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28-590: Hanuabada means "big village" ( hanua "village" + bada "big", the former from Proto-Oceanic ( panua ) in Motu . It is northwest of Downtown Port Moresby . It has a population of over 15,000. It is a Motuan village and is part of Poreporena , which includes both Hanuabada and Elevala . The village was the site of the declaration of the Papua New Guinea protectorate by the British in 1884. Hanuabada

56-423: A ART Rumaq. house *A na=ᵑgu a Rumaq. ART CL=3SG ART house 'The house is mine.' From Ross (2004): *Au=papa-i=a 1SG =carry- TR = 3SG natu-mu child- 2SG i=ua 3SG =go i PREP laur. coast Palatalization (phonetics) In phonetics , palatalization ( / ˌ p æ l ə t ə l aɪ ˈ z eɪ ʃ ən / , US also /- l ɪ -/ ) or palatization

84-661: A consonant sometimes causes surrounding vowels to change by coarticulation or assimilation . In Russian, "soft" (palatalized) consonants are usually followed by vowels that are relatively more front (that is, closer to [i] or [y] ), and vowels following "hard" (unpalatalized) consonants are further back . See Russian phonology § Allophony for more information. In many Slavic languages , palatal or palatalized consonants are called soft , and others are called hard . Some of them, like Russian , have numerous pairs of palatalized and unpalatalized consonant phonemes. Russian Cyrillic has pairs of vowel letters that mark whether

112-599: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Proto-Oceanic language Proto-Oceanic (abbreviated as POc ) is a proto-language that historical linguists since Otto Dempwolff have reconstructed as the hypothetical common ancestor of the Oceanic subgroup of the Austronesian language family . Proto-Oceanic is a descendant of the Proto-Austronesian language (PAN), the common ancestor of

140-722: Is a way of pronouncing a consonant in which part of the tongue is moved close to the hard palate . Consonants pronounced this way are said to be palatalized and are transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet by affixing the letter ⟨ʲ⟩ to the base consonant. Palatalization is not phonemic in English, but it is in Slavic languages such as Russian and Ukrainian , Finnic languages such as Estonian and Võro , Irish , Marshallese , Kashmiri , and Japanese . In technical terms, palatalization refers to

168-560: Is considered to be typologically unusual for Austronesian languages, and is only found in some Oceanic languages of New Guinea and to a more limited extent, the Solomon Islands. This is because SOV word order is very common in some non-Austronesian Papuan languages in contact with Oceanic languages. In turn, most Polynesian languages , and several languages of New Caledonia , have the VSO word order. Whether Proto-Oceanic had SVO or VSO

196-545: Is known for producing a large proportion of the players on the Papua New Guinea national cricket team . This was also the birthplace of the village Liklik Kricket Competition . The village is also the home of Commonwealth Champions Geua Vada Steven Kari and Dika Toua . Of Papua New Guinea's nine Commonwealth Games medals, eight have come from Hanuabada. In May 2015, there was a police raid in Hanuabada in which

224-795: Is still debatable. From the mid-1990s to 2023, reconstructing the lexicon of Proto-Oceanic was the object of the Oceanic Lexicon Project , run by scholars Andrew Pawley , Malcolm Ross and Meredith Osmond. This encyclopedic project produced 6 volumes altogether, all available in open access . In addition, Robert Blust also includes Proto-Oceanic in his Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (abbr. ACD). Selected reconstructed Proto-Oceanic terms of various animals from Blust's ACD: Reconstructed Proto-Oceanic terms for horticulture and food plants (other than coconuts): Reconstructed plant terms from Malcolm Ross (2008): Selected reconstructed Proto-Oceanic terms of various plants from

252-428: Is used as a morpheme or part of a morpheme. In some cases, a vowel caused a consonant to become palatalized, and then this vowel was lost by elision . Here, there appears to be a phonemic contrast when analysis of the deep structure shows it to be allophonic. In Romanian , consonants are palatalized before /i/ . Palatalized consonants appear at the end of the word, and mark the plural in nouns and adjectives, and

280-586: The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary : There are several known reconstructed words evident of material pottery culture among the Lapita : From Lynch, Ross, and Crowley (2002): *I=kaRat-i=a 3SG =bite- TR = 3SG a ART tau person na ART ᵐboRok. pig *I=kaRat-i=a a tau na ᵐboRok. 3SG=bite-TR=3SG ART person ART pig 'The pig bit a/the person.' *A ART na=ᵑgu CL = 3SG

308-797: The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), palatalized consonants are marked by the modifier letter ⟨ʲ⟩ , a superscript version of the symbol for the palatal approximant ⟨ j ⟩. For instance, ⟨ tʲ ⟩ represents the palatalized form of the voiceless alveolar stop [t] . Prior to 1989 , a subscript diacritic was used in the IPA: ⟨ ᶀ ᶈ ᶆ ᶂ ᶌ ƫ ᶁ ᶇ ᶊ ᶎ ᶅ 𝼓 ᶉ 𝼖 𝼕 ᶄ ᶃ 𝼔 ᶍ ꞕ ⟩, apart from two palatalized fricatives which were written instead with curly-tailed variants, namely ⟨ ʆ ⟩ for [ʃʲ] and ⟨ ʓ ⟩ for [ʒʲ] . (See palatal hook .) The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet marks palatalized consonants by an acute accent , as do some Finnic languages using

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336-583: The secondary articulation of consonants by which the body of the tongue is raised toward the hard palate and the alveolar ridge during the articulation of the consonant. Such consonants are phonetically palatalized. "Pure" palatalization is a modification to the articulation of a consonant, where the middle of the tongue is raised, and nothing else. It may produce a laminal articulation of otherwise apical consonants such as /t/ and /s/ . Phonetically palatalized consonants may vary in their exact realization. Some languages add semivowels before or after

364-573: The Austronesian languages. Proto-Oceanic was probably spoken around the late 3rd millennium BCE in the Bismarck Archipelago , east of Papua New Guinea . Archaeologists and linguists currently agree that its community more or less coincides with the Lapita culture . The methodology of comparative linguistics , together with the relative homogeneity of Oceanic languages , make it possible to reconstruct with reasonable certainty

392-634: The Latin alphabet, as in Võro ⟨ ś ⟩ . Others use an apostrophe, as in Karelian ⟨s'⟩ ; or digraphs in j , as in the Savonian dialects of Finnish , ⟨sj⟩ . Palatalization has varying phonological significance in different languages. It is allophonic in English, but phonemic in others. In English, consonants are palatalized when they occur before front vowels or

420-593: The consonant preceding them is hard/soft: ⟨ а ⟩ / ⟨ я ⟩ , ⟨ э ⟩ / ⟨ е ⟩ , ⟨ ы ⟩ / ⟨ и ⟩ , ⟨ о ⟩ / ⟨ ё ⟩ , and ⟨ у ⟩ / ⟨ ю ⟩ . The otherwise silent soft sign ⟨ ь ⟩ also indicates that the previous consonant is soft. Irish and Scottish Gaelic have pairs of palatalized ( slender ) and unpalatalized ( broad ) consonant phonemes. In Irish, most broad consonants are velarized . In Scottish Gaelic,

448-656: The conventional transcription of a protophoneme differs from its value in the IPA , the latter is indicated: Based on evidence from the Southern Oceanic and Micronesian languages, Lynch (2003) proposes that the bilabial series may have been phonetically realized as palatalized : /pʲ/ /ᵐbʲ/ /mʲ/ . Many Oceanic languages of New Guinea , Vanuatu , the Solomon Islands , and Micronesia are SVO , or verb-medial, languages. SOV , or verb-final, word order

476-829: The front vowel /i/ and not palatalized in other cases. In some languages, palatalization is a distinctive feature that distinguishes two consonant phonemes . This feature occurs in Russian , Irish , and Scottish Gaelic , among others. Phonemic palatalization may be contrasted with either plain or velarized articulation. In many of the Slavic languages , and some of the Baltic and Finnic languages , palatalized consonants contrast with plain consonants, but in Irish they contrast with velarized consonants. Some palatalized phonemes undergo change beyond phonetic palatalization. For instance,

504-445: The only velarized consonants are [n̪ˠ] and [l̪ˠ] ; [r] is sometimes described as velarized as well. Yōon are Japanese moras formed with an added [ j ] sound between the initial consonant and the vowel. For example, 今日 ( kyō , "today") is written きょう [ kʲoo ], using a small version of よ , while 器用 ( kiyō , "skillful") is written きよう [ kijoo ], with a full-sized よ. Historically , yōon were not distinguished with

532-491: The other). In some languages, like English, palatalization is allophonic . Some phonemes have palatalized allophones in certain contexts, typically before front vowels and unpalatalized allophones elsewhere. Because it is allophonic, palatalization of this type does not distinguish words and often goes unnoticed by native speakers. Phonetic palatalization occurs in American English. Stops are palatalized before

560-414: The palatal approximant (and in a few other cases), but no words are distinguished by palatalization ( complementary distribution ), whereas in some of the other languages, the difference between palatalized consonants and plain un-palatalized consonants distinguish es between words, appearing in a contrastive distribution (where one of the two versions, palatalized or not, appears in the same environment as

588-556: The palatalization is heard as both an onglide and an offglide. In some cases, the realization of palatalization may change without any corresponding phonemic change. For example, according to Thurneysen, palatalized consonants at the end of a syllable in Old Irish had a corresponding onglide (reflected as ⟨i⟩ in the spelling), which was no longer present in Middle Irish (based on explicit testimony of grammarians of

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616-411: The palatalized consonant (onglides or offglides). In such cases, the vowel (especially a non-front vowel) following a palatalized consonant typically has a palatal onglide. In Russian , both plain and palatalized consonant phonemes are found in words like большой [bɐlʲˈʂoj] , царь [tsarʲ] and Катя [ˈkatʲə] . In Hupa , on the other hand,

644-664: The police of Port Moresby confiscated more than 1,000 bags of betel nuts . The total value of these nut sacks was estimated to be over US$ 180,000. Hanuabada is also known for its LGBT community, with many fleeing to the city to escape discrimination and violence. Anne, Princess Royal visited Hanuabada and the site of the 1884 flag-raising as part of her Royal Tour to commemorate the Platinum Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II . 9°27′S 147°08′E  /  9.450°S 147.133°E  / -9.450; 147.133 This National Capital District geography article

672-529: The principal linguistic properties of their common ancestor, Proto-Oceanic. Like all scientific hypotheses, these reconstructions must be understood as obviously reflecting the state of science at a particular moment in time; the detail of these reconstructions is still the object of much discussion among Oceanicist scholars. The phonology of POc can be reconstructed with reasonable certainty. Proto-Oceanic had five vowels: *i, *e, *a, *o, *u, with no length contrast. Twenty-three consonants are reconstructed. When

700-859: The second person singular in verbs. On the surface, it would appear then that ban [ban] "coin" forms a minimal pair with bani [banʲ] . The interpretation commonly taken, however, is that an underlying morpheme |-i| palatalizes the consonant and is subsequently deleted. Palatalization may also occur as a morphological feature. For example, although Russian makes phonemic contrasts between palatalized and unpalatalized consonants, alternations across morpheme boundaries are normal: In some languages, allophonic palatalization developed into phonemic palatalization by phonemic split . In other languages, phonemes that were originally phonetically palatalized changed further: palatal secondary place of articulation developed into changes in manner of articulation or primary place of articulation. Phonetic palatalization of

728-586: The smaller kana and had to be determined by context. In the Marshallese language , each consonant has some type of secondary articulation (palatalization, velarization, or labiovelarization ). The palatalized consonants are regarded as "light", and the velarized and rounded consonants are regarded as "heavy", with the rounded consonants being both velarized and labialized. Many Norwegian dialects have phonemic palatalized consonants. In many parts of Northern Norway and many areas of Møre og Romsdal, for example,

756-586: The time). In a few languages, including Skolt Sami and many of the Central Chadic languages , palatalization is a suprasegmental feature that affects the pronunciation of an entire syllable, and it may cause certain vowels to be pronounced more front and consonants to be slightly palatalized. In Skolt Sami and its relatives ( Kildin Sami and Ter Sami ), suprasegmental palatalization contrasts with segmental palatal articulation (palatal consonants). In

784-449: The unpalatalized sibilant (Irish /sˠ/ , Scottish /s̪/ ) has a palatalized counterpart that is actually postalveolar [ʃ] , not phonetically palatalized [sʲ] , and the velar fricative /x/ in both languages has a palatalized counterpart that is actually palatal [ç] rather than palatalized velar [xʲ] . These shifts in primary place of articulation are examples of the sound change of palatalization . In some languages, palatalization

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