillance by themselves, since NASCAR already tightly controls and surveils access to its garages. Joule The joule ( / dʒ uː l / JOOL , or / dʒ aʊ l / JOWL ; symbol: J ) is the unit of energy in the International System of Units (SI). It is equal to the amount of work done when a force of one newton displaces a mass through a distance of one metre in

3510-418: Was committed and the evidence did not support federal charges. The actions of NASCAR, especially NASCAR president Steve Phelps's claim of it being a hate crime without investigation have been criticized. Holman W. Jenkins Jr. on The Wall Street Journal claimed the controversy and media furor concerning the incident could have been prevented by not contacting the FBI and NASCAR authorities quickly checking

3575-597: Was completely abolished in 1998. The last hangings in Canada took place on 11 December 1962. In 1955, Egypt hanged three Israelis on charges of spying. In 1982 Egypt hanged three civilians convicted of the assassination of Anwar Sadat . In 2004, Egypt hanged five militants on charges of trying to kill the Prime Minister. To this day, hanging remains the standard method of capital punishment in Egypt, which executes more people each year than any other African country. In

3640-513: Was considered a humane improvement on the short drop because it was intended to be enough to break the person's neck , causing immediate unconsciousness and rapid brain death. This method was used to execute condemned Nazis under United States jurisdiction after the Nuremberg Trials , including Joachim von Ribbentrop and Ernst Kaltenbrunner . In the execution of Ribbentrop, historian Giles MacDonogh records that: "The hangman botched

3705-620: Was continued in post-war Germany in the British and US Occupation Zones under their jurisdiction, and for Nazi war criminals, until well after (western) Germany itself had abolished the death penalty by the German constitution as adopted in 1949. West Berlin was not subject to the Grundgesetz ( Basic Law ) and abolished the death penalty in 1951. The German Democratic Republic abolished the death penalty in 1987. The last execution ordered by

3770-622: Was convicted over his involvement in the 1993 Bombay bombings by Special Terrorist and Disruptive Activities court on 27 July 2007. His appeals and petitions for clemency were all rejected and he was finally executed by hanging on 30 July 2015 in Nagpur jail. In March 2020, four prisoners convicted of rape and murder were executed by hanging in Tihar Jail. Death by hanging is the primary means of capital punishment in Iran, which carries out one of

3835-455: Was later publicly exonerated by Hungary. Capital punishment was abolished for all crimes in 1990. Hanging was introduced by the British. All executions in India since independence have been carried out by hanging, although the law provides for military executions to be carried out by firing squad. In 1949, Nathuram Godse , who had been sentenced to death for the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi ,

3900-529: Was officially adopted alongside the watt and the quadrant (later renamed to henry ). Joule died in the same year, on 11 October 1889. At the fourth congress (1893), the "international ampere" and "international ohm" were defined, with slight changes in the specifications for their measurement, with the "international joule" being the unit derived from them. In 1935, the International Electrotechnical Commission (as

3965-483: Was still a part of the British Empire, it had hanging as the method of execution. The last person who was executed was a Chinese Vietnamese man who attacked a security guard and another person. This was in 1966. The prime minister of Hungary, during the 1956 Revolution , Imre Nagy , was secretly tried, executed by hanging, and buried unceremoniously by the new Soviet -backed Hungarian government, in 1958. Nagy

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4030-410: Was suspended along with capital punishment on 10 June 2003, when a coalition led by the United States invaded and overthrew the previous regime. The death penalty was reinstated on 8 August 2004. In September 2005, three murderers were the first people to be executed since the restoration. Then on 9 March 2006, an official of Iraq's Supreme Judicial Council confirmed that Iraqi authorities had executed

4095-466: Was the first person to be executed by hanging in independent India. The Supreme Court of India has suggested that capital punishment should be given only in the "rarest of rare cases". Since 2001, eight people have been executed in India. Dhananjoy Chatterjee , the 1991 rapist and murderer was executed on 14 August 2004 in Alipore Jail , Kolkata. Ajmal Kasab , the lone surviving terrorist of

4160-561: Was the hanging of Ronald Ryan on 3 February 1967, in Victoria . During the 19th century, crimes that could carry a death sentence included burglary , sheep theft, forgery , sexual assaults , murder and manslaughter . During the 19th century, there were roughly eighty people hanged every year throughout the Australian colonies for these crimes. Bahamas employs hanging to execute the condemned but no executions have been conducted in

4225-527: Was the slave Francisco , in 1876. The death penalty was abolished for all crimes, except for those committed under extraordinary circumstances such as war or military law, in 1890. Bulgaria's national hero, Vasil Levski , was executed by hanging by the Ottoman court in Sofia in 1873. Every year since Bulgaria's liberation, thousands come with flowers on the date of his death, 19 February, to his monument where

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