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40-754: The Harold Byrd Mountains ( 85°26′S 146°30′W  /  85.433°S 146.500°W  / -85.433; -146.500 ) are a group of exposed mountains and nunataks which extend in an east–west direction between the lower part of Leverett Glacier and the head of the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica . They were discovered in December 1929 by the Byrd Antarctic Expedition geological party under Laurence Gould , and named by Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd for D. Harold Byrd ,

80-657: A 100% literacy rate. As the Western Greenlandic standard has become dominant, a UNESCO report has labelled the other dialects as endangered, and measures are now being considered to protect the Eastern Greenlandic dialect. Kalaallisut and the other Greenlandic dialects belong to the Eskimo–Aleut family and are closely related to the Inuit languages of Canada and Alaska . Illustration 1 shows

120-495: A cousin of his and a contributor towards the purchase of furs for the expedition. The Harold Byrd Mountains are in relatively flat country to the northeast of the lower reaches of the Leverett Glacier , and to the south of the Ross Ice Shelf . Features include, from west to east, Mount Fridovich, Supporting Party Mountain, Mount Graham, Mount Nichols, Mount Manke, Cresley Peak and Fadden Peak. The Fallone Nunataks are to

160-567: Is ergative-absolutive , but verbal morphology follows a nominative-accusative pattern and pronouns are syntactically neutral. The language distinguishes four persons (1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th or 3rd reflexive (see Obviation and switch-reference ); two numbers (singular and plural but no dual , unlike Inuktitut); eight moods (indicative, interrogative, imperative, optative, conditional, causative, contemporative and participial) and eight cases (absolutive, ergative, equative, instrumental, locative, allative, ablative and prolative). Greenlandic (including

200-435: Is contrastive only in loanwords . The alveolar stop /t/ is pronounced as an affricate [t͡s] before the high front vowel /i/ . Often, Danish loanwords containing ⟨b d g⟩ preserve these in writing, but that does not imply a change in pronunciation, for example ⟨baaja⟩ [paːja] "beer" and ⟨Guuti⟩ [kuːtˢi] "God"; these are pronounced exactly as /p t k/ . The broad outline of

240-530: Is fronted to [ʉ] between two coronal consonants. The allophonic lowering of /i/ and /u/ before uvular consonants is shown in the modern orthography by writing /i/ and /u/ as ⟨e⟩ and ⟨o⟩ respectively before ⟨q⟩ and ⟨r⟩ . For example: The palatal sibilant [ʃ] has merged with [s] in all dialects except those of the Sisimiut – Maniitsoq – Nuuk – Paamiut area. The labiodental fricative [f]

280-421: Is the most innovative by further simplifying its structure by eliding /n/ . The Greenlandic three- vowel system, composed of /i/ , /u/ , and /a/ , is typical for an Eskimo–Aleut language. Double vowels are analyzed as two morae and so they are phonologically a vowel sequence and not a long vowel. They are also orthographically written as two vowels. There is only one diphthong, /ai/ , which occurs only at

320-472: Is the most innovative of the Greenlandic dialects since it has assimilated consonant clusters and vowel sequences more than West Greenlandic. Kalaallisut is further divided into four subdialects. One that is spoken around Upernavik has certain similarities to East Greenlandic, possibly because of a previous migration from eastern Greenland. A second dialect is spoken in the region of Uummannaq and

360-475: Is the most widely spoken Eskimo–Aleut language. In June 2009, the government of Greenland, the Naalakkersuisut , made Greenlandic the sole official language of the autonomous territory, to strengthen it in the face of competition from the colonial language , Danish . The main variety is Kalaallisut , or West Greenlandic. The second variety is Tunumiit oraasiat , or East Greenlandic. The language of

400-622: Is the policy of "Greenlandization" of Greenlandic society that began with the home rule agreement of 1979. The policy has worked to reverse the former trend towards marginalization of the Greenlandic language by making it the official language of education. The fact that Greenlandic has become the only language used in primary schooling means that monolingual Danish-speaking parents in Greenland are now raising children bilingual in Danish and Greenlandic. Greenlandic now has several dedicated news media:

440-614: The Disko Bay . The standard language is based on the central Kalaallisut dialect spoken in Sisimiut in the north, around Nuuk and as far south as Maniitsoq . Southern Kalaallisut is spoken around Narsaq and Qaqortoq in the south. Table 1 shows the differences in the pronunciation of the word for "humans" in the two main dialects and Inuktun. It can be seen that Inuktun is the most conservative by maintaining ⟨gh⟩ , which has been elided in Kalaallisut, and Tunumiisut

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480-476: The Inughuit (Thule Inuit) of Greenland, Inuktun or Polar Eskimo, is a recent arrival and a dialect of Inuktitut . Greenlandic is a polysynthetic language that allows the creation of long words by stringing together roots and suffixes . The language's morphosyntactic alignment is ergative , treating both the argument (subject) of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb in one way, but

520-779: The United States Geological Survey (USGS) from ground surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-63. Named by US-ACAN for William L. Nichols, construction mechanic with the Byrd Station winter party in 1957. 85°28′S 144°42′W  /  85.467°S 144.700°W  / -85.467; -144.700 . A mountain, 900 metres (3,000 ft) high, marking the east limit of the Harold Byrd Mountains. Mapped by USGS from ground surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-63. Named by US-ACAN for Robert M. Manke, utilitiesman with

560-508: The number and person of its subject and object . Both nouns and verbs have complex derivational morphology. The basic word order in transitive clauses is subject–object–verb . The subordination of clauses uses special subordinate moods. A so-called fourth-person category enables switch-reference between main clauses and subordinate clauses with different subjects. Greenlandic is notable for its lack of grammatical tense ; temporal relations are expressed normally by context but also by

600-422: The subject of a transitive verb in another. For example, " he plays the guitar" would be in the ergative case as a transitive agent, whereas "I bought a guitar " and "as the guitar plays" (the latter being the intransitive sense of the same verb "to play") would both be in the absolutive case. Nouns are inflected by one of eight cases and for possession. Verbs are inflected for one of eight moods and for

640-404: The 1700s. Greenlandic's first orthography was developed by Samuel Kleinschmidt in 1851, but within 100 years, it already differed substantially from the spoken language because of a number of sound changes . An extensive orthographic reform was undertaken in 1973 and made the script much easier to learn. This resulted in a boost in Greenlandic literacy , which is now among the highest in

680-783: The Byrd Station winter party in 1958. 85°29′S 142°43′W  /  85.483°S 142.717°W  / -85.483; -142.717 . Peak, 920 metres (3,020 ft) high, located 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) east of Cressey Peak, between the southeast edge of the Ross Ice Shelf and Watson Escarpment. Named by US-ACAN for Dean E. Fadden, utilitiesman with the Byrd Station winter party, 1958. 85°28′S 142°24′W  /  85.467°S 142.400°W  / -85.467; -142.400 . A small peak rising to c. 800 metres (2,600 ft) high, 1.5 nautical miles (2.8 km; 1.7 mi) east of Fadden Peak, between Harold Byrd Mountains and Bender Mountains. The peak

720-475: The Byrd Station winter party in 1960. 85°29′S 143°10′W  /  85.483°S 143.167°W  / -85.483; -143.167 . Peak, 870 metres (2,850 ft) high, located 7 nautical miles (13 km; 8.1 mi) east of Harold Byrd Mountains between the southeast edge of the Ross Ice Shelf and Watson Escarpment. Mapped by USGS from ground surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-63. Named by US-ACAN for Richard N. Cressey, storekeeper with

760-494: The Greenlandic National Radio, Kalaallit Nunaata Radioa , which provides television and radio programming in Greenlandic. The newspaper Sermitsiaq has been published since 1958 and merged in 2010 with the other newspaper Atuagagdliutit/Grønlandsposten , which had been established in 1861 to form a single large Greenlandic language publishing house. Before June 2009, Greenlandic shared its status as

800-507: The Greenlandic grammar is similar to other Eskimo languages, on the morpholological and syntactic plan. The morphology of Greenlandic is highly synthetic and exclusively suffixing (except for a single highly-limited and fossilized demonstrative prefix). The language creates very long words by means of adding strings of suffixes to a stem. In principle, there is no limit to the length of a Greenlandic word, but in practice, words with more than six derivational suffixes are not so frequent, and

840-595: The Harold Byrd Mountains. Discovered in December 1929 by members of theByrd Antarctic Expedition Geological Sledging Party under Laurence Gould. Named by them in appreciation of the splendid cooperative work of their Supporting Party. The mountain was climbed by members of Gould's party who took panoramic photographs from the summit. 85°28′S 147°26′W  /  85.467°S 147.433°W  / -85.467; -147.433 . A mountain rising to 800 metres (2,600 ft) high, standing 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) southeast of Supporting Party Mountain in

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880-456: The Harold Byrd Mountains. Discovered in December 1929 by theByrd Antarctic Expedition geological party under Laurence Gould, and named by R. Admiral Byrd for Malcolm P. Hanson, chief radio engineer of the expedition, and a pioneer in the development of radio communication apparatus for polar regions. 85°25′S 146°45′W  /  85.417°S 146.750°W  / -85.417; -146.750 . Mountain 460 metres (1,510 ft) high, in

920-660: The McMurdo Station winter party in 1962. Nunatak The word is of Greenlandic origin and has been used in English since the 1870s. The term nunatak is typically used in areas where a permanent ice sheet is present and the ridge protrudes above the sheet. Nunataks present readily identifiable landmark reference points in glaciers or ice caps and are often named. While some are isolated, they can also form dense clusters, such as Queen Louise Land in Greenland. Nunataks are generally angular and jagged, hampering

960-502: The United States Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Lt. (j.g.) Bernard Fridovich, United States Navy, meteorologist with the winter party at McMurdo Sound, 1957. 85°27′S 147°33′W  /  85.450°S 147.550°W  / -85.450; -147.550 . A mountain, 560 metres (1,840 ft) high, standing 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) east of Mount Fridovich in

1000-495: The average number of morphemes per word is three to five. The language has between 400 and 500 derivational suffixes and around 318 inflectional suffixes. There are few compound words but many derivations. The grammar uses a mixture of head and dependent marking . Both agent and patient are marked on the predicate, and the possessor is marked on nouns, with dependent noun phrases inflecting for case. The primary morphosyntactic alignment of full noun phrases in Kalaallisut

1040-767: The eastern Tunumiisut variety) is the only Eskimo language having lost its dual. Verbs carry a bipersonal inflection for subject and object. Possessive noun phrases inflect for both possessor and case. In this section, the examples are written in Greenlandic standard orthography except that morpheme boundaries are indicated by a hyphen. Greenlandic distinguishes three open word classes : nouns , verbs and particles . Verbs inflect for person and number of subject and object as well as for mood. Nouns inflect for possession and for case. Particles do not inflect. Oqar-poq say- 3SG / IND Oqar-poq say-3SG/IND "(S)he says" Angut man. ABS Angut man.ABS "A man" Naamik No Naamik No "No" The verb

1080-532: The edge of Ross Ice Shelf and Watson Escarpment. Named by US-ACAN for Lt. (jg) Paul R. Fallone, Jr., United States Navy, aide to the Commander, U.S. Naval Support Force, Antarctica, 1962. 85°32′S 144°52′W  /  85.533°S 144.867°W  / -85.533; -144.867 . A ridge-like nunatak rising to 940 metres (3,080 ft) high, 3.5 nautical miles (6.5 km; 4.0 mi) south-southwest of Mount Manke, Harold Byrd Mountains. The feature

1120-428: The ends of words. Before a uvular consonant ( /q/ or /ʁ/ ), /i/ is realized allophonically as [e] , [ɛ] or [ɐ] , and /u/ is realized allophonically as [o] or [ɔ] , and the two vowels are written ⟨e, o⟩ respectively (as in some orthographies used for Quechua and Aymara ). /a/ becomes retracted to [ɑ] in the same environment. /i/ is rounded to [y] before labial consonants. /u/

1160-468: The first Greenlandic dictionary in 1750 and the first grammar in 1760. From the Danish colonization in the 1700s to the beginning of Greenlandic home rule in 1979, Greenlandic experienced increasing pressure from the Danish language. In the 1950s, Denmark's linguistic policies were directed at strengthening Danish. Of primary significance was the fact that post-primary education and official functions were conducted in Danish. From 1851 to 1973, Greenlandic

1200-467: The formation of glacial ice on their tops, although snow can accumulate on them. This can contrast strongly with the softer contours of the glacially eroded land after a glacier retreats. They are not greatly affected by frost weathering , given the low frequency of freeze-thaw cycles in areas of ice caps and ice sheets. Typically nunataks are the only places where plant life can survive on ice sheets or ice caps. Lifeforms on nunataks are often isolated by

1240-441: The locations of the different Inuit languages, among them the two main dialects of Greenlandic and the separate language Inuktun ("Avanersuaq"). The most prominent Greenlandic dialect is Kalaallisut, which is the official language of Greenland. The name Kalaallisut is often used as a cover term for all of Greenlandic. The eastern dialect ( Tunumiit oraasiat ) , spoken in the vicinity of Ammassalik Island and Ittoqqortoormiit ,

Harold Byrd Mountains - Misplaced Pages Continue

1280-410: The north part of the Harold Byrd Mountains. Named by US-ACAN for Lt. Cdr. R.E. Graham, officer in charge of the winter-over detachment of United States Navy Squadron VX-6 at Little America V, 1956. 85°27′S 146°05′W  /  85.450°S 146.083°W  / -85.450; -146.083 . Mountain, 670 metres (2,200 ft) high, in the central part of the Harold Byrd Mountains. Mapped by

1320-466: The north, and the Bender Mountains are to the east. Mount Webster is to the south. Download coordinates as: 85°27′S 148°12′W  /  85.450°S 148.200°W  / -85.450; -148.200 . A small mountain, 440 metres (1,440 ft) high, standing at the north side of the terminus of Leverett Glacier and marking the west limit of Harold Byrd Mountains. Named by

1360-542: The official language in Greenland with Danish. Since then, Greenlandic has become the sole official language. That has made Greenlandic a unique example of an indigenous language of the Americas that is recognized by law as the only official language of a semi-independent country. Nevertheless, it is still considered to be in a "vulnerable" state by the UNESCO Red Book of Language Endangerment . The country has

1400-508: The surrounding ice or glacier, providing unique habitats. Greenlandic language Greenlandic (Greenlandic: kalaallisut [kalaːɬːisʉt] ; Danish : grønlandsk [ˈkʁɶnˌlænˀsk] ) is an Eskimo–Aleut language with about 57,000 speakers, mostly Greenlandic Inuit in Greenland . It is closely related to the Inuit languages in Canada such as Inuktitut . It

1440-808: The use of temporal particles such as "yesterday" or "now" or sometimes by the use of derivational suffixes or the combination of affixes with aspectual meanings with the semantic lexical aspect of different verbs. However, some linguists have suggested that Greenlandic always marks future tense . Another question is whether the language has noun incorporation or whether the processes that create complex predicates that include nominal roots are derivational in nature. When adopting new concepts or technologies, Greenlandic usually constructs new words made from Greenlandic roots, but modern Greenlandic has also taken many loans from Danish and English . The language has been written in Latin script since Danish colonization began in

1480-532: The world . Greenlandic was brought to Greenland by the arrival of the Thule people in the 1200s. The languages that were spoken by the earlier Saqqaq and Dorset cultures in Greenland are unknown. The first descriptions of Greenlandic date from the 1600s. With the arrival of Danish missionaries in the early 1700s and the beginning of Danish colonization of Greenland, the compilation of dictionaries and description of grammar began. The missionary Paul Egede wrote

1520-832: Was mapped by USGS from ground surveys and United States Navy aerial photographs, 1960-63. It was visited in 1977-78 by a USARP-Arizona State University geological party, led by Edmund Stump, and named in the spirit of Coalsack Bluff (q.v.); thin lenses of disintegrating mica and schist form a type of light soil on the slopes of thenunatak. 85°40′S 144°24′W  /  85.667°S 144.400°W  / -85.667; -144.400 . Prominent isolated mountain, 1,610 metres (5,280 ft) high, standing 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) north of Leverett Glacier and 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) northwest of Mount Beazley. Mapped by USGS from ground surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-63. Named by US-ACAN for Lt. John B. Webster, United States Navy, flight surgeon with

1560-408: Was visited by a USARP-Arizona State University geological party, 1977-78, and so named from its composition of nearly all white marble. 85°21′S 142°54′W  /  85.350°S 142.900°W  / -85.350; -142.900 . A chain of nunataks 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) long, located 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) northeast of Harold Byrd Mountains, between

1600-435: Was written in a complicated orthography devised by the missionary linguist Samuel Kleinschmidt . In 1973, a new orthography was introduced, intended to bring the written language closer to the spoken standard, which had changed considerably since Kleinschmidt's time. The reform was effective, and in the years following it, Greenlandic literacy has received a boost. Another development that has strengthened Greenlandic language

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