113-517: Sister: Strepsirrhini Simia Haplorhini ( / h æ p l ə ˈ r aɪ n aɪ / ), the haplorhines ( Greek for "simple-nosed") or the "dry-nosed" primates is a suborder of primates containing the tarsiers and the simians (Simiiformes or anthropoids), as sister of the Strepsirrhini ("moist-nosed"). The name is sometimes spelled Haplorrhini . The simians include catarrhines ( Old World monkeys and apes , including humans ), and
226-435: A grooming claw on the second toe of each foot for scratching in areas that are inaccessible to the mouth and tongue. Adapiforms may have had a grooming claw, but there is little evidence of this. The toothcomb consists of either two or four procumbent lower incisors and procumbent lower canine teeth followed by a canine-shaped premolar . It is used to comb the fur during oral grooming. Shed hairs that accumulate between
339-435: A grooming claw on the second toe of each foot for scratching in areas that are inaccessible to the mouth and tongue. Adapiforms may have had a grooming claw, but there is little evidence of this. The toothcomb consists of either two or four procumbent lower incisors and procumbent lower canine teeth followed by a canine-shaped premolar . It is used to comb the fur during oral grooming. Shed hairs that accumulate between
452-613: A toothcomb , a specialized set of teeth in the front, lower part of the mouth mostly used for combing fur during grooming . Many of today's living strepsirrhines are endangered due to habitat destruction , hunting for bushmeat , and live capture for the exotic pet trade. Both living and extinct strepsirrhines are behaviorally diverse, although all are primarily arboreal (tree-dwelling). Most living lemuriforms are nocturnal , while most adapiforms were diurnal . Both living and extinct groups primarily fed on fruit , leaves , and insects . The taxonomic name Strepsirrhini derives from
565-613: A toothcomb , a specialized set of teeth in the front, lower part of the mouth mostly used for combing fur during grooming . Many of today's living strepsirrhines are endangered due to habitat destruction , hunting for bushmeat , and live capture for the exotic pet trade. Both living and extinct strepsirrhines are behaviorally diverse, although all are primarily arboreal (tree-dwelling). Most living lemuriforms are nocturnal , while most adapiforms were diurnal . Both living and extinct groups primarily fed on fruit , leaves , and insects . The taxonomic name Strepsirrhini derives from
678-619: A cercamoniine, but also may have been a stem lemuriform. Azibiids from Algeria date to roughly the same time and may be a sister group of the djebelemurids . Together with Plesiopithecus from the late Eocene Egypt, the three may qualify as the stem lemuriforms from Africa. Molecular clock estimates indicate that lemurs and the lorisoids diverged in Africa during the Paleocene, approximately 62 mya. Between 47 and 54 mya, lemurs dispersed to Madagascar by rafting . In isolation,
791-509: A cercamoniine, but also may have been a stem lemuriform. Azibiids from Algeria date to roughly the same time and may be a sister group of the djebelemurids . Together with Plesiopithecus from the late Eocene Egypt, the three may qualify as the stem lemuriforms from Africa. Molecular clock estimates indicate that lemurs and the lorisoids diverged in Africa during the Paleocene, approximately 62 mya. Between 47 and 54 mya, lemurs dispersed to Madagascar by rafting . In isolation,
904-463: A longer dependence period on their mother. This difference in size and dependence is credited to the increased complexity of their behavior and natural history. The taxonomic name Haplorhini derives from the Ancient Greek haploûs ( ἁπλούς , 'onefold', 'single', 'simple') and rhinos ( ῥις ( genitive ῥινός), 'nose'). It refers to the lack of a rhinarium or "wet nose", which
1017-502: A more specialized and younger branch of adapiform primarily from Europe. Scandentia (treeshrews) Dermoptera (colugos) † Plesiadapiformes Simians Tarsiers † Omomyiformes † Adapiformes Lorisoids Lemurs Lemurs rafted from Africa to Madagascar between 47 and 54 mya, whereas the lorises split from the African galagos around 40 mya and later colonized Asia. The lemuriforms, and particularly
1130-447: A more specialized and younger branch of adapiform primarily from Europe. Scandentia (treeshrews) Dermoptera (colugos) † Plesiadapiformes Simians Tarsiers † Omomyiformes † Adapiformes Lorisoids Lemurs Lemurs rafted from Africa to Madagascar between 47 and 54 mya, whereas the lorises split from the African galagos around 40 mya and later colonized Asia. The lemuriforms, and particularly
1243-459: A new suborder, Simiolemuriformes, to suggest that strepsirrhines are more closely related to simians than tarsiers. However, no clear relationship between the two had been demonstrated by the early 2000s. The idea reemerged briefly in 2009 during the media attention surrounding Darwinius masillae (dubbed "Ida"), a cercamoniine from Germany that was touted as a " missing link between humans and earlier primates" (simians and adapiforms). However,
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#17327906781781356-459: A new suborder, Simiolemuriformes, to suggest that strepsirrhines are more closely related to simians than tarsiers. However, no clear relationship between the two had been demonstrated by the early 2000s. The idea reemerged briefly in 2009 during the media attention surrounding Darwinius masillae (dubbed "Ida"), a cercamoniine from Germany that was touted as a " missing link between humans and earlier primates" (simians and adapiforms). However,
1469-546: A possible order put together by Williams, Kay and Kirk in 2010, based on cladograms put together by Seiffert et al. (2005), Marivaux (2006) and Bajpai et al. (2008), and should not be seen as definitive. They do not include Propliopithecoidea as they classify them as early catarrhines. Also included are Archicebidae, the discovery of which was announced by Ni et al. in 2013. (but see notes below regarding placement). Sigé et al. (1990) describe Altiatlasius as an Omomyiform, but also state that it could be an early anthropoid, with
1582-452: A separate line, or that both simians and tarsiers are descended from omomyids. Haplorhines share a number of derived features that distinguish them from the strepsirrhine "wet-nosed" primates (whose Greek name means "curved nose"), the other suborder of primates from which they diverged some 63 million years ago. The haplorhines, including tarsiers, have all lost the function of the terminal enzyme that manufactures Vitamin C , while
1695-662: A sister group to the living strepsirrhines. They are included in Strepsirrhini, and are considered basal members of the clade. Although their status as true primates is not questioned, the questionable relationship between adapiforms and other living and fossil primates leads to multiple classifications within Strepsirrhini. Often, adapiforms are placed in their own infraorder due to anatomical differences with lemuriforms and their unclear relationship. When shared traits with lemuriforms (which may or may not be synapomorphic) are emphasized, they are sometimes reduced to families within
1808-599: A sister group to the living strepsirrhines. They are included in Strepsirrhini, and are considered basal members of the clade. Although their status as true primates is not questioned, the questionable relationship between adapiforms and other living and fossil primates leads to multiple classifications within Strepsirrhini. Often, adapiforms are placed in their own infraorder due to anatomical differences with lemuriforms and their unclear relationship. When shared traits with lemuriforms (which may or may not be synapomorphic) are emphasized, they are sometimes reduced to families within
1921-533: A smaller brain than comparably sized simians , large olfactory lobes for smell, a vomeronasal organ to detect pheromones , and a bicornuate uterus with an epitheliochorial placenta . Their eyes contain a reflective layer to improve their night vision , and their eye sockets include a ring of bone around the eye, but they lack a wall of thin bone behind it. Strepsirrhine primates produce their own vitamin C , whereas haplorhine primates must obtain it from their diets. Lemuriform primates are characterized by
2034-533: A smaller brain than comparably sized simians , large olfactory lobes for smell, a vomeronasal organ to detect pheromones , and a bicornuate uterus with an epitheliochorial placenta . Their eyes contain a reflective layer to improve their night vision , and their eye sockets include a ring of bone around the eye, but they lack a wall of thin bone behind it. Strepsirrhine primates produce their own vitamin C , whereas haplorhine primates must obtain it from their diets. Lemuriform primates are characterized by
2147-429: A specialized dental structure called a "toothcomb", with the exception of the aye-aye, in which the structure has been modified into two continually growing (hypselodont) incisors (or canine teeth ), similar to those of rodents . Often, the toothcomb is incorrectly used to characterize all strepsirrhines. Instead, it is unique to lemuriforms and is not seen among adapiforms. Lemuriforms groom orally, and also possess
2260-429: A specialized dental structure called a "toothcomb", with the exception of the aye-aye, in which the structure has been modified into two continually growing (hypselodont) incisors (or canine teeth ), similar to those of rodents . Often, the toothcomb is incorrectly used to characterize all strepsirrhines. Instead, it is unique to lemuriforms and is not seen among adapiforms. Lemuriforms groom orally, and also possess
2373-549: Is a suborder of primates that includes the lemuriform primates, which consist of the lemurs of Madagascar , galagos ("bushbabies") and pottos from Africa , and the lorises from India and southeast Asia . Collectively they are referred to as strepsirrhines. Also belonging to the suborder are the extinct adapiform primates which thrived during the Eocene in Europe, North America, and Asia, but disappeared from most of
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#17327906781782486-444: Is a suborder of primates that includes the lemuriform primates, which consist of the lemurs of Madagascar , galagos ("bushbabies") and pottos from Africa , and the lorises from India and southeast Asia . Collectively they are referred to as strepsirrhines. Also belonging to the suborder are the extinct adapiform primates which thrived during the Eocene in Europe, North America, and Asia, but disappeared from most of
2599-409: Is a synapomorphy (shared, derived trait) seen among lemuriforms, although it is frequently and incorrectly used to define the strepsirrhine clade. Strepsirrhine primates are also united in possessing an epitheliochorial placenta . Unlike the tarsiers and simians, strepsirrhines are capable of producing their own vitamin C and do not need it supplied in their diet. Further genetic evidence for
2712-409: Is a synapomorphy (shared, derived trait) seen among lemuriforms, although it is frequently and incorrectly used to define the strepsirrhine clade. Strepsirrhine primates are also united in possessing an epitheliochorial placenta . Unlike the tarsiers and simians, strepsirrhines are capable of producing their own vitamin C and do not need it supplied in their diet. Further genetic evidence for
2825-478: Is equally plausible. Kay and Williams (2013, edited by Feagle and Kay), look at possible hypotheses about how oligopiths, parapiths and propliopiths relate to each other and catarrhines and platyrrhines: - that parapiths and propliopiths are closely related, with their common ancestor being related to oligopiths, and the common ancestor of all three being related to the platyrrhines with extant catarrhines (i.e. cercopithecoidea and hominoidea ) being descended from
2938-403: Is found in many mammals, including strepsirrhine primates. Molecular estimates based on mitochondrial genomes suggest Haplorhini and its sister clade, Strepsirrhini , diverged 74 million years ago (mya), but no crown primate fossils are known prior to the beginning of the Eocene , 56 mya. The same molecular analysis suggests the infraorder Tarsiiformes , whose only remaining family is that of
3051-614: Is significantly greater than the strepsirrhines, and their primary sense is vision. Haplorhines have a postorbital plate, unlike the postorbital bar found in strepsirrhines. Most species are diurnal (the exceptions being the tarsiers and the night monkeys ). All anthropoids have a single-chambered uterus ; tarsiers have a bicornate uterus like the strepsirrhines. Most species typically have single births, although twins and triplets are common for marmosets and tamarins . Despite similar gestation periods , haplorhine newborns are relatively much larger than strepsirrhine newborns, but have
3164-474: Is still used to illustrate the behavioral ecology of tarsiers relative to the other primates. In addition to the controversy over tarsiers, the debate over the origins of simians once called the strepsirrhine clade into question. Arguments for an evolutionary link between adapiforms and simians made by paleontologists Gingerich, Elwyn L. Simons , Tab Rasmussen , and others could have potentially excluded adapiforms from Strepsirrhini. In 1975, Gingerich proposed
3277-474: Is still used to illustrate the behavioral ecology of tarsiers relative to the other primates. In addition to the controversy over tarsiers, the debate over the origins of simians once called the strepsirrhine clade into question. Arguments for an evolutionary link between adapiforms and simians made by paleontologists Gingerich, Elwyn L. Simons , Tab Rasmussen , and others could have potentially excluded adapiforms from Strepsirrhini. In 1975, Gingerich proposed
3390-720: The Greek στρέψις strepsis "a turning round" and ῥίς rhis "nose, snout, (in pl.) nostrils" ( GEN ῥινός rhinos ), which refers to the appearance of the sinuous (comma-shaped) nostrils on the rhinarium or wet nose. The name was first used by French naturalist Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire in 1812 as a subordinal rank comparable to Platyrrhini ( New World monkeys ) and Catarrhini ( Old World monkeys ). In his description , he mentioned " Les narines terminales et sinueuses " ("Nostrils terminal and winding"). When British zoologist Reginald Innes Pocock revived Strepsirrhini and defined Haplorhini in 1918, he omitted
3503-669: The Greek στρέψις strepsis "a turning round" and ῥίς rhis "nose, snout, (in pl.) nostrils" ( GEN ῥινός rhinos ), which refers to the appearance of the sinuous (comma-shaped) nostrils on the rhinarium or wet nose. The name was first used by French naturalist Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire in 1812 as a subordinal rank comparable to Platyrrhini ( New World monkeys ) and Catarrhini ( Old World monkeys ). In his description , he mentioned " Les narines terminales et sinueuses " ("Nostrils terminal and winding"). When British zoologist Reginald Innes Pocock revived Strepsirrhini and defined Haplorhini in 1918, he omitted
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3616-472: The Northern Hemisphere as the climate cooled. Adapiforms are sometimes referred to as being "lemur-like", although the diversity of both lemurs and adapiforms does not support this comparison. Strepsirrhines are defined by their "wet" (moist) rhinarium (the tip of the snout) – hence the colloquial but inaccurate term "wet-nosed" – similar to the rhinaria of canines and felines. They also have
3729-402: The Northern Hemisphere as the climate cooled. Adapiforms are sometimes referred to as being "lemur-like", although the diversity of both lemurs and adapiforms does not support this comparison. Strepsirrhines are defined by their "wet" (moist) rhinarium (the tip of the snout) – hence the colloquial but inaccurate term "wet-nosed" – similar to the rhinaria of canines and felines. They also have
3842-471: The platyrrhines ( New World monkeys ). Haplorhini was proposed by Pocock in 1918 when he realized the tarsiers were actually sister to the monkeys rather than the lemurs, also following findings of Hugh Cuming 80 years earlier and Linnaeus 160 years earlier. For Linnaeus, this ensemble of primates constituted a genus " Simia ". For religious reasons, Homo constituted its own genus (which has remained). The extinct omomyids , which are considered to be
3955-505: The toothcomb of extant lemuriforms; however, this view is not strongly supported due to a lack of clear transitional fossils. Instead, lemuriforms may be descended from a very early branch of Asian cercamoniines or sivaladapids that migrated to northern Africa. Until discoveries of three 40 million-year-old fossil lorisoids ( Karanisia , Saharagalago , and Wadilemur ) in the El Fayum deposits of Egypt between 1997 and 2005,
4068-450: The toothcomb of extant lemuriforms; however, this view is not strongly supported due to a lack of clear transitional fossils. Instead, lemuriforms may be descended from a very early branch of Asian cercamoniines or sivaladapids that migrated to northern Africa. Until discoveries of three 40 million-year-old fossil lorisoids ( Karanisia , Saharagalago , and Wadilemur ) in the El Fayum deposits of Egypt between 1997 and 2005,
4181-465: The Early to Middle Eocene, evidence from genetics and recent fossil finds both suggest they may have been present during the early adaptive radiation . The origin of the earliest primates that the simians and tarsiers both evolved from is a mystery. Both their place of origin and the group from which they emerged are uncertain. Although the fossil record demonstrating their initial radiation across
4294-413: The Early to Middle Eocene, evidence from genetics and recent fossil finds both suggest they may have been present during the early adaptive radiation . The origin of the earliest primates that the simians and tarsiers both evolved from is a mystery. Both their place of origin and the group from which they emerged are uncertain. Although the fossil record demonstrating their initial radiation across
4407-472: The Northern Hemisphere is very detailed, the fossil record from the tropics (where primates most likely first developed) is very sparse, particularly around the time that primates and other major clades of eutherian mammals first appeared. Lacking detailed tropical fossils, geneticists and primatologists have used genetic analyses to determine the relatedness between primate lineages and
4520-401: The Northern Hemisphere is very detailed, the fossil record from the tropics (where primates most likely first developed) is very sparse, particularly around the time that primates and other major clades of eutherian mammals first appeared. Lacking detailed tropical fossils, geneticists and primatologists have used genetic analyses to determine the relatedness between primate lineages and
4633-488: The Prosimii-Anthropoidea taxonomy is familiar and frequently seen in the research literature and textbooks. Strepsirrhines are traditionally characterized by several symplesiomorphic (ancestral) traits not shared with the simians, particularly the rhinarium. Other symplesiomorphies include long snouts , convoluted maxilloturbinals , relatively large olfactory bulbs , and smaller brains. The toothcomb
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4746-415: The Prosimii-Anthropoidea taxonomy is familiar and frequently seen in the research literature and textbooks. Strepsirrhines are traditionally characterized by several symplesiomorphic (ancestral) traits not shared with the simians, particularly the rhinarium. Other symplesiomorphies include long snouts , convoluted maxilloturbinals , relatively large olfactory bulbs , and smaller brains. The toothcomb
4859-748: The above as they place Omomyids within Tarsiiformes, with Omomyids and Tarsiidae sharing a common ancestor, and that common ancestor sharing a common Tarsiiform ancestor with the Archicebidae. Possible stem Haplorrhini are some species which are usually considered to be Strepsirrhini , such as the Notharctidae , and Darwinius . Strepsirrhini † Adapiformes Lemuriformes (See text) sister: Haplorhini Strepsirrhini or Strepsirhini ( / ˌ s t r ɛ p s ə ˈ r aɪ n i / ; STREP -sə- RY -nee )
4972-412: The academic literature provides a basic framework for primate taxonomy, usually including several potential taxonomic schemes. Although most experts agree upon phylogeny , many disagree about nearly every level of primate classification. The most commonly recurring debate in primatology during the 1970s, 1980s, and early 2000s concerned the phylogenetic position of tarsiers compared to both simians and
5085-412: The academic literature provides a basic framework for primate taxonomy, usually including several potential taxonomic schemes. Although most experts agree upon phylogeny , many disagree about nearly every level of primate classification. The most commonly recurring debate in primatology during the 1970s, 1980s, and early 2000s concerned the phylogenetic position of tarsiers compared to both simians and
5198-470: The amount of time since they diverged . Using this molecular clock , divergence dates for the major primate lineages have suggested that primates evolved more than 80–90 mya, nearly 40 million years before the first examples appear in the fossil record. The early primates include both nocturnal and diurnal small-bodied species, and all were arboreal, with hands and feet specially adapted for maneuvering on small branches. Plesiadapiforms from
5311-470: The amount of time since they diverged . Using this molecular clock , divergence dates for the major primate lineages have suggested that primates evolved more than 80–90 mya, nearly 40 million years before the first examples appear in the fossil record. The early primates include both nocturnal and diurnal small-bodied species, and all were arboreal, with hands and feet specially adapted for maneuvering on small branches. Plesiadapiforms from
5424-500: The apes ( Hominoidea ) diverged from Old World monkeys ( Cercopithecoidea ) about 25 mya. The available fossil evidence indicates that both the hominoid and cercopithecoid clades originated in Africa. The following is the listing of the living haplorhine families, and their placement in the Order Primates: The exact placement of early haplorhine families is uncertain owing to limited evidence. The following sets out
5537-545: The aye-aye (Daubentoniidae) in its own infraorder, Chiromyiformes. In some cases, plesiadapiforms are included within the order Primates, in which case Euprimates is sometimes treated as a suborder, with Strepsirrhini becoming an infraorder, and the Lemuriformes and others become parvorders. Regardless of the infraordinal taxonomy, Strepsirrhini is composed of three ranked superfamilies and 14 families, seven of which are extinct. Three of these extinct families included
5650-484: The aye-aye (Daubentoniidae) in its own infraorder, Chiromyiformes. In some cases, plesiadapiforms are included within the order Primates, in which case Euprimates is sometimes treated as a suborder, with Strepsirrhini becoming an infraorder, and the Lemuriformes and others become parvorders. Regardless of the infraordinal taxonomy, Strepsirrhini is composed of three ranked superfamilies and 14 families, seven of which are extinct. Three of these extinct families included
5763-462: The case of lemurs, natural selection has driven this isolated population of primates to diversify significantly and fill a rich variety of ecological niches , despite their smaller and less complex brains compared to simians. The divergence between strepsirrhines, simians, and tarsiers likely followed almost immediately after primates first evolved. Although few fossils of living primate groups – lemuriforms, tarsiers, and simians – are known from
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#17327906781785876-462: The case of lemurs, natural selection has driven this isolated population of primates to diversify significantly and fill a rich variety of ecological niches , despite their smaller and less complex brains compared to simians. The divergence between strepsirrhines, simians, and tarsiers likely followed almost immediately after primates first evolved. Although few fossils of living primate groups – lemuriforms, tarsiers, and simians – are known from
5989-548: The cladistic analysis was flawed and the phylogenetic inferences and terminology were vague. Although the authors noted that Darwinius was not a "fossil lemur", they did emphasize the absence of a toothcomb, which adapiforms did not possess. † Adapiformes stem lemuriforms Daubentoniidae other lemurs lorises galagos Within Strepsirrhini, two common classifications include either two infraorders (Adapiformes and Lemuriformes) or three infraorders (Adapiformes, Lemuriformes, Lorisiformes). A less common taxonomy places
6102-548: The cladistic analysis was flawed and the phylogenetic inferences and terminology were vague. Although the authors noted that Darwinius was not a "fossil lemur", they did emphasize the absence of a toothcomb, which adapiforms did not possess. † Adapiformes stem lemuriforms Daubentoniidae other lemurs lorises galagos Within Strepsirrhini, two common classifications include either two infraorders (Adapiformes and Lemuriformes) or three infraorders (Adapiformes, Lemuriformes, Lorisiformes). A less common taxonomy places
6215-525: The climate cooled: The last of the adapiforms died out at the end of the Miocene (~7 mya). Adapiform primates are extinct strepsirrhines that shared many anatomical similarities with lemurs. They are sometimes referred to as lemur-like primates, although the diversity of both lemurs and adapiforms do not support this analogy. Like the living strepsirrhines, adapiforms were extremely diverse, with at least 30 genera and 80 species known from
6328-471: The climate cooled: The last of the adapiforms died out at the end of the Miocene (~7 mya). Adapiform primates are extinct strepsirrhines that shared many anatomical similarities with lemurs. They are sometimes referred to as lemur-like primates, although the diversity of both lemurs and adapiforms do not support this analogy. Like the living strepsirrhines, adapiforms were extremely diverse, with at least 30 genera and 80 species known from
6441-480: The common ancestor of all three is related to the platyrrhines, with cercopithecoidea being descended from the parapiths and hominoidea being descended from propliopiths. - finally, they also consider the hypothesis that oligopiths are adapiformes (i.e. early strepsirrhines rather than early haplorhines) Ni et al., in announcing Archicebus achilles in 2013 as what they describe as the earliest known primate with such detailed remains, place it somewhat differently to
6554-562: The early Paleocene are sometimes considered "archaic primates", because their teeth resembled those of early primates and because they possessed adaptations to living in trees, such as a divergent big toe ( hallux ). Although plesiadapiforms were closely related to primates, they may represent a paraphyletic group from which primates may or may not have directly evolved, and some genera may have been more closely related to colugos , which are thought to be more closely related to primates. The first true primates (euprimates) do not appear in
6667-562: The early Paleocene are sometimes considered "archaic primates", because their teeth resembled those of early primates and because they possessed adaptations to living in trees, such as a divergent big toe ( hallux ). Although plesiadapiforms were closely related to primates, they may represent a paraphyletic group from which primates may or may not have directly evolved, and some genera may have been more closely related to colugos , which are thought to be more closely related to primates. The first true primates (euprimates) do not appear in
6780-401: The early Eocene, although their most basal members share enough dental similarities to suggest that they diverged during the Paleocene (66–55 mya). Lemuriform origins are unclear and debated. American paleontologist Philip Gingerich proposed that lemuriform primates evolved from one of several genera of European adapids based on similarities between the front lower teeth of adapids and
6893-401: The early Eocene, although their most basal members share enough dental similarities to suggest that they diverged during the Paleocene (66–55 mya). Lemuriform origins are unclear and debated. American paleontologist Philip Gingerich proposed that lemuriform primates evolved from one of several genera of European adapids based on similarities between the front lower teeth of adapids and
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#17327906781787006-635: The extinct adapiforms and the lemuriform primates, which include lemurs and lorisoids ( lorises , pottos , and galagos ). Strepsirrhines diverged from the haplorhine primates near the beginning of the primate radiation between 55 and 90 mya. Older divergence dates are based on genetic analysis estimates, while younger dates are based on the scarce fossil record . Lemuriform primates may have evolved from either cercamoniines or sivaladapids , both of which were adapiforms that may have originated in Asia. They were once thought to have evolved from adapids ,
7119-584: The extinct adapiforms and the lemuriform primates, which include lemurs and lorisoids ( lorises , pottos , and galagos ). Strepsirrhines diverged from the haplorhine primates near the beginning of the primate radiation between 55 and 90 mya. Older divergence dates are based on genetic analysis estimates, while younger dates are based on the scarce fossil record . Lemuriform primates may have evolved from either cercamoniines or sivaladapids , both of which were adapiforms that may have originated in Asia. They were once thought to have evolved from adapids ,
7232-477: The family Adapidae, which was divided into two or three subfamilies: Adapinae, Notharctinae, and sometimes Sivaladapinae. All North American adapiforms were lumped under Notharctinae, while the Old World forms were usually assigned to Adapinae. Around the 1990s, two distinct groups of European "adapids" began to emerge, based on differences in the postcranial skeleton and the teeth. One of these two European forms
7345-420: The family Adapidae, which was divided into two or three subfamilies: Adapinae, Notharctinae, and sometimes Sivaladapinae. All North American adapiforms were lumped under Notharctinae, while the Old World forms were usually assigned to Adapinae. Around the 1990s, two distinct groups of European "adapids" began to emerge, based on differences in the postcranial skeleton and the teeth. One of these two European forms
7458-543: The family Prosimia (Prosimii) in 1811. The use of the tarsier-galago classification continued for many years until 1898, when Dutch zoologist Ambrosius Hubrecht demonstrated two different types of placentation (formation of a placenta ) in the two groups. English comparative anatomist William Henry Flower created the suborder Lemuroidea in 1883 to distinguish these primates from the simians, which were grouped under English biologist St. George Jackson Mivart 's suborder Anthropoidea (=Simiiformes). According to Flower,
7571-543: The family Prosimia (Prosimii) in 1811. The use of the tarsier-galago classification continued for many years until 1898, when Dutch zoologist Ambrosius Hubrecht demonstrated two different types of placentation (formation of a placenta ) in the two groups. English comparative anatomist William Henry Flower created the suborder Lemuroidea in 1883 to distinguish these primates from the simians, which were grouped under English biologist St. George Jackson Mivart 's suborder Anthropoidea (=Simiiformes). According to Flower,
7684-482: The fossil record as of the early 2000s. They diversified across Laurasia during the Eocene, some reaching North America via a land bridge . They were among the most common mammals found in the fossil beds from that time. A few rare species have also been found in northern Africa. The most basal of the adapiforms include the genera Cantius from North America and Europe and Donrussellia from Europe. The latter bears
7797-429: The fossil record as of the early 2000s. They diversified across Laurasia during the Eocene, some reaching North America via a land bridge . They were among the most common mammals found in the fossil beds from that time. A few rare species have also been found in northern Africa. The most basal of the adapiforms include the genera Cantius from North America and Europe and Donrussellia from Europe. The latter bears
7910-639: The fossil record until the early Eocene (~55 mya), at which point they radiated across the Northern Hemisphere during a brief period of rapid global warming known as the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum . These first primates included Cantius , Donrussellia , Altanius , and Teilhardina on the northern continents, as well as the more questionable (and fragmentary) fossil Altiatlasius from Paleocene Africa. These earliest fossil primates are often divided into two groups, adapiforms and omomyiforms . Both appeared suddenly in
8023-565: The fossil record until the early Eocene (~55 mya), at which point they radiated across the Northern Hemisphere during a brief period of rapid global warming known as the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum . These first primates included Cantius , Donrussellia , Altanius , and Teilhardina on the northern continents, as well as the more questionable (and fragmentary) fossil Altiatlasius from Paleocene Africa. These earliest fossil primates are often divided into two groups, adapiforms and omomyiforms . Both appeared suddenly in
8136-402: The fossil record without transitional forms to indicate ancestry, and both groups were rich in diversity and were widespread throughout the Eocene. The last branch to develop were the adapiforms, a diverse and widespread group that thrived during the Eocene (56 to 34 million years ago [ mya ]) in Europe, North America, and Asia. They disappeared from most of the Northern Hemisphere as
8249-402: The fossil record without transitional forms to indicate ancestry, and both groups were rich in diversity and were widespread throughout the Eocene. The last branch to develop were the adapiforms, a diverse and widespread group that thrived during the Eocene (56 to 34 million years ago [ mya ]) in Europe, North America, and Asia. They disappeared from most of the Northern Hemisphere as
8362-459: The general term "strepsirrhine", along with oversimplified anatomical comparisons and vague phylogenetic inferences, can lead to misconceptions about primate phylogeny and misunderstandings about primates from the Eocene, as seen with the media coverage of Darwinius . Because the skeletons of adapiforms share strong similarities with those of lemurs and lorises, researchers have often referred to them as "primitive" strepsirrhines, lemur ancestors, or
8475-459: The general term "strepsirrhine", along with oversimplified anatomical comparisons and vague phylogenetic inferences, can lead to misconceptions about primate phylogeny and misunderstandings about primates from the Eocene, as seen with the media coverage of Darwinius . Because the skeletons of adapiforms share strong similarities with those of lemurs and lorises, researchers have often referred to them as "primitive" strepsirrhines, lemur ancestors, or
8588-411: The genus Lemur into two genera: Prosimia for the lemurs, colugos, and tarsiers and Tardigradus for the lorises. Ten years later, É. Geoffroy and Georges Cuvier grouped the tarsiers and galagos due to similarities in their hindlimb morphology , a view supported by German zoologist Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger , who placed them in the family Macrotarsi while placing the lemurs and tarsiers in
8701-411: The genus Lemur into two genera: Prosimia for the lemurs, colugos, and tarsiers and Tardigradus for the lorises. Ten years later, É. Geoffroy and Georges Cuvier grouped the tarsiers and galagos due to similarities in their hindlimb morphology , a view supported by German zoologist Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger , who placed them in the family Macrotarsi while placing the lemurs and tarsiers in
8814-428: The infraorder Lemuriformes (or superfamily Lemuroidea). The first fossil primate described was the adapiform Adapis parisiensis by French naturalist Georges Cuvier in 1821, who compared it to a hyrax (" le Daman "), then considered a member of a now obsolete group called pachyderms . It was not recognized as a primate until it was reevaluated in the early 1870s. Originally, adapiforms were all included under
8927-428: The infraorder Lemuriformes (or superfamily Lemuroidea). The first fossil primate described was the adapiform Adapis parisiensis by French naturalist Georges Cuvier in 1821, who compared it to a hyrax (" le Daman "), then considered a member of a now obsolete group called pachyderms . It was not recognized as a primate until it was reevaluated in the early 1870s. Originally, adapiforms were all included under
9040-429: The latter view being supported by Godinot (1994) and Bajpai et al. (2008). Kay et al. (2004) point out that a case can be made for Amphipithecidae being placed either as adapiformes (i.e. early strepsirrhines) or as early anthropoids, noting in particular that they had a long evolution separate from other groups, and that key parts of their anatomy are missing from the fossil record. They conclude that either possibility
9153-431: The lemuriform divergence from the other primates and the subsequent lemur-lorisoid split both predate the appearance of adapiforms in the early Eocene. New calibration methods may reconcile the discrepancies between the molecular clock and the fossil record, favoring more recent divergence dates. The fossil record suggests that the strepsirrhine adapiforms and the haplorhine omomyiforms had been evolving independently before
9266-431: The lemuriform divergence from the other primates and the subsequent lemur-lorisoid split both predate the appearance of adapiforms in the early Eocene. New calibration methods may reconcile the discrepancies between the molecular clock and the fossil record, favoring more recent divergence dates. The fossil record suggests that the strepsirrhine adapiforms and the haplorhine omomyiforms had been evolving independently before
9379-585: The lemurs diversified and filled the niches often filled by monkeys and apes today. In Africa, the lorises and galagos diverged during the Eocene, approximately 40 mya. Unlike the lemurs in Madagascar, they have had to compete with monkeys and apes, as well as other mammals. The taxonomy of strepsirrhines is controversial and has a complicated history. Confused taxonomic terminology and oversimplified anatomical comparisons have created misconceptions about primate and strepsirrhine phylogeny , illustrated by
9492-526: The lemurs diversified and filled the niches often filled by monkeys and apes today. In Africa, the lorises and galagos diverged during the Eocene, approximately 40 mya. Unlike the lemurs in Madagascar, they have had to compete with monkeys and apes, as well as other mammals. The taxonomy of strepsirrhines is controversial and has a complicated history. Confused taxonomic terminology and oversimplified anatomical comparisons have created misconceptions about primate and strepsirrhine phylogeny , illustrated by
9605-407: The lemurs of Madagascar, are often portrayed inappropriately as " living fossils " or as examples of " basal ", or "inferior" primates. These views have historically hindered the understanding of mammalian evolution and the evolution of strepsirrhine traits, such as their reliance on smell ( olfaction ), characteristics of their skeletal anatomy, and their brain size, which is relatively small. In
9718-407: The lemurs of Madagascar, are often portrayed inappropriately as " living fossils " or as examples of " basal ", or "inferior" primates. These views have historically hindered the understanding of mammalian evolution and the evolution of strepsirrhine traits, such as their reliance on smell ( olfaction ), characteristics of their skeletal anatomy, and their brain size, which is relatively small. In
9831-405: The media attention surrounding the single "Ida" fossil in 2009. Strepsirrhine primates were first grouped under the genus Lemur by Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae published in 1758. At the time, only three species were recognized, one of which (the colugo) is no longer recognized as a primate. In 1785, Dutch naturalist Pieter Boddaert divided
9944-405: The media attention surrounding the single "Ida" fossil in 2009. Strepsirrhine primates were first grouped under the genus Lemur by Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae published in 1758. At the time, only three species were recognized, one of which (the colugo) is no longer recognized as a primate. In 1785, Dutch naturalist Pieter Boddaert divided
10057-401: The most ancestral traits , so it is often considered a sister group or stem group of the other adapiforms. Adapiforms are often divided into three major groups: The relationship between adapiform and lemuriform primates has not been clearly demonstrated, so the position of adapiforms as a paraphyletic stem group is questionable. Both molecular clock data and new fossil finds suggest that
10170-401: The most ancestral traits , so it is often considered a sister group or stem group of the other adapiforms. Adapiforms are often divided into three major groups: The relationship between adapiform and lemuriform primates has not been clearly demonstrated, so the position of adapiforms as a paraphyletic stem group is questionable. Both molecular clock data and new fossil finds suggest that
10283-508: The most basal haplorhines, are believed to be more closely related to the tarsiers than to other haplorhines. The exact relationship is not yet fully established – Williams, Kay and Kirk (2010) prefer the view that tarsiers and simians share a common ancestor , and that common ancestor shares a common ancestor with the omomyids, citing evidence from analysis by Bajpal et al. in 2008; but they also note two other possibilities – that tarsiers are directly descended from omomyids, with simians being
10396-467: The nose and reinstated the use of the suborder Strepsirrhini, while also moving the tarsiers and the simians into a new suborder, Haplorhini. It was not until 1953, when British anatomist William Charles Osman Hill wrote an entire volume on strepsirrhine anatomy, that Pocock's taxonomic suggestion became noticed and more widely used. Since then, primate taxonomy has shifted between Strepsirrhini-Haplorhini and Prosimii-Anthropoidea multiple times. Most of
10509-467: The nose and reinstated the use of the suborder Strepsirrhini, while also moving the tarsiers and the simians into a new suborder, Haplorhini. It was not until 1953, when British anatomist William Charles Osman Hill wrote an entire volume on strepsirrhine anatomy, that Pocock's taxonomic suggestion became noticed and more widely used. Since then, primate taxonomy has shifted between Strepsirrhini-Haplorhini and Prosimii-Anthropoidea multiple times. Most of
10622-483: The oldest known lemuriforms had come from the early Miocene (~20 mya) of Kenya and Uganda . These newer finds demonstrate that lemuriform primates were present during the middle Eocene in Afro-Arabia and that the lemuriform lineage and all other strepsirrhine taxa had diverged before then. Djebelemur from Tunisia dates to the late early or early middle Eocene (52 to 46 mya) and has been considered
10735-423: The oldest known lemuriforms had come from the early Miocene (~20 mya) of Kenya and Uganda . These newer finds demonstrate that lemuriform primates were present during the middle Eocene in Afro-Arabia and that the lemuriform lineage and all other strepsirrhine taxa had diverged before then. Djebelemur from Tunisia dates to the late early or early middle Eocene (52 to 46 mya) and has been considered
10848-523: The other prosimians. Tarsiers are most often placed in either the suborder Haplorhini with the simians or in the suborder Prosimii with the strepsirrhines. Prosimii is one of the two traditional primate suborders and is based on evolutionary grades (groups united by anatomical traits) rather than phylogenetic clades, while the Strepsirrhini-Haplorrhini taxonomy was based on evolutionary relationships. Yet both systems persist because
10961-444: The other prosimians. Tarsiers are most often placed in either the suborder Haplorhini with the simians or in the suborder Prosimii with the strepsirrhines. Prosimii is one of the two traditional primate suborders and is based on evolutionary grades (groups united by anatomical traits) rather than phylogenetic clades, while the Strepsirrhini-Haplorrhini taxonomy was based on evolutionary relationships. Yet both systems persist because
11074-416: The preferred taxonomic division. Yet tarsiers still closely resemble both strepsirrhines and simians in different ways, and since the early split between strepsirrhines, tarsiers and simians is ancient and hard to resolve, a third taxonomic arrangement with three suborders is sometimes used: Prosimii, Tarsiiformes, and Anthropoidea. More often, the term "prosimian" is no longer used in official taxonomy, but
11187-416: The preferred taxonomic division. Yet tarsiers still closely resemble both strepsirrhines and simians in different ways, and since the early split between strepsirrhines, tarsiers and simians is ancient and hard to resolve, a third taxonomic arrangement with three suborders is sometimes used: Prosimii, Tarsiiformes, and Anthropoidea. More often, the term "prosimian" is no longer used in official taxonomy, but
11300-400: The propliopiths; - or that parapiths and propliopiths are closely related but their common ancestor is closely related to the platyrrhines and the common ancestor of all three is related to the oligopiths, with extant catarrhines again being descended from the propliopiths; - or that propliopiths and oligopiths are closely related, and parapiths are related to the common ancestor of both and
11413-532: The recently extinct giant lemurs of Madagascar, many of which died out within the last 1,000 years following human arrival on the island. When Strepsirrhini is divided into two infraorders, the clade containing all toothcombed primates can be called "lemuriforms". When it is divided into three infraorders, the term "lemuriforms" refers only to Madagascar's lemurs, and the toothcombed primates are referred to as either "crown strepsirrhines" or "extant strepsirrhines". Confusion of this specific terminology with
11526-532: The recently extinct giant lemurs of Madagascar, many of which died out within the last 1,000 years following human arrival on the island. When Strepsirrhini is divided into two infraorders, the clade containing all toothcombed primates can be called "lemuriforms". When it is divided into three infraorders, the term "lemuriforms" refers only to Madagascar's lemurs, and the toothcombed primates are referred to as either "crown strepsirrhines" or "extant strepsirrhines". Confusion of this specific terminology with
11639-411: The relationship between tarsiers and simians as a haplorhine clade is the shared possession of three SINE markers . Because of their historically mixed assemblages which included tarsiers and close relatives of primates, both Prosimii and Strepsirrhini have been considered wastebasket taxa for "lower primates". Regardless, the strepsirrhine and haplorrhine clades are generally accepted and viewed as
11752-411: The relationship between tarsiers and simians as a haplorhine clade is the shared possession of three SINE markers . Because of their historically mixed assemblages which included tarsiers and close relatives of primates, both Prosimii and Strepsirrhini have been considered wastebasket taxa for "lower primates". Regardless, the strepsirrhine and haplorrhine clades are generally accepted and viewed as
11865-441: The second "r" from both ("Strepsi r hini" and "Haplo r hini" instead of "Strepsi rr hini" and "Haplo rr hini"), although he did not remove the second "r" from Platyrrhini or Catarrhini, both of which were also named by É. Geoffroy in 1812. Following Pocock, many researchers continued to spell Strepsirrhini with a single "r" until primatologists Paulina Jenkins and Prue Napier pointed out the error in 1987. Strepsirrhines include
11978-441: The second "r" from both ("Strepsi r hini" and "Haplo r hini" instead of "Strepsi rr hini" and "Haplo rr hini"), although he did not remove the second "r" from Platyrrhini or Catarrhini, both of which were also named by É. Geoffroy in 1812. Following Pocock, many researchers continued to spell Strepsirrhini with a single "r" until primatologists Paulina Jenkins and Prue Napier pointed out the error in 1987. Strepsirrhines include
12091-434: The strepsirrhines, like most other orders of mammals, have retained this enzyme. Genetically, five short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) are common to all haplorhines whilst absent in strepsirrhines. The haplorhine upper lip , which has replaced the ancestral rhinarium found in strepsirrhines, is not directly connected to their nose or gum, allowing a large range of facial expressions . Their brain-to-body mass ratio
12204-403: The suborder Lemuroidea contained the families Lemuridae (lemurs, lorises, and galagos), Chiromyidae ( aye-aye ), and Tarsiidae (tarsiers). Lemuroidea was later replaced by Illiger's suborder Prosimii. Many years earlier, in 1812, É. Geoffroy first named the suborder Strepsirrhini, in which he included the tarsiers. This taxonomy went unnoticed until 1918, when Pocock compared the structure of
12317-403: The suborder Lemuroidea contained the families Lemuridae (lemurs, lorises, and galagos), Chiromyidae ( aye-aye ), and Tarsiidae (tarsiers). Lemuroidea was later replaced by Illiger's suborder Prosimii. Many years earlier, in 1812, É. Geoffroy first named the suborder Strepsirrhini, in which he included the tarsiers. This taxonomy went unnoticed until 1918, when Pocock compared the structure of
12430-632: The tarsier (Tarsiidae), branched off from the other haplorhines 70 mya. The fossil Archicebus may be similar to the most recent common ancestor at this time. The other major clade within Haplorhini, the simians (or anthropoids), is divided into two parvorders: Platyrrhini (the New World monkeys ) and Catarrhini (the Old World monkeys and apes ). The New World monkeys split from catarrhines about 35 - 40 mya and have African origin, while
12543-520: The teeth of the toothcomb are removed by the sublingua or "under-tongue". Adapiforms did not possess a toothcomb. Instead, their lower incisors varied in orientation – from somewhat procumbent to somewhat vertical – and the lower canines were projected upwards and were often prominent. Strepsirrhini † Adapiformes Lemuriformes (See text) sister: Haplorhini Strepsirrhini or Strepsirhini ( / ˌ s t r ɛ p s ə ˈ r aɪ n i / ; STREP -sə- RY -nee )
12656-541: Was identified as cercamoniines, which were allied with the notharctids found mostly in North America, while the other group falls into the traditional adapid classification. The three major adapiform divisions are now typically regarded as three families within Adapiformes (Notharctidae, Adapidae and Sivaladapidae), but other divisions ranging from one to five families are used as well. All lemuriforms possess
12769-418: Was identified as cercamoniines, which were allied with the notharctids found mostly in North America, while the other group falls into the traditional adapid classification. The three major adapiform divisions are now typically regarded as three families within Adapiformes (Notharctidae, Adapidae and Sivaladapidae), but other divisions ranging from one to five families are used as well. All lemuriforms possess
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