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21-417: One Hellanodikas was a type of Greek public official termed generally the agonothetes (English transliteration), Ancient Greek : Ἀγωνοθέται , Agōnothetai , meaning game organisers ), magistrates chosen specifically for the purpose of establishing and maintaining public games. The method of selection depended on the type of government of the founding state. Different states might give particular names to

42-414: A satisfactory level. The trainers for the individual athletes had to be present, but could not intervene or they were punished accordingly. They evaluated each athlete on behaviour, character and morality, as well as the more standard attributes such as power, stamina, and resistance. Those that were approved were entered into a special list called the leukoma (λεύκωμα). Besides being judges and umpires ,

63-490: A similar culture of that of Hellenists, one example of this is prince Mastanabal of Numidia the son of Masinissa , who won for Numidia 4 gold Medals in chariot racing. The competitions for which the festival came to be known were part of the Great Panathenaia , a much larger religious occasion. These ritual observances consisted of numerous sacrifices to Athena (the namesake of the event and patron deity to

84-682: The Hellanodikai also were the general organisers, and were present at every ceremony and event that took place, having the honour of presenting the crowns and palm branches to the winners. They were also expected to police the games. Two days before the games, the athletes who were eligible left Elis for Olympia , in a procession led by the Hellanodikai. [REDACTED] Media related to Hellanodikai at Wikimedia Commons Agonothetes In ancient Greece , an agonothetes (plural agonothetai ; Ancient Greek : ἀγωνοθέτης )

105-534: The aulus and cithara , and for singing to the accompaniment of the aulus and cithara ( citharody ). In addition, the Games included a reading of epic poetry by early poets such as Homer , Pindar and Hesiod . The athletic events were staged at the Panathenaic Stadium , which is still in use today. In 1865, Evangelis Zappas left a vast fortune in his will with instructions to excavate and refurbish

126-514: The 3rd century AD. These Games incorporated religious festival, ceremony (including prize-giving), athletic competitions, and cultural events hosted within a stadium . The Panathenaic festival was formed in order to honor the goddess Athena who had become the patron of Athens after having a competition with the god Poseidon where they were to win the favor of the Athenian people by offering the people gifts. The festival would also bring unity among

147-775: The Olympics which awarded the winner with only a crown. Award ceremonies included the giving of Panathenaic amphorae , which were large ceramic vessels containing olive oil given as a prize. The winner of the chariot race received as a prize one-hundred and forty Panathenaic amphorae full of olive oil. In the myth of the Minotaur , Minos ' son Androgeus is killed during the Panathenaic Games. Some accounts, like Pseudo-Apollodorus 's Bibliotheca , state he won and his jealous competitors ambushed and murdered him. Others, such as Graeciae Descriptio by Pausanias , say he

168-592: The age groups are boys: 12–16; beardless youths: 16–20; men: over 20. One thing that was different about these games than normal funeral games is that prizes were given to runners-up, not just the lone victor. Using the inscription, experts put together a general program like so: Day 1: Musical and Rhapsodic Contest; Day 2: Athletic Contest for Boys and Youths; Day 3: Athletic Contest for Men; Day 4: Equestrian Contest; Day 5: Tribal Contest; Day 6: Torch Race and Sacrifice; Day 7: Boat Race; Day 8: Awarding of Prizes, Feasting and Celebrations. Experts reasonably came up with how

189-568: The agonothetes of particular games; for example, the agonothetes of the Pythian games at Athens were called athlothetes. As Athens was a democracy, they were democratically elected. The origin of the agonothetes of the Olympic games is lost in prehistory. The legendary Hercules, founder of the games in Doric legend, would have been the first legendary agonothete. However that may be, the agonothetes of

210-418: The ancient Panathenaic stadium so that modern Olympic Games could be held every four years "in the manner of our ancestors". The Panathenaic Stadium has hosted Zappas Olympics in 1870 , and 1875 , as well as the modern Olympic Games in 1896 and 2004 . The stadium also hosted the 1906 Intercalated Games . The Panathenaic Games held contests in a number of musical, athletic, and equestrian events. Due to

231-399: The fact that there were so many contests held, the games usually lasted a little over a week. On a fourth century marble block, experts explain that on the block is written a program for the games, as well as individual events and their prizes. The inscription also says that there are two age categories for the music events but three age categories for the athletic events. According to scholars,

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252-416: The games went based on the order of prizes which were written on the marble block. Wrestling and discus were also included in the contest. The musical events which took place were Kithara players, Flute players, and singers. The athletic events were the stadion, pentathlon, wrestling, boxing, and pankration. The equestrian events were two-horse chariot race, horse race, and javelin throw on horseback. Based on

273-411: The historical Olympic games were the Hellanodikai. Originally, perhaps, if only in legend, there may have been only one Hellanodikas , but this expanded, reaching as high as twelve members and then settling on ten in 348 BC. They supervised individual events, with a senior Hellanodikas as an overseer. Hellanodikai were handpicked from people living in the region of Elis , as Elis was responsible for

294-623: The hosts of the event) as well as Poseidon and others. The Lesser Panathenaia, a sister-event to the Great Panathenaia, was held every year with 3 to 4 days shorter in celebration. The competitions were the most prestigious games for the citizens of Athens, but not as important as the Olympic Games or the other Panhellenic Games. The Panathenaea also included poetic and musical competitions. Prizes were awarded for rhapsodic recitation of Homeric poetry, for instrumental music on

315-440: The inscription, we learn that the prizes given to the men and the youth were different. Men were rewarded a certain amount of drachmas and/or a valuable crown worth a certain amount of drachmas. Boys and youths were given a certain number of amphorae of olive oil. The Panathenaic games were a chrematitic ('monetary') event where the winner would take home prizes with a monetary value, as opposed to stephanitic ('crowned') games like

336-901: The people in whose country the games were celebrated; thus at the Panathenaic Games at Athens ten athlothetae were elected for four years to superintend the various contests. In English, by confusion with the native -s plural form, the singular agonothete and plural agonothetes are sometimes encountered. Clément Sarrazanas, La cité des spectacles permanents : organisation et organisateurs des concours civiques dans l'Athènes hellénistique et impériale , 2 vol., Bordeaux, Ausonius Editions, 2021, 990 p. (ISBN 9782356133977). Panathenaic Games The Panathenaic Games ( Ancient Greek : Παναθήναια ) were held every four years in Athens in Ancient Greece from 566 BC to

357-580: The people of Athens. The attempted assassination of the tyrants Hippias and Hipparchus during the Panathenaea in 514 BC by Harmodius and Aristogeiton was often regarded as the birth of Athenian democracy. As the birthplace of Athena is Lake Tritonis in North Africa, Athenians did not contest North Africans to also participate in the Panathenaic games since they considered them to have

378-533: The running of the Olympics. Originally the post was hereditary , but this was changed, and an Elean from each of the ruling families were elected as a Hellanodikas . Their post only lasted for one Olympiad , and elections took place for each of the subsequent games. In the ten months preceding the games, the Hellanodikai lived in a specially made building in Elis, called the Hellanodikaion . This building

399-406: Was close to the gymnasiums where the athletes trained in preparation for the games. While staying at the Hellanodikaion , they were trained by the nomophylakes (νομοφύλακες, meaning 'guardians of the law') in the rules and regulations of the olympic games. The Hellanodikai were renowned for their fairness, and the public held them in high regard. While bribery and cheating among the athletes

420-475: Was commonplace, there was only one recorded case of corruption among the judges, where a Hellanodikas won two equestrian events. To remain impartial, the Hellanodikai were no longer allowed to participate in the games, and this remained the only blemish on their otherwise impeccable record. Another task for the Hellanodikai was to supervise the training of the athletes, where they selected those who were well trained, rejecting those who were not performing at

441-538: Was the president or superintendent of one of the sacred Panhellenic Games . Alternative names for the same role included athlothetes, particularly in Athens . At first the person who instituted the games and defrayed the expenses was the agonothetes ; but in the great public games, such as the Olympic Games and Pythian Games , these presidents were the representatives of different states, or were chosen from

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