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66-726: Because of its history, the term high church also refers to aspects of Anglicanism quite distinct from the Oxford Movement or Anglo-Catholicism. There remain parishes that are high church and yet adhere closely to the quintessentially Anglican usages and liturgical practices of the Book of Common Prayer . These are now referred to as Centre Church . High church Anglicanism tends to be closer than low church to Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox teachings and spirituality; its hallmarks are relatively elaborate music, altarpieces , and clergy vestments and an emphasis on sacraments . It

132-636: A high view of the sacraments, church tradition and the threefold ministry but do not consider themselves Anglo-Catholics. This party is now called Center Church , or the Old High Church to differenciate it from the even higher Anglo-Catholic position. Oxford Movement The Oxford Movement was a movement of high church members of the Church of England which began in the 1830s and eventually developed into Anglo-Catholicism . The movement, whose original devotees were mostly associated with

198-536: A confidant of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham , at the end of the reign. The Buckingham household employed John Percy ( alias Fisher), a Jesuit , as chaplain, and the king wished to counter well-founded rumours that Percy was making Catholic converts there. In a three-day series of private debates with Percy in 1622, Laud was introduced to argue the Protestant case on the final day; pamphlets followed. He then displaced John Preston as religious adviser to

264-527: A division in their liturgical practices, for example, high church Presbyterianism and high church Methodism , and within Lutheranism there is a historic high church and low church distinction comparable with Anglicanism (see Neo-Lutheranism and Pietism ). High church is a back-formation from "high churchman", a label used in the 17th and early 18th centuries to describe opponents of religious toleration , with "high" meaning "extreme". As

330-553: A formidable and dangerous opponent. His use of the Star Chamber to persecute opponents such as William Prynne made him deeply unpopular. Laud was born at Reading, Berkshire , on 7 October 1573, the only son of William Laud, a clothier, and Lucy, born Webbe, widow of John Robinson, another clothier of the town, and sister of Sir William Webbe , Lord Mayor of London . He was educated at Reading School and on 17 October 1589 matriculated to St John's College, Oxford , where he

396-517: Is Sir Robert Inglis MP. Only with the success of the Oxford Movement and its increasing emphases on ritualistic revival from the mid-19th century onward, did the term High Church begin to mean something approaching the later term Anglo-Catholic . Even then, it was only employed coterminously in contrast to the Low churchmanship of the Evangelical position. This sought, once again, to lessen

462-489: Is intrinsically traditional . High church nonetheless includes many bishops, other clergy and adherents sympathetic to mainstream modern consensus across reformed Christianity that, according to official Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Christian teachings, are anathema (see the ordination of women and to varying degrees abortion ). The term high church has also been applied to elements of Protestant churches within which individual congregations or ministers display

528-565: The Tracts for the Times , published from 1833 to 1841. Tractarians were also disparagingly referred to as "Newmanites" (before 1845) and "Puseyites" after two prominent Tractarians, John Henry Newman and Edward Bouverie Pusey . Other well-known Tractarians included John Keble , Charles Marriott , Richard Froude , Robert Wilberforce , Isaac Williams and William Palmer . All except Williams and Palmer were fellows of Oriel College, Oxford . In

594-636: The Church of Ireland , and the elimination of Vestry Assessment ( church rates or "parish cess"), a cause of grievance in the Tithe War . The bill also made changes to the leasing of church lands. Some politicians and clergy (including a number of Whigs ) feared that the Church of England might be disestablished and lose its endowments. John Keble criticised these proposals as " National Apostasy " in his Assize Sermon in Oxford in 1833, in which he denied

660-506: The County of Swansea 's assize sermon on 18 April 1710 ( The right way to honour and happiness ), during which he complained of the "rapid growth of deist, freethinking and anti-trinitarian views." The targets of Hancorne's wrath were "irreligion, profaneness and immorality", as well as the "curious, inquisitive sceptics" and the "sin-sick tottering nation". Later, he engaged in a campaign to reassert tithe rights. Eventually, under Queen Anne ,

726-678: The English Reformation , as well as from contemporary Roman Catholic traditions. The immediate impetus for the Tractarian movement was a perceived attack by the reforming Whig administration on the structure and revenues of the Church of Ireland (the established church in Ireland), with the Irish Church Temporalities Bill (1833). The Act provided for the merging of dioceses and provinces of

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792-634: The Grand Remonstrance of 1641, called for his imprisonment. Laud was imprisoned in the Tower of London , where he remained throughout the early stages of the English Civil War . Apart from a few personal enemies like William Prynne (and possibly Archbishop Williams), Parliament showed little eagerness to proceed against Laud; given his age (68 in 1641), most members would probably have preferred to leave him to die of natural causes. In

858-625: The Jacobites , the adherents of the excluded dynasts, to regain the English and Scottish thrones, led to a sharpening of anti-Catholic rhetoric in Britain and a distancing of the High Church party from the more ritualistic aspects of Caroline High churchmanship, which were often associated with the schismatic Non-Jurors . Thomas Hancorne , a Welsh clergyman prominent in jacobite circles, gave

924-563: The Labour Party and greater decision-making liberty for the church's convocations. From the mid-19th century onward, the term High Church generally became associated with a more Anglo-Catholic , while the Latitudinarians were referred to as being Broad Church and the re-emergent evangelical party was dubbed Low Church . However, high church can still refer to Anglicans of the pre-Oxford movement High Church , who hold

990-533: The Puritans began demanding that the English Church abandon some of its traditional liturgical emphases, episcopal structures, parish ornaments and the like, the high church position also came to be distinguished increasingly from that of the Latitudinarians , also known as those promoting a broad church, who sought to minimise the differences between Anglicanism and Reformed Christianity, and to make

1056-500: The University of Oxford , argued for the reinstatement of some older Christian traditions of faith and their inclusion into Anglican liturgy and theology . They thought of Anglicanism as one of three branches of the " one, holy, catholic, and apostolic " Christian church. Many key participants subsequently converted to Roman Catholicism . The movement's philosophy was known as Tractarianism after its series of publications,

1122-501: The personal rule of Charles I began in 1629 and Laud shortly became a key part of it, in alliance with Thomas Wentworth . Historian Mark Perry argues that by 1626 in private consultations with the king and Buckingham, and in his public role in the House of Lords, Laud was a highly effective parliamentarian and a key adviser and policy-maker. Laud distrusted parliamentary bargaining, and was always determined to resist all encroachments upon

1188-605: The Anglican gentry felt the need to re-entrench the re-Anglicanised Church of England as one of the most important elements of the Restoration Settlement through a renewed and strengthened alliance between Throne and Altar, or Church and State. Reverence for martyrdom of the Stuart king Charles I as an upholder of his Coronation Oath to protect the Church of England became a hallmark of High Church orthodoxy. At

1254-621: The Bible , by Anglicans and other Protestants alike in the English-speaking world, is a reflection of the success of this endeavour at cooperation. During the reign of King Charles I , however, as divisions between Puritan and Anglican elements within the Church of England became more bitter, and Protestant Nonconformity outside the Church grew stronger in numbers and more vociferous, the High Church position became associated with

1320-683: The British throne. The subsequent split over office-holders' oaths of allegiance to the Crown and the Royal Succession, which led to the exclusion of the Non-Juror bishops who refused to recognise the 1688 de facto abdication of the King, and the accession of King William III and Queen Mary II , and did much to damage the unity of High Church party. Later events surrounding the attempts of

1386-457: The Chapel services to privilege prayer over preaching, since King Charles's views were the opposite of his father's. In July 1628 Laud was translated from Bath and Wells to become Bishop of London , in moves that followed on from the death of Andrewes. After this breakthrough in church politics, it becomes meaningful to define "Laudians" or "Lauders" as his followers. On the political stage,

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1452-498: The Church in England, and dry faith, which was accompanied by an austere but decorous mode of worship, as reflective of their idea of an orderly and dignified churchmanship against the rantings of the low churchmen that their Cavalier ancestors had defeated. Over time, their High Church position had become ossified among a remnant of bookish churchmen and country squires. An example of an early 19th-century churchman of this tradition

1518-490: The Church of England to return to the ways of the ancient and undivided church in matters of doctrine, liturgy and devotion. They believed that the Church of England needed to affirm that its authority did not come from the authority of the state, but from God. Even if the Anglican Church were completely separated from the state, it could still claim the loyalty of Englishmen because it rested on divine authority and

1584-506: The Church of England, as outlined by Charles. Its often highly ritualistic aspects prefigure what are now known as high church views. In theology, Laud was accused of Arminianism , favouring doctrines of the historic church prior to the Reformation and defending the continuity of the English Church with the primitive and medieval church, and opposing Calvinism . On all three grounds, he was regarded by Puritan clerics and laymen as

1650-532: The Closet . Eventually, King James brushed aside irregularities in the election, settling matters in Laud's favour. Laud became Dean of Gloucester in 1616. At Gloucester Cathedral he began ceremonial innovations with the communion table . By local custom, the table stood in the middle of the choir , as was then usual in a parish church, rather than at the east end as was typical of cathedrals. Laud believed he had

1716-647: The Earl of Strafford. Laud was buried in the chapel of St John's College, Oxford , his alma mater . Laud is remembered in the Church of England and the Episcopal Church of the United States with a commemoration on 10 January. His collected works in seven volumes were published between 1847 and 1860 in the Library of Anglo-Catholic Theology . The English diplomat Sir Thomas Roe , told

1782-589: The High Church party saw its fortunes revive with those of the Tory party, with which it was then strongly associated. However, under the early Hanoverians , both the High Church and Tory parties were once again out of favour. This led to an increasing marginalisation of High Church and Tory viewpoints, as much of the 18th century was given over to the rule of the Whig party and the aristocratic families who were in large measure pragmatic latitudinarians in churchmanship. This

1848-681: The King in Yorkshire upon his release). Toward the end of his life, Charles I admitted that he had put too much trust in Laud, and allowed his "peevish humours" and obsession with points of ritual to inflame divisions within the Church: he warned his son not to rely on anyone else's judgment in such matters. Laud, on his side, could not forgive the king for allowing Strafford's execution and dismissed his royal master as "a mild and gracious Prince, that knows not how to be, or be made, great". The Long Parliament of 1640 accused Laud of treason and, in

1914-581: The Reverend John Lothropp and the Reverend Zechariah Symmes . Laud's desire to impose uniformity on the Church of England was driven by a belief that this was his office's duty, but his methods seemed persecution to those of differing views. Thus, they had the unintended consequence of garnering support for the most implacable opponents of the Anglican compromise. In 1637, Histriomastix's author, William Prynne ,

1980-674: The Roman Catholic Church in 1845, followed by Henry Edward Manning in 1851, had a profound effect on the movement. Apart from the Tracts for the Times , the group began a collection of translations of the Church Fathers , which they termed the Library of the Fathers . The collection eventually comprised 48 volumes, the last published three years after Pusey's death. They were issued through Rivington 's company with

2046-617: The Roman and Anglican churches were wholly compatible. He was received into the Roman Catholic Church in 1845 and was ordained a Catholic priest two years later. He later became a cardinal (but not a bishop). Writing on the end of Tractarianism as a movement, Newman stated: I saw indeed clearly that my place in the Movement was lost; public confidence was at an end; my occupation was gone. It was simply an impossibility that I could say any thing henceforth to good effect, when I had been posted up by

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2112-498: The Tractarian priests began working in slums . This was partly because bishops refused to give livings to Tractarian priests, and partly due to an ethos of concern for the poor. From their new ministries, they developed a critique of British social policy , both local and national. One of the results was the establishment of the Christian Social Union , of which a number of bishops were members, where issues such as

2178-536: The authority of the British Parliament to abolish several dioceses in Ireland. The Gorham Case , in which secular courts overruled an ecclesiastical court on the matter of a priest with somewhat unorthodox views on the efficacy of infant baptism , was also deeply unsettling. Keble, Edward Bouverie Pusey , Newman, and others began to publish a series known as Tracts for the Times , which called

2244-571: The bishops, John Williams , who was convicted of various offences in Star Chamber . Contrary to Laud's expectation, Williams refused to resign as Bishop of Lincoln , and the Lords forced his release, after which Williams supported the impeachment of both Strafford (Wentworth) and Laud. Williams specifically urged the king not to commute Strafford's death sentence, and he was executed in 1641, months before Charles I promoted Williams to Archbishop of York (only to be re-imprisoned by Parliament and then join

2310-557: The church as inclusive as possible by opening its doors as widely as possible to admit other Christian viewpoints. Over time several of the leading lights of the Oxford Movement became Roman Catholics, following the path of John Henry Newman , one of the fathers of the Oxford Movement and, for a time, a high churchman himself. A lifelong High Churchman, the Reverend Edward Bouverie Pusey remained

2376-547: The church. In particular, it brought the insights of the Liturgical Movement into the life of the church. Its effects were so widespread that the Eucharist gradually became more central to worship , vestments became common, and numerous Roman Catholic practices were re-introduced into worship. This led to controversies within churches that resulted in court cases, as in the dispute about ritualism . Many of

2442-546: The concept of the Oxford Movement to argue for a return to traditional Confucianism in China . Defunct One of the principal writers and proponents of Tractarianism was John Henry Newman , a popular Oxford priest who, after writing his final tract, " Tract 90 ", became convinced that the Branch Theory was inadequate. Concerns that Tractarianism was disguised Roman Catholicism were not unfounded; Newman believed that

2508-661: The duke, a change that became clear around December 1624. Laud ascended rapidly to a position of influence in the period 1626 to 1628, advancing not alone but with a group of like-minded clerics who obtained bishoprics. In 1626 he was translated from St David's to be Bishop of Bath and Wells and in September that year he took the court position of Dean of the Chapel Royal , vacant by the death of Lancelot Andrewes . A few years later, in 1633, he became Archbishop of Canterbury, when George Abbot died. He immediately changed

2574-439: The early nineteenth century, many of the clergymen of the Church of England , particularly those in high office, saw themselves as latitudinarian (liberal). Conversely, many clergy in the parishes were Evangelicals , as a result of the revival led by John Wesley . Alongside this, the universities became the breeding ground for a movement to restore liturgical and devotional customs which borrowed deeply from traditions before

2640-579: The historic pre- schism Catholic Church. Tractarians argued for the inclusion of traditional aspects of liturgy from medieval religious practice, as they believed the church had become too "plain". In the final tract, " Tract 90 ", Newman argued that the doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church, as defined by the Council of Trent , were compatible with the Thirty-Nine Articles of the 16th-century Church of England. Newman's eventual reception into

2706-483: The imprint of the Holyrood Press. The main editor for many of these was Charles Marriott . A number of volumes of original Greek and Latin texts were also published. One of the main contributions that resulted from Tractarianism is the hymnbook entitled Hymns Ancient and Modern which was published in 1861. The Oxford Movement was criticised as being a mere " Romanising " tendency, but it began to influence

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2772-401: The just wage, the system of property renting, infant mortality and industrial conditions were debated. The more radical Catholic Crusade was a much smaller organisation than the Oxford Movement. Anglo-Catholicism – as this complex of ideas, styles and organisations became known – had a significant influence on global Anglicanism. Gu Hongming , an early twentieth-century Chinese author, used

2838-422: The king's blessing to renovate and improve the run-down building, but he offended his bishop, Miles Smith . Neile was Laud's consistent patron. Neile sought, but could not obtain, Laud's appointment as Dean of Westminster , a post that John Williams retained. But at the end of 1621, and despite the king's view of Laud as a troublemaker, Laud received the relatively unimportant see of St Davids . Laud became

2904-483: The king, disregarding special interests, and, particularly, legalistic prevarications. There were opponents at court: Richard Weston, 1st Earl of Portland , Francis Cottington, 1st Baron Cottington and Queen Henrietta Maria . Cottington observed that Laud could not keep his temper in Council meetings, and by 1637 Laud found he could not follow Wentworth in imagining their push for rigid policies would succeed. Laud

2970-496: The leadership of the High Church Archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud , (see Laudianism ), and government policy to curtail the growth of Protestant Dissent in England and the other possessions of the Crown. See, for example, the attempt to reimpose episcopacy on the Church of Scotland , a policy that was 'successful' until the reign of William and Mary, when the office of bishop was discontinued except among

3036-412: The marshal on the buttery-hatch of every College of my University, after the manner of discommoned pastry-cooks, and when in every part of the country and every class of society, through every organ and opportunity of opinion, in newspapers, in periodicals, at meetings, in pulpits, at dinner-tables, in coffee-rooms, in railway carriages, I was denounced as a traitor who had laid his train and was detected in

3102-485: The occasion; and who severely reprehended the future Primate of All England as "one who sought to sow discord among brethren, and between the Church of England and the Reformed Churches abroad". While he was an undergraduate, Laud's tutor was John Buckeridge , who became president of St John's College in 1605. Laud was ordained deacon on 4 January 1601 and priest on 5 April the same year. On 4 May 1603, he

3168-717: The political dangers of Puritanism, Laud saw the Calvinist movement's threat to the episcopacy . But the Puritans themselves felt threatened: the Counter-Reformation was succeeding abroad and Protestants were not winning the Thirty Years' War . In this climate, Laud's high church policy could be seen as sinister. A year after Laud's appointment as Archbishop of Canterbury, the ship Griffin left for America, carrying religious dissidents such as Anne Hutchinson ,

3234-515: The principle of apostolic succession. With a wide distribution and a price in pennies, the Tracts succeeded in drawing attention to the views of the Oxford Movement on points of doctrine, but also to its overall approach, to the extent that Tractarian became a synonym for supporter of the movement. The Tractarians postulated the Branch Theory , which states that Anglicanism, along with Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism, form three "branches" of

3300-569: The queen of Bohemia that Laud was 'very just, incorrupt...a rare counsellor for integrity'. Emeritus Professor at Cambridge, Patrick Collinson , an expert in Elizabethan Puritans , in 1980 published this rebuke of Laud in his book on the decades until 1625: "the greatest calamity ever visited upon the English Church". In September 2016, following King's School, Gloucester , Reading School named their newest students' division Laud House after him. The pun "give great praise to

3366-614: The reign of King James I , there were attempts to diminish the growth of party feeling within the Church of England, and indeed to reconcile to the Church moderate Puritans who did not already conform to the Established Church or who had left the Church in recent years. The project to create the Authorized Version of the Bible was one such attempt at reconciliation. The continued use of the King James version of

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3432-421: The royal prerogative, especially in matters of taxation. His strong positions were the focus of attack during his trial in 1644. When Wentworth was posted to Ireland in 1632, Laud brought his personal correspondence from him rapidly to the king's attention. It is in this correspondence, in 1633, that the term " Thorough " appears. In practical terms it meant the pursuit of ambitious policy objectives, on behalf of

3498-631: The same time, the Stuart dynasty was expected to maintain its adherence to Anglicanism. This became an important issue for the High Church party and it was to disturb the Restoration Settlement under Charles II's brother, King James II, a convert to Roman Catholicism, and lead to setbacks for the High Church party. These events culminated in the Glorious Revolution and the exclusion of the Catholic Stuarts from

3564-677: The separation of Anglicans (the Established Church) from the majority of Protestant Nonconformists , who by this time included the Methodists as well as adherents of older Protestant denominations like Baptists , Congregationalists , and Presbyterians known by the group term Old Dissent . In contrast to the Old High Church's alliance with the Tories , Anglo-Catholicism became increasingly associated with socialism ,

3630-610: The small minority of Scots who belonged to the Scottish Episcopal Church. In the wake of the disestablishment of Anglicanism and the persecution of Anglican beliefs and practices under the Commonwealth , the return of the Anglican party to power in the Cavalier Parliament saw a strong revival of the High Church position in the English body politic. Victorious after a generation of struggle,

3696-418: The spiritual father of the Oxford Movement who remained a priest in the Church of England. To a lesser extent, looking back from the 19th century, the term high church also came to be associated with the beliefs of the Caroline divines and with the pietistic emphases of the period, practised by the Little Gidding community , such as fasting and lengthy preparations before receiving the Eucharist . During

3762-471: The spring of 1644, he was brought to trial which ended without a verdict: as with Strafford, it proved impossible to point to any specific action seen as treasonable. Parliament took up the issue and eventually passed a bill of attainder , under which Laud was beheaded on Tower Hill on 10 January 1645, notwithstanding being granted a royal pardon. As the common hangman of London, Richard Brandon carried out Laud's execution, just as he had, in May 1641, of

3828-437: The theory and practice of Anglicanism more broadly, spreading to cities such as Bristol during the 1840s-50s. The Oxford Movement was also criticised as both secretive and collusive. The Oxford Movement resulted in the establishment of Anglican religious orders , both of men and of women. It incorporated ideas and practices related to the practice of liturgy and ceremony to incorporate more powerful emotional symbolism in

3894-417: The very act of firing it against the time-honoured Establishment. Newman was one of a number of Anglican clergy who were received into the Roman Catholic Church during the 1840s who were either members of, or were influenced by, Tractarianism. Other people influenced by Tractarianism who became Roman Catholics included: William Laud William Laud ( LAWD ; 7 October 1573 – 10 January 1645)

3960-463: Was a bishop in the Church of England . Appointed Archbishop of Canterbury by Charles I in 1633, Laud was a key advocate of Charles I's religious reforms ; he was arrested by Parliament in 1640 and executed towards the end of the First English Civil War in January 1645. Laud believed in episcopalianism , or rule by bishops. " Laudianism " was a reform movement that emphasised liturgical ceremony and clerical hierarchy, enforcing uniformity within

4026-405: Was almost 60 years old when he became archbishop and, having waited for a decade to replace George Abbot, was no longer prepared to compromise on any aspect of his policy. Abbot's chaplains had licensed Histriomastix for publication in 1630; the book which attacked English theatre and Christmas celebrations, among others, had caused scandal when it appeared in late 1632. One of Laud's early moves

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4092-510: Was also the Age of Reason , which marked a period of great spiritual somnolence and stultification in the Church of England. Thus, by the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th, those liturgical practices prevalent even in High Church circles were not of the same tenor as those later found under the Catholic revival of the 19th century. High Church clergy and laity were often termed high and dry , in reference to their traditional high attitude with regard to political position of

4158-435: Was convicted of seditious libel along with John Bastwick and Henry Burton , and had their ears cropped and faces branded. Prynne reinterpreted the "SL" ("Seditious Libeller") branded on his forehead as " Stigmata Laudis". This led to popular discontent, particularly in London, and in May 1640 a large armed mob and attacking Lambeth Palace in the hope of capturing the Archbishop. Laud also moved to silence his critic among

4224-402: Was one of the university proctors for the year. When Buckeridge left St John's in 1611, Laud succeeded him as president, but only after a hard patronage struggle reaching high circles at court. The rival candidate, John Rawlinson , was chaplain to Lord Ellesmere , who was both chancellor of the university and Lord Chancellor of England. Laud was chaplain to Richard Neile , who was Clerk of

4290-451: Was taught by Thomas Holland . In 1593 he became a fellow of the college. He graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1594, Master of Arts in 1598 and Doctor of Divinity in 1608. When Laud was going through his exercises as a candidate for the degree of Bachelor in Divinity, in 1604, he contended "that there could be no true churches without diocesan episcopacy". For this the young aspirant was sharply and publicly rebuked by Holland, who presided on

4356-429: Was to bring in his own men as censors: Samuel Baker (who was chaplain to William Juxon ), William Bray and Matthew Weeks. The operations of the censors, including William Haywood who joined them, became a focus of the Long Parliament as soon as it was convened in November 1640, and Laud ultimately had to answer for Haywood at his own trial. Whereas Wentworth (who became the Earl of Strafford in early 1640) saw

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