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40-420: Harriston may refer to: Harriston, Cumbria , England Harriston, Ontario , Canada Harriston, Missouri , United States [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to

80-432: A bowling green on the site of the old pit yard and inaugurated a competitive club. In later years the council erected a children's play area, complete with swings and roundabouts . In 1952, the youngsters began their own Youth Club ; an organisation ran by Harry Iredale, which in addition to indoor activities, offered cricket and football for boys, and netball for girls on land belonging to George Blackburn. After

120-501: A 38" thick seam of Lower Kittaning coal using compressed air machines; ventilation provided by an 8' Stine steam-powered fan, Clymer, PA. Rodkey Mine(1906-?), a drift mine, Clymer. Ernest Mine No. 2 (1903–1965), a drift mine, at Ernest, Rayne Twp., Indiana Co., PA. The Fork Mountain, TN, drift portal entered an 84-inch unnamed seam of coal (see picture above). Most coal seams in Tennessee were not this thick. The first coal mine in

160-533: A dip drift a distance of 1,100 metres from the hauling engine to discover a new seam. In 1892, he completed a level drift 1,150 metres long and after three years of exploration he found a new seam. In addition to installing an air compressor at the bank to assist ventilation , he moved the hauling engine to the out-by end of the drift; and relocated the pump to extract the surplus water. The output increased to record levels, peaking at 600 tons for an 8.5-hour shift . In 1894, he attempted without success to expand

200-467: A general rule drift mines possess greater advantages for loading coal rapidly than shaft mining openings. In many of the mines of the great vein region of the Hocking valley the capacity is equal to 1,200 to 1,500 tons per day. In shaft mines 600 to 700 tons daily is regarded as a good output. The first ton of coal in a shaft mine 100 feet in depth and having a daily capacity of 600 tons frequently costs

240-549: A series of test bores to determine the economic feasibility of the coalfield ; raising the first Coal on 12 August 1870. During its life the mine had three shafts ; No 1, 176 metres deep to the Yard Band; No 2, 165 metres to the same seam; and No 3, 95 metres to the Ten-Quarters seam. The Royalties belonged to Sir Wilfrid Lawson and Lord Leconfield . Although the mine contained vast quantities of household quality coal

280-665: A small drift mine probably in the Upper Freeport coal; and the mine of the Taylor-Offutt Coal Company near Oakland, MD. In the 1880s, State Inspector of Mines, Andrew Roy, issued a report on the Mines and Mining Resources of Ohio, which includes the following paragraphs: The capacity or output of the mines of the State varies greatly. Thick coals are capable of a greater daily output than thin seams, and as

320-418: A traditional village green . When complete it contained a variety of dwellings, ranging from bungalows to family homes with three and four bedrooms. The new facilities included a village shop , allotments , garages and children's play areas. Only two of the original buildings remained, the old village hall became a modern village hall, while the old cooperative store became a small industrial unit . In

360-458: Is permafrost . By drift mining, miners were able to recover much of the gold buried under the permafrost. Gold at Nome was concentrated in three ancient beach lines, now inshore, above sea level, and buried under roughly fifty feet of permafrost overlain by two feet of tundra . Gold was usually found on top of "false bedrock," a layer of clay that occurred at the base of the beach or stream deposit. Miners initially sank shafts to prospect for

400-448: Is a more general mining term, meaning a near-horizontal passageway in a mine, following the bed (of coal, for instance) or vein of ore. A drift may or may not intersect the ground surface. A drift follows the vein, as distinguished from a crosscut that intersects it, or a level or gallery, which may do either. All horizontal or subhorizontal development openings made in a mine have the generic name of drift. These are simply tunnels made in

440-595: The Pocahontas Coalfield with its famous 13 feet tall seam of Pocahontas No. 3 coal, the Pocahontas mine is a drift mine. Many, many references to and photographs of WV drift mines in the Scrapbook of Appalachian Coal Towns, including Sprague, Kaymoor, Nuttallburg, Venus, Layland, Elverton, Casselman (aka Castleman), etc. Drift mining methods were used extensively to mine placer deposits during

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480-436: The trustees of the infant Joseph Harris sunk a colliery one mile to the south east of the town of Aspatria they were escalating their mining responsibilities. At that time the population of Aspatria numbered 1,100 and comprised 250 houses. Since the mine required a minimum of 200 workers, they had to recruit miners from outside the district and in consequence build houses to accommodate the new influx. They knew that through

520-562: The Argyle Hollow (occupied by a lake since 1948) has been rich in coal, clay and limestone resources. Historically, individuals commonly opened and dug their own "drift mines" to supplement their income. In Appalachia , small coal mining operations such as these were known as "country bank" or "farmer" coal mines, and usually produced only small quantities for local use. The Lusk Mine, now in Turkey Run State Park ,

560-540: The coal in a single operation; and when undermined, the pressure of the strata above brought the roof down in large lumps. They extracted the coal from the goaf through gateways, which were normally 11 metres wide, supported on each side by walls of stone. Only in the gateways was height available for the movement of coal. The mine came into full production in 1874, and continued to maintain a satisfactory output for over eight years; after which new explorations were required to guarantee continuous working. In 1882, Harris drove

600-427: The coal, and underground hauling under such conditions is unusually costly. Indiana County: Graff Drift Mines, near Blairsville. Commodore Mines, Nos. 1 & 3 (drift mines), No. 2 (slope mine), Green Twp. Empire "F" Mine (1910-?), Shanktown; a drift mine, mining the "B" coal seam, mining done by machine, owner Pioneer Coal Company, Clearfield. Empire "M" Mine (McKean Mine) (1906-?), a drift mine, non-gaseous, mining

640-422: The colliery in a southerly direction. The results of these modifications offered continual employment until 1902, when the mine became commercially exhausted. In October 1904, a large gathering of villagers witnessed the dismantling of the two remaining chimneys . The work was executed by John Foster, foreman Joiner , under the superintendence of George Askew, Manager . Although no major disasters occurred in

680-501: The early 1980s the design won several nationwide awards for the architects Napper, Errington, Collerton Partnership, including the prestigious Civic Trust Award . Shortly afterwards Queen Elizabeth II attended an exhibition in the Carnegie Arts Centre , Workington , where after being introduced to many of the leading personalities, observed photographs and miniature models of the scheme. Drift mining Drift

720-460: The early years (1899- ) of the Nome mining district . During summer, surface deposits could be worked, but some placer deposits were buried too deeply for surface placering. In addition, water to wash the gold from the placers was not available in the winter. Many miners tunneled into deep placer deposits, bringing out the high-grade gravels to be washed at the spring thaw. Most of the ground in Nome

760-411: The establishment of a sub post office ; notwithstanding Aspatria having two such facilities, residents at Harriston had to continue buying their stamps and postal orders from the delivery postman . However improvements gradually began to appear. The Aspatria and District Industrial Cooperative Society established a branch store. In 1904 the council replaced the solitary water pump that stood at

800-495: The evenings a hall for temperance meetings and on Sundays a place of worship . In 1892, Harris opened the Harris Institute, a colliers club comprising reading , smoking and billiard rooms; a club where workers could enjoy their evenings playing games and reading newspapers away from public houses . In July 1974, Allerdale Borough Council took the extraordinary step of condemning the village in its entirety; and

840-537: The facility. When, in 1893, the Maryport and Carlisle Railway Company outlawed this custom the villagers had to take the 1.5-mile route via Aspatria. Despite several petitions and the support of Sir Wilfrid Lawson , the then chairman of the company, they could not alter this ruling. The village had no access to a postal dispatch box . In 1919 they presented a petition to the Post Master-General seeking

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880-509: The houses many of which were owner occupied became the subject of a compulsory purchase order. The village with few proper bathrooms would have been razed to the ground had it not been for the efforts of a few local councillors . Instead it became the subject of a prestigious rebuild and a short residential relocation. The village was designed to echo the local architectural traditions of rendered and painted houses. Whilst some original materials such as slates and pavings were salvaged from

920-513: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harriston&oldid=740746371 " Category : Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Harriston, Cumbria Harriston is a small hamlet in Cumbria , England, consisting of approximately 100 houses. When, in 1868,

960-419: The mine closed Harris re-employed all of the colliers at No 4 pit. Although a considerable journey by road it was shorter by way of the fields . Harris struck up an agreement with the local landowners and cut a path across the land, a path later known as the 'Black Trod'. In 1879, at personal expense, Harris constructed a large commodious building, which residents used through the week as an infants school , in

1000-418: The miners encountered many faults and harsh conditions in the early stages. At times they dragged coal distances of over 360 metres, performing work later undertaken by ponies . However, as the mine opened out the quality and quantity improved beyond all expectations and eventually demanded a very high price in the market place. To extract coal the owner adopted the longwall system of mining. A method whereby

1040-410: The miners pushed the workings forward in a long continuous line and as they advanced they packed the goaf (the space left after the extraction of coal) with stone and slack on which to settle the roof. This system had three primary advantages; firstly, it was ideal for working thin seams; secondly, since it did not require pillars they could remove almost all of the coal; and thirdly, they could remove

1080-411: The mining adventurer upwards of $ 20,000 (1888), and cases are on record where owing to the extraordinary amount of water in sinking, $ 100,000 (1888) have been expended before coal was reached. Drift mines, as they require no machinery for pumping water and raising coal, cost less than half the amount required in shaft mining. Water is, however, an expensive item in drift mines opened on the dip slope of

1120-450: The next 14 years, drift mining placer gold deposits in buried Tertiary channels partially made up for the loss of placer gold production, but overall production declined. Production rose again with the advent of large-scale dredging. The first successful gold dredge was introduced on the lower Feather River near Oroville in 1898. Drift mines in eastern Kentucky are subject to roof collapse due to hillseams, especially within 100 feet of

1160-610: The offices of the Urban District Council , little improved and forty years elapsed before the County Council finally adopted the road. The upkeep of the streets connecting the houses followed much later. Although situated adjacent to the Mealsgate branch railway, the residents were unable to secure an independent station and were forced to walk along the railway track to Aspatria station and vice versa to use

1200-458: The old village, most of the new building is in concrete. The entire load bearing superstructure of the new houses is of concrete blocks faced externally with a painted sand and cement roughcast rendering. Floor units, lintels and sills are of precast concrete . Once completed the radical development became the subject of considerable media attention. The new Harriston contains the same number of houses as its predecessor, arranged around

1240-484: The pay streaks by building a fire atop the permafrost, then as it melted, shoveling away the mud. The process would continue down to either a pay streak or bedrock. When gold was found drift mining began. Miners would tunnel horizontally from the bottom of their prospect shaft to follow the gold along the surface of the bedrock. The tunnels did not cave in because the ground was frozen. Miners discovered old underground beach and river gravels rich with gold. Around 1900

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1280-539: The population of Nome was more than twenty thousand, many of them drift miners. Nome's gold fields, appearing untouched from the surface, are honeycombed with tunnels left by the gold rush drift miners. Today's miners, prospecting with modern drilling equipment, sometimes hit old drifts; this was, and is, a technique copied from the Welsh coal miners of south Wales and is much more effective than using bell pits . Gold has been mined from placer gold deposits up and down

1320-573: The portal. In 1989 the U.S. Bureau of Mines published a study of eastern Kentucky drift mines as part of an ongoing research program to characterize the outcrop barrier zone. "Hillseams" were identified as the dominant geologic cause of roof instability unique to the outcrop barrier zone, with many roof fall injuries and fatalities attributed to them. Hillseam is the eastern Kentucky miners term for weather-enlarged tension joints that occur in shallow mine overburden where surface slopes are steep. Hillseams are most conspicuous within 200 ft laterally of

1360-554: The private ownership of the property. In 1896 Cumberland County Council refused to open an electoral polling station despite the ward contributing a substantial portion of the district rate. After the colliery closed the rateable value of the village fell and in consequence Harriston's needs became almost totally ignored. To reach Aspatria, villagers had to walk almost a mile, along an unlit, unadopted track little more than 1.5 metres wide, often waterlogged during bad weather. Despite several petitions and many hours of political debate in

1400-415: The provision of tied housing they could not only attract the right quality of worker but equally important, once employed retain their services. To this end they built a village with three streets comprising, 96 two-up and two-down terraced houses and aptly named it Harristown. Shortly afterwards this became Harriston. After buying a parcel of Glebe land from Aspatria church for £750 the trustees sank

1440-472: The rock, with a size and shape depending on their use—for example, haulage, ventilation, or exploration. The Boulder-Weld Coal Field beneath Marshall Mesa in Boulder, Colorado was drift mined from 1863 to 1939. Measurements in 2003, 2005, and 2022 showed that the mine has an active coal-seam fire . It was investigated as a possible cause of the 2021 Marshall Fire . Argyle Lake State Park 's website says

1480-514: The state and in varied environments. Initially, easily discovered deposits in surface and river placers were mined until about 1864. Hydraulic mines, using powerful water cannons to wash whole hillsides, were the chief sources of gold for the next 20 years. In 1884, Judge Lorenzo Sawyer issued a decree prohibiting the dumping of hydraulic mining debris into the Sacramento River , effectively eliminating large-scale hydraulic operations. For

1520-430: The thirty year life of the mine at least seventeen lives were lost as a direct result of injuries sustained at the workplace. Although the population of Harriston had risen to over 500 inhabitants by 1893, it continued to remain the poor relation when compared to Aspatria. Aspatria held the economic power; it collected the rates and returned little in the form of local government services. The major drawback related to

1560-512: The top of the village with a gravity fed water supply from the Overwater main. Although gas household illumination was available at Aspatria from 1859, and a new gasometer was erected in 1895, Harriston had to wait until 1910 before a supply reached the village. Similarly with electricity, available at Aspatria from 1932, finally reached Harriston in 1940. In 1913, the Harris family laid

1600-812: Was in operation from the late 1800s through the late 1920s. Too small for commercial operation, the mine probably provided coal for the Lusk family and later for the park. In 1820 the first commercial mine in Kentucky, known as the "McLean drift bank" opened near the Green River and Paradise in Muhlenberg County. In Drift, Kentucky, Beaver Coal & Mining Company was the most well known operator of mines, but there were other smaller mines (Floyd-Elkhorn Consolidated Collieries, Turner-Elkhorn Coal Company, etc.) as well. Dorsey Coal Company's Ashby coal mine,

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