In linguistics , deixis ( / ˈ d aɪ k s ɪ s / , / ˈ d eɪ k s ɪ s / ) is the use of words or phrases to refer to a particular time (e.g. then ), place (e.g. here ), or person (e.g. you ) relative to the context of the utterance . Deixis exists in all known natural languages and is closely related to anaphora , with a sometimes unclear distinction between the two. In linguistic anthropology , deixis is seen as the same as, or a subclass of, indexicality .
23-916: [REDACTED] Look up here or here's in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Here may refer to: Music [ edit ] Here (Adrian Belew album) , 1994 Here (Alicia Keys album) , 2016 Here (Cal Tjader album) , 1979 Here (Edward Sharpe album) , 2012 Here (Idina Menzel album) , 2004 Here (Merzbow album) , 2008 Here (Nicolay album) , 2006 Here (Leo Sayer album) , 1979 Here (Teenage Fanclub album) , 2016 "Here" (Alessia Cara song) , 2015 "Here" (The Grace song) , 2008 "Here" (Rascal Flatts song) , 2008 "Here" (Tom Grennan song) , 2023 "Here" (1954 song) , song with music by Harold Grant and lyrics by Dorcas Cochran Here (Cartoon song) , 2016 " Here (In Your Arms) ", 2006 song by Hellogoodbye "Here",
46-459: A 1971 song by America from their eponymous debut album "Here", a 2014 song by Christine and the Queens from Chaleur humaine "Here", a 2018 song by David Byrne from American Utopia "Here", a 1992 song by Pavement from Slanted and Enchanted Film and television [ edit ] Here (2003 film) ( Tu ), a Croatian film directed by Zrinko Ogresta Here (2009 film) ,
69-490: A Singaporean film directed by Tzu Nyen Ho Here (2011 film) , an American drama directed by Braden King Here (2024 film) , an American drama directed by Robert Zemeckis Here TV (formerly "here!"), a TV network "Here" (2019), first episode of Green Eggs and Ham (TV series) Food [ edit ] Here (grape) , another name for the French wine grape Fer Gros Verdot , another French wine grape that
92-490: A US labor union representing workers of the hospitality industry Here Technologies , a mapping company Here WeGo (formerly Here Maps), a mobile app and map website by Here Technologies See also [ edit ] Deixis Hear (disambiguation) Hera , a Greek goddess whose name is sometimes spelled Hērē Here document Here and Now (disambiguation) Metaphysics of presence All pages with titles beginning with Here Topics referred to by
115-472: A fourth type. Personal deictic words, called personal pronouns in English, refer to the grammatical persons involved in an utterance. These can include the first person (speaker), second person (addressee), third, and in some languages fourth and fifth person. Personal deixis may give further information about the referent, such as gender . Examples of personal deixis include: Spatial, or place, deixis
138-513: A way that the deictic center is transferred to other participants in the exchange or to persons / places / etc. being described in a narrative. So, for example, in the sentence; the deictic center is simply the person at the time and place of speaking. But say two people are talking on the phone long-distance, from London to New York. The Londoner can say, in which case the deictic center is in London, or they can equally validly say, in which case
161-594: Is Ancient Greek : δεῖξις , romanized : deixis , lit. 'display, demonstration, or reference'. To this, Chrysippus ( c. 279 – c. 206 BCE ) added the specialized meaning point of reference , which is the sense in which the term is used in contemporary linguistics. There are three main types of deictic words, as described by Charles J. Fillmore : personal, spatial, and temporal. In some languages, these may overlap, such as spatial and personal deixis in many signed pronouns. Some linguists consider social deixis to be
184-400: Is Tom who left. Discourse deixis has been observed in internet language , particularly with the use of iconic language forms resembling arrows. Social deixis concerns the social information that is encoded within various expressions, such as relative social status and familiarity. These include T–V distinctions and honorifics . A deictic center, sometimes referred to as an origo ,
207-424: Is a set of theoretical points that a deictic expression is 'anchored' to, such that the evaluation of the meaning of the expression leads one to the relevant point. As deictic expressions are frequently egocentric, the center often consists of the speaker at the time and place of the utterance and, additionally, the place in the discourse and relevant social factors. However, deictic expressions can also be used in such
230-442: Is a type of discourse deixis, and a grammatical feature found in some languages, which indicates whether the argument of one clause is the same as the argument of the previous clause. In some languages, this is done through same subject markers and different subject markers. In the translated example "John punched Tom, and left-[same subject marker]," it is John who left, and in "John punched Tom, and left-[different subject marker]," it
253-639: Is also known as Hère Béquignol noir , another French wine grape that is also known as Here's Other [ edit ] Here , an Old English name for an invading army or raiding party containing more than thirty-five men Here (comics) , published in the magazine RAW "Here", a poem by Philip Larkin Here (play) , by Michael Frayn Here, Prozor , a village in Bosnia and Herzegovina HERE Arts Center , New York City off-off-Broadway organization Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees Union ,
SECTION 10
#1732779986964276-525: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages here Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.226 via cp1108 cp1108, Varnish XID 186446885 Upstream caches: cp1108 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 07:46:27 GMT Deixis The term's origin
299-425: Is used as an indefinite article , much the way "a" could be used in its place. The distinction between deixis and anaphora is unclearly defined. Generally, an anaphoric reference refers to something within a text that has been previously identified. For example, in "Susan dropped the plate. It shattered loudly," the word it refers to the phrase, "the plate". An expression can be both deictic and anaphoric at
322-432: Is used to refer to spatial locations relative to an utterance. Similarly to personal deixis, the locations may be either those of the speaker and addressee or those of persons or objects being referred to. Spatial demonstratives include locative adverbs (e.g. here and there) and demonstratives (e.g. this , these , that , and those) although those are far from exclusive. Spatial demonstratives are often relative to
345-430: The pluperfect is relative to some other deictically specified time, as in "When I got home, he had gone ." Discourse deixis, also referred to as text deixis, refers to the use of expressions within an utterance to refer to parts of the discourse that contain the utterance—including the utterance itself. For example, in " This is a great story." this refers to an upcoming portion of the discourse. Switch reference
368-471: The category can include other types of information than pointing, such as direction of gaze, tone of voice, and so on. Symbolic usage, by contrast, requires generally only basic spatio-temporal knowledge of the utterance. So, for example requires being able to see which finger is being held up, whereas requires only knowledge of the current location. In a similar vein, is a non-deictic usage of "this", which does not identify anywhere specifically. Rather, it
391-458: The deictic center is in New York. Similarly, when telling a story about someone, the deictic center is likely to switch to him, her or they (third-person pronouns). So then in the sentence; it is understood that the center is with the person being spoken of, and thus, "to the left" refers not to the speaker's left, but to the object of the story's left, that is, the person referred to as 'he' at
414-402: The location of the speaker such as: where "across the street" is understood to mean "across the street from where I [the speaker] am right now." Words relating to spatial deixis can be proximal (near, such as English [right] here or this ), medial (near the addressee, such as English [over] there or that ), distal (far, such as English [out] there or that ), far-distal (far from both
437-405: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Here . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Here&oldid=1251075471 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
460-403: The same time, for example "I was born in London, and I have lived here/there all my life." here or there function anaphorically in their reference to London, and deictically in that the choice between "here" or "there" indicates whether the speaker is or is not currently in London. The terms deixis and indexicality are frequently used almost interchangeably, and both deal with essentially
483-466: The speaker and addressee, such as archaic English yon and yonder ). The Malagasy language has seven degrees of distance combined with two degrees of visibility, while many Inuit languages have even more complex systems. Temporal, or time, deixis is used to refer to time relevant to the utterance. This includes temporal adverbs (e.g. then and soon ), nouns (e.g. tomorrow ) and use of grammatical tense . Temporal deixis can can be relative to
SECTION 20
#1732779986964506-409: The time immediately before he ran twenty feet. It is helpful to distinguish between two usages of deixis, gestural and symbolic, as well as non-deictic usages of frequently deictic words. Gestural deixis refers, broadly, to deictic expressions whose understanding requires some sort of audio-visual information. A simple example is when an object is pointed at and referred to as "this" or "that". However,
529-410: The time when an utterance is made (the speaker’s "now") or the time when the utterance is heard or seen (the addressee’s "now"). Although these are often the same time, they can differ in cases such as a voice recording or written text. For example: Tenses are usually separated into absolute (deictic) and relative tenses . For example, simple English past tense is absolute, such as "He went." whereas
#963036