Misplaced Pages

#505494

52-420: The Hiduminium alloys or R.R. alloys are a series of high-strength, high-temperature aluminium alloys , developed for aircraft use by Rolls-Royce ("RR") before World War II . They were manufactured and later developed by High Duty Alloys Ltd. The name Hi - Du -Minium is derived from that of Hi gh Du ty Alu minium Alloys. The first of these Hiduminium alloys was termed 'R.R.50' . This alloy

104-411: A shadow factory was established in the remote area of Cumberland (now Cumbria ), at Distington , near Whitehaven . As well as producing ingots of raw alloy, manufacturing included the initial forging or casting processes. Finish machining would be undertaken by the customer. Hiduminium was so successful that during World War II it was in use by all of the major British aero engine makers. In 1934

156-444: A "CO/ALR" coding. Another way to forestall the heating problem is to crimp the short " pigtail " of copper wire. A properly done high-pressure crimp by the proper tool is tight enough to reduce any thermal expansion of the aluminium. Today, new alloys, designs, and methods are used for aluminium wiring in combination with aluminium terminations. Wrought and cast aluminium alloys use different identification systems. Wrought aluminium

208-551: A large number of bicycle and motorcycle manufacturers to the area, and component suppliers. Other companies based in the area in the past include Abingdon Motorcycles (later becoming King Dick Tools ), Dawes Cycles , Girling Brakes, Slumberland, Smiths Crisps, MEM Electrical, Harmo Exhausts, Wilmot Breedon and also the factory where Co-Operative Society (CWS) toys, motorcycles, prams and bicycles were made. They marketed their toys as 'Tyseley Toys'. The area contains many Victorian buildings that housed many manual workers reflecting

260-808: A large railway depot. The 4, 4A, and 41 bus services, operated by National Express West Midlands , serve the Tyseley area. Tyseley railway station was a predominant junction for the ex- Great Western Railway mainline between Birmingham Snow Hill and London Paddington , with the North Warwickshire Line (via Shirley to Stratford upon Avon ) diverging here. Tyseley is on the Chiltern Main Line between London Marylebone and Birmingham Moor Street and Birmingham Snow Hill. The North Warwickshire Line used to run beyond Stratford upon Avon onto Honeybourne railway station (which

312-463: A new company to complete this order. John Siddeley loaned the money to re-purchase the necessary equipment and re-employ some of the staff from Hooker. As the buildings had already been sold, the new company found premises in Slough . Demand from Rolls-Royce later led to expansion into a factory at Redditch . These materials were so crucial to aircraft production that with the outbreak of World War II

364-554: A number system ( ANSI ) or by names indicating their main alloying constituents ( DIN and ISO ). Selecting the right alloy for a given application entails considerations of its tensile strength , density , ductility , formability, workability, weldability , and corrosion resistance, to name a few. A brief historical overview of alloys and manufacturing technologies is given in Ref. Aluminium alloys are used extensively in aircraft due to their high strength-to-weight ratio . Pure aluminium

416-420: A one to three digit number, e.g. 6061-T6. The definitions for the tempers are: -F  : As fabricated -H  : Strain hardened (cold worked) with or without thermal treatment -O  : Full soft (annealed) -T  : Heat treated to produce stable tempers -W  : Solution heat treated only Note: -W is a relatively soft intermediary designation that applies after heat treat and before aging

468-519: A range of their products in the Magnuminium alloy series. R.R.58, also known as Aluminium 2618, comprising 2.5 copper, 1.5 magnesium, 1.0 iron, 1.2 nickel, 0.2 silicon, 0.1 titanium and the remainder aluminium, and originally intended for jet engine compressor blades, was used as the main structural material for the Concorde airframe, supplied by High Duty Alloys, it was also known as AU2GN to

520-415: A regeneratively cooled aluminium design for some parts of the nozzle, including the thermally critical throat region; in fact the extremely high thermal conductivity of aluminium prevented the throat from reaching the melting point even under massive heat flux, resulting in a reliable, lightweight component. Because of its high conductivity and relatively low price compared with copper in the 1960s, aluminium

572-773: A sand-castable high temperature alloy, was used in the General Electric YJ93 jet engine and was also used in the General Electric GE4 intended for the later cancelled American Boeing 2707 SST project. Aluminium alloy An aluminium alloy ( UK / IUPAC ) or aluminum alloy ( NA ; see spelling differences ) is an alloy in which aluminium (Al) is the predominant metal. The typical alloying elements are copper , magnesium , manganese , silicon , tin , nickel and zinc . There are two principal classifications, namely casting alloys and wrought alloys, both of which are further subdivided into

SECTION 10

#1732772271506

624-475: A steel part of identical size and shape. With completely new metal products, the design choices are often governed by the choice of manufacturing technology. Extrusions are particularly important in this regard, owing to the ease with which aluminium alloys, particularly the Al-Mg-Si series, can be extruded to form complex profiles. In general, stiffer and lighter designs can be achieved with aluminium alloy than

676-467: A subcontractor and must be shipped to another site before machining. For R.R.56 the solution treatment is to quench from 530 °C and ageing is carried out at 175 °C. For R.R.50, the solution treatment may be omitted and the metal taken directly to precipitation hardening (155 °C-170 °C). After solution treatment, the tensile strength of the alloy increases, but its Young's modulus decreases. The second stage of artificial aging increases

728-452: A wet environment, galvanic corrosion can occur when an aluminium alloy is placed in electrical contact with other metals with more positive corrosion potentials than aluminium, and an electrolyte is present that allows ion exchange. Also referred to as dissimilar-metal corrosion, this process can occur as exfoliation or as intergranular corrosion. Aluminium alloys can be improperly heat treated, causing internal element separation which corrodes

780-482: Is Yardleys School , which was newly constructed on the site of a former brick works. The school moved from its previous split site location in 2001. There is also several primary schools located in Tyseley, among those an Islamic school called Al Furqan which was established on site a decade ago. Tyseley was once a thriving industrial area with thousands of people working in the area for major companies such as TI Reynolds (formally Reynolds Tubes) and Corona, attracting

832-468: Is a major concern. Such crossover aluminium alloys can be hardened via precipitation of a chemical complex phase known as T-phase in which the radiation resistance has been proved to be superior than other hardening phases of conventional aluminium alloys. The following aluminium alloys are commonly used in aircraft and other aerospace structures: Note that the term aircraft aluminium or aerospace aluminium usually refers to 7075. 4047 aluminium

884-407: Is a unique alloy used in both the aerospace and automotive applications as a cladding alloy or filler material. As filler, aluminium alloy 4047 strips can be combined to intricate applications to bond two metals. 6951 is a heat treatable alloy providing additional strength to the fins while increasing sag resistance; this allows the manufacturer to reduce the gauge of the sheet and therefore reducing

936-407: Is completed. The -W condition can be extended at extremely low temperatures but not indefinitely and depending on the material will typically last no longer than 15 minutes at ambient temperatures. The International Alloy Designation System is the most widely accepted naming scheme for wrought alloys. Each alloy is given a four-digit number, where the first digit indicates the major alloying elements,

988-522: Is feasible with steels. For instance, consider the bending of a thin-walled tube: the second moment of area is inversely related to the stress in the tube wall, i.e. stresses are lower for larger values. The second moment of area is proportional to the cube of the radius times the wall thickness, thus increasing the radius (and weight) by 26% will lead to a halving of the wall stress. For this reason, bicycle frames made of aluminium alloys make use of larger tube diameters than steel or titanium in order to yield

1040-414: Is identified with a four digit number which identifies the alloying elements. Cast aluminium alloys use a four to five digit number with a decimal point. The digit in the hundreds place indicates the alloying elements, while the digit after the decimal point indicates the form (cast shape or ingot). The temper designation follows the cast or wrought designation number with a dash, a letter, and potentially

1092-818: Is in aluminium–scandium alloys for minor aerospace industry components. These alloys contain between 0.1% and 0.5% (by weight) of scandium. They were used in the Russian military aircraft MiG-21 and MiG-29 . Some items of sports equipment, which rely on high performance materials, have been made with scandium–aluminium alloys, including baseball bats , lacrosse sticks, as well as bicycle frames and components, and tent poles. U.S. gunmaker Smith & Wesson produces revolvers with frames composed of scandium alloy and cylinders of titanium. Due to its light-weight and high strength, aluminium alloys are desired materials to be applied in spacecraft, satellites and other components to be deployed in space. However, this application

SECTION 20

#1732772271506

1144-410: Is introduced. Example composition: As for many of the aluminium alloys, Y alloy age hardens spontaneously at normal temperatures after solution heat treating . In contrast, R.R. alloys remain soft afterwards, until deliberately heat treated again by precipitation hardening for artificial ageing. This simplifies their machining in the soft state, particularly where component blanks are made by

1196-478: Is limited by the energetic particle irradiation emitted by the Sun . The impact and deposition of solar energetic particles within the microstructure of conventional aluminium alloys can induce the dissolution of most common hardening phases, leading to softening. The recently introduced crossover aluminium alloys are being tested as a surrogate to 6xxx and 7xxx series in environments where energetic particle irradiation

1248-419: Is much too soft for such uses, and it does not have the high tensile strength that is needed for building airplanes and helicopters . Aluminium alloys typically have an elastic modulus of about 70 GPa , which is about one-third of the elastic modulus of steel alloys . Therefore, for a given load, a component or unit made of an aluminium alloy will experience a greater deformation in the elastic regime than

1300-562: Is not seen in current aluminium cylinder heads. An important structural limitation of aluminium alloys is their lower fatigue strength compared to steel. In controlled laboratory conditions, steels display a fatigue limit , which is the stress amplitude below which no failures occur – the metal does not continue to weaken with extended stress cycles. Aluminium alloys do not have this lower fatigue limit and will continue to weaken with continued stress cycles. Aluminium alloys are therefore sparsely used in parts that require high fatigue strength in

1352-481: Is required. Alloys composed mostly of aluminium have been very important in aerospace manufacturing since the introduction of metal-skinned aircraft. Aluminium–magnesium alloys are both lighter than other aluminium alloys and much less flammable than other alloys that contain a very high percentage of magnesium. Aluminium alloy surfaces will develop a white, protective layer of aluminium oxide if left unprotected by anodizing and/or correct painting procedures. In

1404-631: The Reynolds Tube Co. began production of extruded structural components for airframes, using R.R.56 alloy supplied by High Duty Alloys. A new purpose-built plant was constructed at their works in Tyseley , Birmingham . In time, the post-war Reynolds company, already known for its steel bicycle frame tubes, would attempt to survive in the peacetime market by supplying Hiduminium alloy components for high-end aluminium bicycle cranks and brakes . The impeller (compressor) and compressor casing of

1456-605: The Rolls-Royce R engine that was successful in the Schneider Trophy seaplane races. They quickly spread to other manufacturers, in 1931 being adopted by ABC for their Hornet engine. R.R.50 alloy was used for the crankcase, R.R.53 for the pistons. Their first mass production use was in the Armstrong Siddeley Special saloon car of 1933. Armstrong Siddeley already having had experience of

1508-477: The 1937 Power Jets WU jet engine was made from RR.56 and RR.55 respectively. In the subsequent Power Jets W.1 the compressor material was changed to RR.59. By 1943 the de Havilland Goblin , the first British production jet engine to be built in large numbers, was in development. The centrifugal compressor for this began as a 500 lb 'cheese' of RR.50, the largest forging made of it. After machining, these were reduced to 109 lbs. The size of this forging

1560-483: The French side of the project. Later alloys, such as R.R.66, were used for sheet, where high strength was needed in an alloy capable of being worked by deep drawing . This became increasingly important with the faster jet aircraft post-war, as issues such as transonic compressibility became important. It was now necessary for an aircraft's covering material to be strong, not merely the spar or framing beneath. R.R.350,

1612-566: The alloy, and financial investment in its manufacturer, from their aero engine business. Advantages of these alloys were recognised worldwide. When 576 pistons in Hiduminium R.R.59 alloy were used for the Italian Marshal Balbo 's trans-Atlantic flight, High Duty Alloys used it in their own advertising. High Duty Alloys Ltd. was founded at Farnham Road , Slough in 1927, by Colonel W. C. Devereux . The company began from

Hiduminium - Misplaced Pages Continue

1664-535: The beginning of 1920 BSA reviewed its operations and decided Hooker's should be liquidated. After some years in voluntary liquidation , Hooker's operations ended in late 1927 when its workshops were sold. About that time a large order was received, of some thousands of pistons for the Armstrong Siddeley Jaguar engine. Armstrong Siddeley had no other capable source for these pistons, so W.C. Devereux, works manager of Hooker, proposed to set up

1716-582: The categories heat-treatable and non-heat-treatable. About 85% of aluminium is used for wrought products, for example rolled plate, foils and extrusions . Cast aluminium alloys yield cost-effective products due to the low melting point, although they generally have lower tensile strengths than wrought alloys. The most important cast aluminium alloy system is Al–Si , where the high levels of silicon (4–13%) contribute to give good casting characteristics. Aluminium alloys are widely used in engineering structures and components where light weight or corrosion resistance

1768-436: The desired stiffness and strength. In automotive engineering, cars made of aluminium alloys employ space frames made of extruded profiles to ensure rigidity. This represents a radical change from the common approach for current steel car design, which depend on the body shells for stiffness, known as unibody design. Aluminium alloys are widely used in automotive engines, particularly in engine blocks and crankcases due to

1820-646: The heritage of the area and the city. There is now a large incineration plant, the Tyseley Energy from Waste Plant , which burns rubbish and in the process produces electricity for the National Grid . Much of Tyseley remains industrial, with many companies, including Klaxon , SCC , Western Pegasus Limited and Bakelite Limited , basing themselves there. One of the local attractions is the Tyseley Locomotive Works , located inside

1872-401: The high cycle regime (more than 10 stress cycles). Often, the metal's sensitivity to heat must also be considered. Even a relatively routine workshop procedure involving heating is complicated by the fact that aluminium, unlike steel, will melt without first glowing red. Forming operations where a blow torch is used can reverse or remove the effects of heat treatment. No visual signs reveal how

1924-452: The highest strength of non-heat-treated alloys. Most 5000 series alloys include manganese as well. 6000 series are alloyed with magnesium and silicon. They are easy to machine, are weldable , and can be precipitation hardened, but not to the high strengths that 2000 and 7000 can reach. 6061 alloy is one of the most commonly used general-purpose aluminium alloys. 7000 series are alloyed with zinc, and can be precipitation hardened to

1976-457: The highest strengths of any aluminium alloy. Most 7000 series alloys include magnesium and copper as well. 8000 series are alloyed with other elements which are not covered by other series. Aluminium–lithium alloys are an example. The Aluminum Association (AA) has adopted a nomenclature similar to that of wrought alloys. British Standard and DIN have different designations. In the AA system,

2028-596: The material is internally damaged. Much like welding heat treated, high strength link chain, all strength is now lost by heat of the torch. The chain is dangerous and must be discarded. Aluminium is subject to internal stresses and strains. Sometimes years later, improperly welded aluminium bicycle frames may gradually twist out of alignment from the stresses of the welding process. Thus, the aerospace industry avoids heat altogether by joining parts with rivets of like metal composition, other fasteners, or adhesives. Stresses in overheated aluminium can be relieved by heat-treating

2080-520: The metal from the inside out. Aluminium alloy compositions are registered with The Aluminum Association . Many organizations publish more specific standards for the manufacture of aluminium alloy, including the SAE International standards organization, specifically its aerospace standards subgroups, and ASTM International . Aluminium alloys with a wide range of properties are used in engineering structures. Alloy systems are classified by

2132-542: The most common aerospace alloys, but were susceptible to stress corrosion cracking and are increasingly replaced by 7000 series in new designs. 3000 series are alloyed with manganese , and can be work hardened . 4000 series are alloyed with silicon. Variations of aluminium–silicon alloys intended for casting (and therefore not included in 4000 series) are also known as silumin . 5000 series are alloyed with magnesium, and offer superb corrosion resistance, making them suitable for marine applications. 5083 alloy has

Hiduminium - Misplaced Pages Continue

2184-639: The parts in an oven and gradually cooling it—in effect annealing the stresses. Yet these parts may still become distorted, so that heat-treating of welded bicycle frames, for instance, can result in a significant fraction becoming misaligned. If the misalignment is not too severe, the cooled parts may be bent into alignment. If the frame is properly designed for rigidity (see above), that bending will require enormous force. Aluminium's intolerance to high temperatures has not precluded its use in rocketry; even for use in constructing combustion chambers where gases can reach 3500 K. The RM-81 Agena upper stage engine used

2236-547: The ruins of the World War I aero engine builder, Peter Hooker Limited of Walthamstow . Hookers licence-built the Gnôme engine, amongst other things, and for the aero engines chose to be known as The British Gnôme and Le Rhône Engine Co. They had become expert at working Y alloy. The post-war reduction in demand and the plentiful supply of war-surplus engines made times hard for all engine and component makers. After buying it at

2288-442: The second two digits reveal the minimum percentage of aluminium, e.g. 150.x correspond to a minimum of 99.50% aluminium. The digit after the decimal point takes a value of 0 or 1, denoting casting and ingot respectively. The main alloying elements in the AA system are as follows: Titanium alloys , which are stronger but heavier than Al-Sc alloys, are still much more widely used. The main application of metallic scandium by weight

2340-668: The second — if different from 0 — indicates a variation of the alloy, and the third and fourth digits identify the specific alloy in the series. For example, in alloy 3105, the number 3 indicates the alloy is in the manganese series, 1 indicates the first modification of alloy 3005, and finally 05 identifies it in the 3000 series. 1000 series are essentially pure aluminium with a minimum 99% aluminium content by weight and can be work hardened . Not an International Alloy Designation System name 2000 series are alloyed with copper, can be precipitation hardened to strengths comparable to steel. Formerly referred to as duralumin , they were once

2392-630: The strength slightly, but also restores or improves the modulus. A range of alloys were produced in the R.R.50 range. These could be worked by casting or forging, but they were not intended for rolling as sheet or general machining from bar stock . The number of alloys expanded to support a range of applications and processing techniques. At the Paris Airshow of 1953, High Duty Alloys showed no less than eight different Hiduminium R.R. alloys: 20, 50, 56, 58, 66, 77, 80, 90. Also shown were gas turbine compressor and turbine blades in Hiduminium, and

2444-1236: The weight of the formed fin. These distinctive features make aluminium alloy 6951 one of the preferred alloys for heat transfer and heat exchangers manufactured for aerospace applications. 6063 aluminium alloys are heat treatable with moderately high strength, excellent corrosion resistance and good extrudability. They are regularly used as architectural and structural members. The following list of aluminium alloys are currently produced, but less widely used: These alloys are used for boat building and shipbuilding, and other marine and salt-water sensitive shore applications. 4043, 5183, 6005A, 6082 also used in marine constructions and off shore applications. 6111 aluminium and 2008 aluminium alloy are extensively used for external automotive body panels , with 5083 and 5754 used for inner body panels. Bonnets have been manufactured from 2036 , 6016 , and 6111 alloys. Truck and trailer body panels have used 5456 aluminium . Automobile frames often use 5182 aluminium or 5754 aluminium formed sheets, 6061 or 6063 extrusions. Tyseley Tyseley means "Tyssa's clearing" with "-ley" meaning woodland clearing. The local comprehensive secondary school (on Reddings Lane)

2496-504: The weight savings that are possible. Since aluminium alloys are susceptible to warping at elevated temperatures, the cooling system of such engines is critical. Manufacturing techniques and metallurgical advancements have also been instrumental for the successful application in automotive engines. In the 1960s, the aluminium cylinder heads of the Chevrolet Corvair earned a reputation for failure and stripping of threads , which

2548-499: Was first developed for motor-racing pistons , and was only later adopted for aircraft engine use. It was a development of the earlier Y alloy , the first of the nickel -containing light aluminium alloys. These alloys are one of the three main groups of high-strength aluminium alloys, the nickel-aluminium alloys having the advantage of retaining strength at high temperatures, making them particularly useful for pistons . The alloys were in limited use for aircraft by 1929, being used in

2600-642: Was introduced at that time for household electrical wiring in North America, even though many fixtures had not been designed to accept aluminium wire. But the new use brought some problems: All of this resulted in overheated and loose connections, and this in turn resulted in some fires. Builders then became wary of using the wire, and many jurisdictions outlawed its use in very small sizes, in new construction. Yet newer fixtures eventually were introduced with connections designed to avoid loosening and overheating. At first they were marked "Al/Cu", but they now bear

2652-450: Was its ability to maintain high strength at high temperatures. R.R alloys were developed by Hall & Bradbury at Rolls-Royce, partly to simplify the manufacture of components using them. A deliberate heat treatment process of multiple steps was used to control their physical properties. In terms of composition, Y alloy typically contains 4% of copper and 2% of nickel. R.R. alloys reduce each of these by half to 2% and 1%, and 1% of iron

SECTION 50

#1732772271506

2704-416: Was so great that cooling rates in its centre affected the metallurgical properties of the alloy; Devereux advised the reduction of the silicon content to below 0.25% and this low silicon RR.50 alloy was used throughout Goblin production. The 1,600 torches for the 1948 London Olympics were cast by the company. The Duralumin alloys had already demonstrated high-strength aluminium alloys. Y alloy's virtue

#505494