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72-662: Henry Viscardi School is a state supported special school in Searingtown, New York operated by the Viscardi Center in New York for severely disabled students requiring a specialized educational setting with medical supports. The school is located in Searingtown, New York . The school enrolls students in grades pre-K through 12. The school was originally called The Human Resources School. Founded by Henry Viscardi Jr. and supported by public and private initiatives,

144-420: A reading remediation program. The response of the children to this intervention then determines whether they are designated as having a learning disability. Those few who still have trouble may then receive designation and further assistance. Sternberg (1999) has argued that early remediation can greatly reduce the number of children meeting diagnostic criteria for learning disabilities. He has also suggested that

216-693: A seclusion room is often misused as a form of punishment for disrespecting staff or leaving the classroom. One of the first special schools in the world was the Institut National des Jeunes Aveugles in Paris, which was founded in 1784. It was the first school in the world to teach blind students. The first school in U.K. for the Deaf was established 1760 in Edinburgh by Thomas Braidwood , with education for visually impaired people beginning in

288-623: A classroom can improve autistic student's verbal skills. There are several controversies surrounding the diagnoses and causes of autism . It is now believed that there is no single cause of autism. Research seems to suggest that autism is normally the result of both genetic and environmental influences. If a student has Down syndrome , assistive technology can help with their learning experience. Author of  Down Syndrome: A Promising Future, Together,  Terry Hassold, who got his PhD in human genetics, explains that students with Down syndrome have delays with cognitive ability. Their brains have

360-538: A crowd turns violent, effectively becoming a "mob," it may execute physical attacks on people and property, such as by throwing homemade weapons like Molotov cocktails , firing small arms, and planting improvised explosive devices . A crowd may resort to throwing rocks , bricks, bottles, etc. If violence is pre-arranged, the crowd can hide their weapons or vandalism tools well before the crowd formation, catching law enforcement by surprise. Crowds may arm themselves with: A mob may erect barricades to impede, or prevent,

432-456: A crowd's mood, radicals can manipulate and weaponize a crowd, using skillful agitation to coax the crowd's capacity for violence and turn it into a vengeful mob , directing the crowd's aggression and resentment at the agitator's chosen target. Tactical agitators can leverage media, including social media , to connect with potential crowd members and incite them to break the law or provoke others, all without direct personal contact. Conversely,

504-462: A general education school, may have students who remain in the separate classroom full-time, or students who are mainstreamed in certain general education classes. An alternative to the separate classroom full-time for a student would be a one-to-one aide in the general education setting. In the United States, a one-on-one aide for a student with a disability is called a paraprofessional . In

576-465: A genetic condition that is associated with intellectual disability , may have various forms of brain damage , may have a developmental disorder , may have visual or hearing disabilities, or other disabilities. On the other hand, for students with less obvious disabilities, such as those who have borderline intellectual disability or specific learning difficulties ( dyslexia , dyscalculia , etc.), two primary methods have been used for identifying them:

648-430: A group to emerge when no authoritative voice emerges, and the crowd becomes frustrated without direction. Panic, which is extremely and quickly contagious, also affects crowd behavior by influencing their ability to reason, lending to frantic, irrational behavior that can not only endanger the crowd, but also others. During civil disorder, panic can set in when a crowd member realizes – A goal of violent demonstrators

720-413: A late reaction when their neurological system sends a message for any task. Because of this late reaction, they tend to take longer to complete a task than an average student. Assistive technology is crucial in helping students with Down syndrome with their writing ability. Children with Down syndrome tend to have shorter fingers and a lowered thumb making their ability to write more difficult. Also, some of

792-620: A little in 2004 when the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) decided to update the law. After the law was updated into the Disabilities Education Improvement Act, the ability to identify special needs children and give them the appropriate education environment was improved. Students with all forms of special needs are assessed to determine their specific strengths and weaknesses. The earlier these students with special needs are assessed,

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864-416: A person's education was disrupted, for example, by internal displacement during civil disorder or a war . In most developed countries , educators modify teaching methods and environments so that the maximum number of students are served in general education environments. Integration can reduce social stigmas and improve academic achievement for many students. The opposite of special education

936-580: A person. People who are autistic tend to think and act differently from others. Many autistic children find themselves comfortable with a device in their hands. For students with autism, there are apps called "visual scene displays" that are most helpful for children who are having difficulty with verbal skills, according to Jules Csillag, a speech–language pathologist who focuses on special ed tech. Apps such as SceneSpeak and Speech with Milo help autistic children develop storytelling skills with text-to-speech voice and interactive storybooks. Using apps like these in

1008-553: A regular classroom setting and will require specialized education and resources to provide the level of support they require. An example of a disability that may require a student to attend a special school is intellectual disability. However, this practice is often frowned upon by school districts in the US in the light of the least restrictive environment as mandated in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act . An alternative

1080-464: A skilled leader can calm or divert a crowd using strategic suggestions, commands, or appeals to reason, aiming to de-escalate a situation. Emotional contagion plays a significant role in crowd behaviour by fostering a sense of unity among its members. This unity can lead the crowd to adopt a mob mentality and engage in mob behaviour. Crowd members amplify each other's emotions, creating a heightened state of collective emotion. Ideas rapidly spread among

1152-525: A sport. In the U.S., the Office for Civil Rights ensures students with disabilities always have opportunities to participate in extracurricular athletics equal to other students. Special education students can benefit from sports in many ways. For example, studies show it boosts self confidence and improves the participant's skills in relationship building and working as part of a team. Just about any sport can be altered for special education purposes. Some of

1224-402: A steady decrease in enrollment as districts weighed the cost per student. It also posed general funding dilemmas to certain local schools and districts, changed how schools view assessments, and formally introduced the concept of inclusion to many educators, students and parents. The student can be taught in either a classroom or outside environment. Both environments can be interactive for

1296-451: A student takes an academic test and it indicates that the student struggles with reading comprehension, parents can request speech and language support or classroom accommodations, such as extra time to complete reading and writing tasks. In most developed countries , schools use different approaches to providing special education services to students. These approaches can be broadly grouped into four categories, according to how much contact

1368-417: A threat to law enforcers because it is open to manipulation. This is because the behavior of a crowd is under the direction of the majority of its members. While its members are usually inclined to obey the law, emotional stimuli, and the feeling of fearlessness that arises from being in a crowd, can cause crowd members to indulge in impulses, act on aggressions, and unleash rage . When law enforcement limits

1440-456: A way that accommodates their individual differences , disabilities , and special needs . This involves the individually planned and systematically monitored arrangement of teaching procedures, adapted equipment and materials, and accessible settings. These interventions are designed to help individuals with special needs achieve a higher level of personal self-sufficiency and success in school and in their community, which may not be available if

1512-444: Is general education , also known as mainstream education. General education is the standard curriculum presented without special teaching methods or supports. Sometimes special education classrooms and general special education classrooms mix. This is called an inclusive classroom. In the past, most students with special needs have been excluded from school. On November 19, 1975, The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

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1584-473: Is a special unit or special classroom , also called a self-contained classroom , which is a separate classroom dedicated solely to the education of students with special needs within a larger school that also provides general education. This classroom is typically staffed by a specially trained teacher, who provides specific, individualized instruction to individuals and small groups of students with special needs. Separate classrooms, because they are located in

1656-503: Is a legally binding document [in the US]. The school must provide everything it promises in the IEP." In the US, for children who are not yet three years old, an Individual Family Service Plan (IFSP) contains information on the child's present level of development in all areas; outcomes for the child and family; and services the child and family will receive to help them achieve the outcomes. In

1728-770: Is a single cause or a combination of causes; however, most are born from political grievances, economic disparities , social discord, but historically have been the result of long-standing oppression by a group of people towards another. Civil disorder arising from political grievances can include a range of events, from a simple protest to a mass civil disobedience. These events can be spontaneous, but can also be planned. These events can turn violent when agitators and law enforcers overreact. Civil disorder has in history arisen from economic disputes, political reasons (such as in opposition to oppressive or tyrannical government forces), religious opposition, racial oppression and social discord among various cases throughout history. Exploiting

1800-530: Is crucial for special education programs to be individualized so that they address the unique combination of needs in a given student. In the United States, Canada, and the UK, educational professionals use a student's Individualized Education Program (IEP). Another name for a student's Individualized Education Plan is a student's Individual Learning Plan (ILP). "The IEP is meant to address each child’s unique learning issues and include specific educational goals. It

1872-543: Is heightened in which law enforcement agents are monolithic, across race and ethnicity, as law enforcement will become more susceptible to framing the disorder as a confrontation between "them" and "us." Actions by law enforcement agents, motivated by emotion and prejudice, is often used as evidence against their ill will toward a crowd, or a mob, with their behavior only further inflaming confrontation rather than reducing it. Under such situations, law enforcement agents are rarely held accountable for all their actions against

1944-503: Is high among law enforcement agents, they may breach their feeling of restraint and commit acts, against people in the mob, that they normally would suppress. The emotional atmosphere can also make them highly susceptible to rumors and fear. Like mob members, law enforcement agents, acting as a group, can also lose their sense of individuality and develop a feeling of anonymity. Under emotional instability, individual prejudices, that any individual law enforcement agent may harbor against

2016-515: Is that diagnosing SLDs on the basis of the discrepancy between achievement and IQ does not predict the effectiveness of treatment. Low academic achievers who also have low IQ appear to benefit from treatment just as much as low academic achievers who have normal or high intelligence. The alternative approach, response to intervention, identifies children who are having difficulties in school in their first or second year after starting school. They then receive additional assistance such as participating in

2088-728: Is to spur law enforcers to take action that can be exploited as acts of brutality in order to generate sympathy for their cause, and/or to anger and demoralize the opposition. Crowds can use a range of tactics to evade law enforcement or to promote disorder, from verbal assault to distracting law enforcers to building barricades. The more well-planned tactics occur, the more purposeful the disorder. For example, crowds may form human blockades to shut down roads, they may trespass on government property, they may try to force mass arrests, they may handcuff themselves to things or to each other, or they may lock arms, making it more difficult to separate them, or they might create confusion or diversions through

2160-399: The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). It is attended by physically disabled students with high academic performance. Special education#Special schools Special education (also known as special-needs education , aided education , alternative provision , exceptional student education , special ed. , SDC , and SPED ) is the practice of educating students in

2232-468: The discrepancy model and the response to intervention model . The discrepancy model depends on the teacher noticing that the students' achievements are noticeably below what is expected, at which point the teacher may make the decision for the student to receive support from a special education specialist. Before doing so, the teacher must show documentation of low academic achievement. The response to intervention model advocates earlier intervention. In

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2304-599: The Edinburgh and Bristol in 1765. In the 19th century, people with disabilities and the inhumane conditions where they were supposedly housed and educated were addressed in the literature of Charles Dickens . Dickens characterized people with severe disabilities as having the same, if not more, compassion and insight in Bleak House and Little Dorrit . Such attention to the downtrodden conditions of people with disabilities brought resulted in reforms in Europe including

2376-644: The Miracle League or Little League Challenger Division. Another organization that soccer athletes can participate in US Youth Soccer TOPSoccer or Just for Kicks. Other sports which can be played or adapted include track and field , quad rugby , tennis, bowling, and skiing. A 2021 study that examined the impact of a sharp reduction in the provision of special education services in Texas found that this policy change substantially reduced

2448-414: The US university sector in schools of education. Advanced instruction is based upon community-referenced instruction, and alignment with transition to adulthood and progressive community practices. Rehabilitation counseling personnel are often association with supported employment services, and typically with "transition to adulthood" in which multi-decade recommendations for better coordination between

2520-410: The United States a part-time alternative that is appropriate for some students is sometimes called a resource room . Another alternative would be attending a separate classroom for a specific subject such as social studies . Seclusion is the practice of involuntarily locking a student in a isolated room, utility closet or office alone without the ability to leave until school staff allows. The use of

2592-458: The United States, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is a federal law that requires every school system to provide a free and appropriate public education for every child, ages 3 to 22, regardless of how or how seriously that child may be disabled. To ensure that this federal law is obeyed, the government requires every school system provide this type of education to each student in order to receive federal funding. This changed

2664-532: The classroom, individual, school, and district levels for decades resulting in dual certification of "regular teachers". With the Amendments to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1997 , school districts in the United States began to slowly integrate students with moderate and severe special needs into regular school systems. This changed the form and function of special education services in many school districts and special schools subsequently saw

2736-620: The crowd than its concern for law and authority, leading to unlawful and disruptive acts. Once the crowd engages in such acts, it effectively becomes a mob – a highly emotional, unreasonable, potentially violent crowd. Crowd behavior is the emotional needs, fears, and prejudices of the crowd members. It is driven by social factors such as the strength, or weakness, of leadership, moral perspective, or community uniformity, and also by psychological factors of suggestion e.g. imitation, anonymity, impersonality, emotional release, emotional contagion, panic, etc. During civil disorder, any crowd can be

2808-482: The discrepancy model, a student receives special education services for a specific learning difficulty (SLD) if the student has at least normal intelligence and the student's academic achievement is below what is expected of a student with his or her IQ . Although the discrepancy model has dominated the school system for many years, there has been substantial criticism of this approach (e.g., Aaron, 1995, Flanagan and Mascolo, 2005) among researchers. One reason for criticism

2880-413: The educational environment as much as possible. Students may need this help to access subject matter, physically gain access to the school, or meet their emotional needs. For example, if the assessment determines that the student cannot write by hand because of a physical disability, then the school might provide a computer for typing assignments, or allow the student to answer questions verbally instead. If

2952-440: The effectiveness of law enforcement. For example, they may use grappling hooks , chains, rope, or vehicles to breach gates or fences. They may use sticks or poles to limit law enforcement's use of billy clubs and bayonets . They may overturn civilian vehicles to impede troops advancing to engage them or vandalize law enforcement vehicles to try to spark over-reaction from law enforcement or to incite further lawlessness from

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3024-403: The faster they get the accommodations that they need, and the better it is for their education. Placement, resources, and goals are determined on the basis of the student's needs. Accommodations and modifications to the regular program may include changes in the curriculum, supplementary aids or equipment, and the provision of specialized physical adaptations that allow students to participate in

3096-532: The focus on learning disabilities and the provision of accommodations in school fails to acknowledge that people have a range of strengths and weaknesses and places undue emphasis on academics by insisting that students should be supported in this area and not in music or sports. A special education program should be customized to address each student's needs. Special educators provide a continuum of services, in which students with various disabilities receive multiple degrees of support based on their individual needs. It

3168-473: The full realization of these actions, the crowd will channel this hostility elsewhere, making the crowd a hostile and unpredictable threat to law enforcers. Crowds want to be directed, and can become frustrated by confusion and uncertainty; therefore, leadership can have a profound influence on the intensity and conduct of a crowd's behavior. The first person to authoritatively direct a crowd will likely be followed. Opportunity for radicals to take charge of

3240-414: The group and to bystanders and mass media . When emotional contagion prevails, raw emotion is high while self-discipline is low. Personal prejudices and unsatisfied desires – usually restrained – are unabashedly released. This incentivizes crowd membership, as the crowd provides cover for individuals to do things they want to do, but would not dare try to do alone. This incentive can become greater for

3312-642: The high school completion rates and college enrollment rates of the students who were denied access to special education. Disabled children are often denied their right to education. The collection of data on children with disabilities is not straightforward, but data are vital to ensure that policies are in place to address the constraints these children face. Civil disorder Civil disorder , also known as civil disturbance , civil unrest , civil strife , or turmoil , are situations when law enforcement struggle to maintain public order or tranquility. Any number of things may cause civil disorder, whether it

3384-496: The institutions, and it has taken sometime before the Education for All Handicapped Children's Act of 1974, to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and then Individuals with Disabilities Educational Improvement Act (IDEIA) have come into fruition. School integration was supported as early as the 1970s, and teacher preparation programs in higher education have carefully taught and instructed graduates on inclusion at

3456-462: The material to make it simpler. Modifications may change what is learned, how difficult the material is, what level of mastery the student is expected to achieve, whether or how the student is assessed, or any other aspect of the curriculum. For example, the school may modify a reading assignment for a student with reading difficulties by substituting a shorter, easier book. A student may receive both accommodations and modifications. In addition to how

3528-475: The mob, in returning fire, any innocent casualties resulting from the chaos usually make law enforcement look undisciplined and oppressive. According to the U.S. Code , a person is engaged in civil disorder if he or she - (1) "...teaches or demonstrates to any other person the use, application, or making of any firearm or explosive or incendiary device , or technique capable of causing injury or death to persons, knowing or having reason to know or intending that

3600-421: The mob, or against individual participants of the mob, may influence the behavior of the law enforcement agent. Like the mob, these conditions make law enforcement actors more likely to imitate the behavior of each other, which can result in a chain of biased, excessive, or otherwise, dangerous, behavior in which law enforcement agents act upon mob agents as impersonal threats and not as human beings. Such action

3672-429: The mob. Mobs often employ fire, smoke, or hidden explosive devices e.g. strapped to animals, masked in cigarette lighters or toys, rigged to directed vehicles, etc. Not only can these devices be used to create confusion or diversion, but they can also be used to destroy property, mask looting of mob participants, or provide cover for mob participants firing weapons at law enforcement. If law enforcement engages with

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3744-465: The movement of any article or commodity in commerce or the conduct or performance of any federally protected function. " Like mob participants, law enforcers are also susceptible to crowd behavior. Such tense confrontation can emotionally stimulate them, creating a highly emotional atmosphere all around. This emotional stimulation can become infectious throughout law enforcement agents, conflicting with their disciplined training. When emotional tension

3816-477: The needs of the children. Special schools will also have other facilities for children with special needs, such as soft play areas, sensory rooms , or swimming pools , which are necessary for treating students with certain conditions. In recent times, places available in special schools are declining as more children with special needs are educated in mainstream schools . However, there will always be some children, whose learning needs cannot be appropriately met in

3888-607: The popular sports are swimming, wheelchair soccer , handball, gymnastics, and weightlifting. Many competitive organizations are available for special needs student athletes. For example, the Special Olympics is an annual, world-wide competition held for intellectually children that want to participate in sports. Other organizations include the Paralympic Games and Unified Sports, the latter which pairs participants with and without intellectual disabilities on

3960-464: The presentation, response, setting, or scheduling of lessons. For example, the school may accommodate a student with visual impairments by providing a large-print textbook. This is a presentation accommodation. All developed countries permit or require some degree of accommodation for students with special needs, and special provisions are usually made in examinations which take place at the end of formal schooling. A modification changes or adapts

4032-413: The re-evaluation of special schools. In the United States reform came more slowly. Throughout the mid half of the 20th century, special schools, termed institutions, were not only accepted, but encouraged. Disabled students were housed with people with mental illnesses , and they were not educated much, if at all. Deinstitutionalization proceeded in the US beginning in the 1970s following the exposes of

4104-476: The same team. Educational institutions can also promote Adapted Physical Education , which tailors sports for students with certain disabilities. Organizations like S.T.R.I.D.E. Adaptive Sports help educational institutions in providing opportunities for special education student athletes. Some of these sports might include wheelchair basketball or sledge hockey . Some sports even have their own organizations. For example, in baseball athletes can participate in

4176-461: The same will be unlawfully employed for use in, or in furtherance of, a civil disorder which may in any way or degree obstruct, delay, or adversely affect commerce or the movement of any article or commodity in commerce or the conduct or performance of any federally protected function;  or... (2) ...transports or manufactures for transportation in commerce any firearm, or explosive or incendiary device, knowing or having reason to know or intending that

4248-405: The same will be used unlawfully in furtherance of a civil disorder;  or... (3) ...commits or attempts to commit any act to obstruct, impede, or interfere with any fireman or law enforcement officer lawfully engaged in the lawful performance of his official duties incident to and during the commission of a civil disorder which in any way or degree obstructs, delays, or adversely affects commerce or

4320-433: The school and the community service sectors have been made at the federal and university levels. Autism , or Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), refers to a range of conditions. These conditions involve challenges with social skills, repetitive behaviors, speech and nonverbal communication. They also involve unique strengths and differences. Autism is a disability that impairs the social interactions and communication skills of

4392-461: The school determines that the student is severely distracted by the normal activities in a large, busy classroom, then the student might be placed in a smaller classroom such as a separate classroom or resource room . Parents of students with a learning disability must be aware of what type of disability their child has, so they can get access to accommodations such as speech therapy, occupational therapy and adaptive physical education. For example, if

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4464-408: The schools; in others, they are provided by the normal healthcare and social services systems. As an example, students who have poor impulse control , behavioral challenges, or are autistic may learn self-management techniques, be kept closely on a comfortingly predictable schedule, or given extra cues to signal activities. A university field, termed severe disabilities , also is taught throughout

4536-898: The student is taught the academic curriculum, schools may provide non-academic services to the student. These are intended ultimately to increase the student's personal and academic abilities. Related services include developmental, corrective, and other supportive services as are required to assist a student with learning disabilities and includes speech and language pathology , audiology , psychological services, physical therapy , occupational therapy , counseling services, music therapy, including rehabilitation counseling, orientation and mobility services, medical services as defined by regulations, parent counseling and training, school health services, school social work, assistive technology, other appropriate developmental or corrective support services, appropriate access to recreation and other support services. In some countries, most related services are provided by

4608-462: The student to engage better with the subject. Different instructional techniques are used for some students with special educational needs. Instructional strategies are classified as being either accommodations or modifications . An accommodation is a reasonable adjustment to teaching practices so that the student learns the same material, but in a format that is more accessible to the student. Accommodations may be classified by whether they change

4680-693: The student were only given access to a typical classroom education . Special education aims to provide accommodated education for disabled students such as learning disabilities , learning difficulties (such as dyslexia ), communication disorders , emotional and behavioral disorders , physical disabilities (such as osteogenesis imperfecta , down syndrome , lissencephaly , paralysis , Sanfilippo syndrome , and muscular dystrophy ), developmental disabilities (such as autism spectrum disorder , and intellectual disabilities ) and other disabilities. Disabled students are likely to benefit from additional educational services such as different approaches to teaching,

4752-654: The student with special needs has with non-disabled students (using North American terminology): A special school is a school catering for students who have special educational needs due to learning difficulties, physical disabilities, or behavioral problems. Special schools may be specifically designed, staffed and resourced to provide appropriate special education for children with additional needs. Students attending special schools generally do not attend any classes in mainstream schools. Special schools provide individualized education, addressing specific needs. Student to teacher ratios are kept low, often 6:1 or lower depending upon

4824-399: The term "special education" is generally used to specifically indicate instruction of disabled students. Whereas special education is designed specifically for students with learning disabilities, remedial education can be designed for any students, with or without special needs; the defining trait is simply that they have reached a point of unpreparedness, regardless of why. For example, if

4896-616: The tuition-free school was the only one of its kind in the world. It was renamed in honor of its founder. The school's president, John D. Kemp – himself born without full arms or legs, has won the Henry B. Betts award known as the USA's highest honor for disability leadership and service and the 2014 Dole Leadership Prize for public inspiration. The Henry Viscardi School is a state-accredited institution of learning. All students are classified for special education and provided services mandated by

4968-489: The use of rock throwing , arson , or terrorist acts, giving leeway to law enforcers to be forceful or excessive while trying to remove them. Also, sometimes, terrorist elements are involved. Most participants of civil disorder engage on foot. However, organized efforts can often implore the use vehicles and wireless communication . Participants have been known to use scanners to monitor police frequencies or transmitters to sabotage law enforcement communications. If

5040-467: The use of technology, a specifically adapted teaching area, a resource room , or a separate classroom. Some scholars of education may categorize gifted education under the umbrella of "special education", but this pedagogical approach is different from special education because of the students' capabilities. Intellectual giftedness is a difference in learning and can also benefit from specialized teaching techniques or different educational programs, but

5112-687: The usual wrist bones are not formed, making it difficult to hold objects. Slanted desks are one type of assisted technology that can aid in the successful ability to write. A three-ring binder can be used to create a slanted desk by turning the binder sideways. Also, students with Down syndrome often try to hold their pencils by anchoring them against the thumb rather than using the tip of their thumb. Shortened pencils or triangular-shaped pencils encourage students to hold them correctly. Using any of these assistive technologies can help students with Down syndrome during their educational process. Many people with special needs are denied when they want to participate in

5184-495: Was passed by President Gerald Ford . The IDEA law provides free appropriate education with services to individuals with disabilities. Such exclusion still affects about 23 million disabled children worldwide, particularly in poor, rural areas of developing countries . National Special Needs Day is celebrated every December 9th of the year. Some children are easily identified as candidates for special needs due to their medical history. For example, they may have been diagnosed with

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