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86-506: The High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program ( HAARP ) is a University of Alaska Fairbanks program which researches the ionosphere – the highest, ionized part of Earth's atmosphere . The most prominent instrument at HAARP is the Ionospheric Research Instrument (IRI), a high-power radio frequency transmitter facility operating in the high frequency (HF) band. The IRI is used to temporarily excite

172-682: A Twitter post, suggested that presidential candidate Nikki Haley was using HAARP to conjure up a mid-January blizzard in Iowa in order to hurt fellow candidate Donald Trump 's chances in the Iowa caucuses . Following the widespread visibility of the aurora borealis over much of the Northern Hemisphere in May and again in October 2024, conspiracy theorists promoted HAARP as the true cause of

258-624: A "massive arsenal" that included AR-15 rifles, Glock handguns, a Remington rifle and thousands of rounds of ammunition. According to police, the men wanted to destroy HAARP because they believed the facility manipulates the weather, controls minds and even traps the souls of people. Police say the men confessed that "God told them to go and blow this machine up that kept souls, so souls could be released." Stanford University professor Umran Inan told Popular Science that weather-control conspiracy theories were "completely uninformed," explaining that "there's absolutely nothing we can do to disturb

344-457: A bluff overlooking the lower Chena River valley. The ridge, which the indigenous Athabaskan people called Troth Yeddha' , soon became known as College Hill. Charles E. Bunnell was appointed the university's chief executive and served the university for 28 years. Classes began at the new institution on September 18, 1922. It offered 16 different courses to a student body of six (at a ratio of one faculty member per student) on opening day. In 1923,

430-528: A global concern and (the European Parliament) calls for its legal, ecological and ethical implications to be examined by an international independent body before any further research and testing." Two Georgia men arrested on drug charges in November 2016 were reportedly plotting domestic terrorism based on conspiracy theories about HAARP. The Coffee County Sheriff's Office said the men possessed

516-544: A limited area of the ionosphere . Other instruments, such as a VHF and a UHF radar , a fluxgate magnetometer , a digisonde (an ionospheric sounding device), and an induction magnetometer, are used to study the physical processes that occur in the excited region. Work on the HAARP facility began in 1993. Initially HAARP was jointly funded by the U.S. Air Force , the U.S. Navy , the University of Alaska Fairbanks, and

602-491: A peak at ~300 km, and then falling off again as the atmosphere disappears entirely by ~1,000 km. Various aspects of HAARP can study all of the main layers of the ionosphere. The profile of the ionosphere is highly variable, changing constantly on timescales of minutes, hours, days, seasons, and years. This profile becomes even more complex near Earth's magnetic poles, where the nearly vertical alignment and intensity of Earth's magnetic field can cause physical effects like

688-502: A process to move these stations to UHF bands to free up valuable VHF spectrum for its original purpose of FM radio. In addition, by 1985 the federal government decided new TV stations are to be broadcast on the UHF band. Two new VHF channels, 9A and 12, have since been made available and are being used primarily for digital services (e.g. ABC in capital cities) but also for some new analogue services in regional areas. Because channel 9A

774-669: A proposed transmitter station. VHF is the first band at which wavelengths are small enough that efficient transmitting antennas are short enough to mount on vehicles and handheld devices, a quarter wave whip antenna at VHF frequencies is 25 cm to 2.5 meter (10 inches to 8 feet) long. So the VHF and UHF wavelengths are used for two-way radios in vehicles, aircraft, and handheld transceivers and walkie-talkies . Portable radios usually use whips or rubber ducky antennas , while base stations usually use larger fiberglass whips or collinear arrays of vertical dipoles. For directional antennas,

860-515: A result, FM radio receivers such as those found in automobiles which are designed to tune into this frequency range could receive the audio for analog-mode programming on the local TV channel 6 while in North America. The practice largely ended with the DTV transition in 2009, although some still exist. The FM broadcast channel at 87.9 MHz is normally off-limits for FM audio broadcasting; it

946-460: A wide range of both civilian and military uses, such as an increased accuracy of GPS navigation and advances in underwater and underground research and applications. This may lead, among other things, to improved methods for submarine communication or an ability to remotely sense and map the mineral content of the terrestrial subsurface, and perhaps underground complexes, of regions or countries. The current facility lacks range to be used in regions like

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1032-528: Is a radio band which, in most of the world, is used for FM broadcasting . In North America , however, this bandwidth is allocated to VHF television channel 6 (82–88 MHz). The analog audio for TV channel 6 is broadcast at 87.75 MHz (adjustable down to 87.74). Several stations, known as Frankenstations , most notably those joining the Pulse 87 franchise, have operated on this frequency as radio stations, though they use television licenses. As

1118-516: Is a secret weapon system. In 1998, the two MEPs, convinced by Begich's theory that HAARP poses a threat to the environment, decided to write a report in which they interviewed only two people — Begich and Rosalie Bertell, head of a Canadian association which also supports the conspiracy theory of chemtrails — the invited representatives of the United States and NATO did not respond. It is on the basis of these two testimonies alone, in which Begich

1204-468: Is anywhere within 30° of zenith . The HAARP project directs a 3.6  M W signal, in the 2.8–10  MHz region of the HF band , into the ionosphere . The signal may be pulsed or continuous. Effects of the transmission and any recovery period can be examined using associated instrumentation, including VHF and UHF radars , HF receivers, and optical cameras. According to the HAARP team, this will advance

1290-451: Is capable of weather manipulation . Commentators and scientists say that advocates of this and other conspiracy theories are wrong, as claims made fall well outside the abilities of the facility, if not the scope of natural science. The High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program began in 1990. Ted Stevens , Republican U.S. senator from Alaska, helped win approval for the facility, and construction began in 1993. In early May 2013, HAARP

1376-502: Is capable of transmitting 190 MW ERP. HAARP is the subject of numerous conspiracy theories . Various individuals have speculated about hidden motivations and capabilities of the project. For example, Rosalie Bertell warned in 1996 about the deployment of HAARP as a military weapon. Michel Chossudovsky stated in a book published by the Committee on Monetary and Economic Reform that "recent scientific evidence suggests that HAARP

1462-471: Is described as a doctor without having any qualification, that a report by the European Parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs, Security and Defense Policy relating to the environment, security and foreign policy takes up these assertions and adopts a resolution indicating that "HAARP (High Frequency Active Auroral Research Project) by virtue of its far-reaching impact on the environment to be

1548-530: Is fully operational and has the capability of triggering floods , hurricanes , droughts and earthquakes ." Over time, HAARP has been blamed for generating such catastrophes, as well as thunderstorms , in Iran , Pakistan , Haiti , Turkey , Greece and the Philippines , and even major power outages , the downing of TWA Flight 800 , Gulf War syndrome , and chronic fatigue syndrome . Allegations include

1634-558: Is less of a problem in this and higher frequency bands than at lower frequencies. The VHF band is the first band at which efficient transmitting antennas are small enough that they can be mounted on vehicles and portable devices, so the band is used for two-way land mobile radio systems , such as walkie-talkies , and two way radio communication with aircraft ( Airband ) and ships ( marine radio ). Occasionally, when conditions are right, VHF waves can travel long distances by tropospheric ducting due to refraction by temperature gradients in

1720-559: Is less than 3 μW/cm, tens of thousands of times less than the Sun's natural electromagnetic radiation reaching the Earth and hundreds of times less than even the normal random variations in intensity of the Sun's natural ultraviolet (UV) energy which creates the ionosphere. The small effects that are produced can be observed with the sensitive scientific instruments installed at the HAARP facility. These observations can provide information about

1806-503: Is north of Gakona , Alaska just west of Wrangell-Saint Elias National Park . An environmental impact statement led to permission for an array of up to 180 antennas to be erected. HAARP was constructed at the previous site of an over-the-horizon radar (OTH) installation. A large structure, built to house the OTH now houses the HAARP control room, kitchen and offices. Several other small structures house various instruments. The HAARP site

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1892-469: Is not used for television services in or near Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide or Perth, digital radio in those cities are broadcast on DAB frequencies blocks 9A, 9B and 9C. VHF radio is also used for marine Radio as per its long-distance reachability comparing UHF frequencies. Example allocation of VHF–UHF frequencies: Until 2013, the four main free-to-air TV stations in New Zealand used

1978-419: Is offered year-round. All halls are smoke-free, as is the entire campus. Each hall has a kitchen, laundry facility, exterior door hall access system and maintenance services. The halls vary from each other slightly to suit different preferences of the student population. Additional housing locations on campus are available to graduates, families, employees and nontraditional students. The Associated Students of

2064-549: Is reserved for displaced class D stations which have no other frequencies in the normal 88.1–107.9 MHz subband to move to. So far, only two stations have qualified to operate on 87.9 MHz: 10–watt KSFH in Mountain View, California and 34–watt translator K200AA in Sun Valley, Nevada . In some countries, particularly the United States and Canada, limited low-power license-free operation

2150-544: Is the ITU designation for the range of radio frequency electromagnetic waves ( radio waves ) from 30 to 300 megahertz (MHz), with corresponding wavelengths of ten meters to one meter. Frequencies immediately below VHF are denoted high frequency (HF), and the next higher frequencies are known as ultra high frequency (UHF). VHF radio waves propagate mainly by line-of-sight , so they are blocked by hills and mountains, although due to refraction they can travel somewhat beyond

2236-476: Is the Ionospheric Research Instrument (IRI). This is a high-power, high-frequency phased array radio transmitter with a set of 180 antennas , disposed in an array of 12×15 units that occupy a rectangle of about 30–40 acres (12–16 hectares). The IRI is used to temporarily energize a small portion of the ionosphere . The study of these disturbed volumes yields important information for understanding natural ionospheric processes. During active ionospheric research,

2322-493: The 2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference , known as "COP 27", sparking conspiracies as well as many fantasies, and speaking also about geo-engineering . Following the recent 2023 earthquakes in Turkey and Syria , this project, including that of "Blue Beam", has also been accused of having caused earthquakes, giving rise to numerous conspiracy theories. On January 11, 2024, far-right conspiracy theorist Laura Loomer , in

2408-648: The Alaska Native Language Center , Alaska Sea Grant , the University of Alaska Museum of the North, UAF Cooperative Extension Service , and the Alaska Native Knowledge Network. The University of Alaska Foundation also publishes books. Serial publications include: The student newspaper is titled The Sun Star , formed after the merger of The Polar Star , an independent student paper, and The Northern Sun ,

2494-559: The Brotherhood of Mutants to HAARP. The facility is significantly different from its real life counterpart, with snowy valleys around it and vast icy tunnels below. It is guarded by an extensive security force, including armed guards and tanks. The X-Men eventually locate the Brotherhood and learn that sensitive information, including the location of Magneto 's imprisonment, is kept in the HAARP computers. Season 1, episode 11, of

2580-528: The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). It was designed and built by BAE Advanced Technologies . Its original purpose was to analyze the ionosphere and investigate the potential for developing ionospheric enhancement technology for radio communications and surveillance. Since 2015 it has been operated by the University of Alaska Fairbanks. The current working IRI was completed in 2007; its prime contractor

2666-707: The Great Northwest Athletic Conference , while the women's swim team is a member of the Pacific Collegiate Swimming Conference (PCSC), and the men's and women's Nordic skiing teams are members of the Rocky Mountain Intercollegiate Ski Association (RMISA). The men's basketball team, women's basketball team, and women's volleyball team play home games in the 1,622-seat Patty Center. Due to its isolation from

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2752-643: The HF band there is only some reflection at lower frequencies from the ionosphere ( skywave propagation). They do not follow the contour of the Earth as ground waves and so are blocked by hills and mountains, although because they are weakly refracted (bent) by the atmosphere they can travel somewhat beyond the visual horizon out to about 160 km (100 miles). They can penetrate building walls and be received indoors, although in urban areas reflections from buildings cause multipath propagation , which can interfere with television reception. Atmospheric radio noise and interference ( RFI ) from electrical equipment

2838-596: The Lower 48 and the lack of a dome to protect against the harsh elements, Alaska does not have a football program, as is true for all three branches of the University of Alaska. Since the UAF athletics program was operating at a financial deficit, a new student fee was initiated in 2008. This fee charges UAF students $ 10 per credit hour they are enrolled in, up to a maximum of $ 120 per semester. The fee grants students free admission to select UAF athletic events. In fiscal year 2010,

2924-613: The NCAA Division I level in hockey as an Independent . The Nanooks play home games at the 4,500-seat Carlson Center , located in downtown Fairbanks. The Alaska Nanooks also have a Division II rifle team which has won 11 NCAA National Rifle Championships (1994, 1999–2004, 2006–2008, 2023). The rifle team is a member of the Patriot Rifle Conference . The men's and women's basketball, cross country running, and women's volleyball teams are Division II members of

3010-809: The Philadelphia Experiment . In December 2023, an in-game map inspired and named after HAARP was added to Team Fortress 2 . Videos 62°23′30″N 145°09′00″W  /  62.39167°N 145.15000°W  / 62.39167; -145.15000 University of Alaska Fairbanks UAF is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity." In addition to the Fairbanks Troth Yeddha' campus, UAF encompasses six rural and urban campuses: Bristol Bay Campus in Dillingham ; Chukchi Campus in Kotzebue ;

3096-554: The U.S. Congress approved legislation that reserved about 2,250 acres of land for a campus around the research station. It also allowed the federal government to give the college land that had been surveyed and unclaimed in the Tanana Valley ; the proceeds from the sale and development were supposed to help fund the operation of the college. However, because most of the land in Tanana Valley remained unsurveyed for years,

3182-619: The Yagi antenna is the most widely used as a high gain or "beam" antenna. For television reception, the Yagi is used, as well as the log-periodic antenna due to its wider bandwidth. Helical and turnstile antennas are used for satellite communication since they employ circular polarization . For even higher gain, multiple Yagis or helicals can be mounted together to make array antennas . Vertical collinear arrays of dipoles can be used to make high gain omnidirectional antennas , in which more of

3268-423: The atmosphere , termed the ionosphere . Essentially a transition between the atmosphere and the magnetosphere , the ionosphere is where the atmosphere is thin enough that the Sun's X-rays and UV rays can reach it, but thick enough that there are enough molecules present to absorb those rays. Consequently, the ionosphere consists of a rapid increase in density of free electrons, beginning at ~ 70 km, reaching

3354-597: The visual horizon out to about 160 km (100 miles). Common uses for radio waves in the VHF band are Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) and FM radio broadcasting, television broadcasting , two-way land mobile radio systems (emergency, business, private use and military), long range data communication up to several tens of kilometers with radio modems , amateur radio , and marine communications . Air traffic control communications and air navigation systems (e.g. VOR and ILS ) work at distances of 100 kilometres (62 miles) or more to aircraft at cruising altitude. In

3440-435: The 10 VHF channels were insufficient to support the growth of television services. This was rectified by the addition of three additional frequencies-channels 0, 5A and 11. Older television sets using rotary dial tuners required adjustment to receive these new channels. Most TVs of that era were not equipped to receive these broadcasts, and so were modified at the owners' expense to be able to tune into these bands; otherwise

3526-541: The 625-line colour signal), with the exception of BBC2 (which had always broadcast solely on UHF). The last British VHF TV transmitters closed down on January 3, 1985. VHF band III is now used in the UK for digital audio broadcasting , and VHF band II is used for FM radio , as it is in most of the world. Unusually, the UK has an amateur radio allocation at 4 metres , 70–70.5 MHz. Frequency assignments between US and Canadian users are closely coordinated since much of

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3612-458: The Americas and many other parts of the world, VHF Band I was used for the transmission of analog television . As part of the worldwide transition to digital terrestrial television most countries require broadcasters to air television in the VHF range using digital, rather than analog encoding. Radio waves in the VHF band propagate mainly by line-of-sight and ground-bounce paths; unlike in

3698-557: The Canadian population is within VHF radio range of the US border. Certain discrete frequencies are reserved for radio astronomy . The general services in the VHF band are: Cable television , though not transmitted aerially, uses a spectrum of frequencies overlapping VHF. The U.S. FCC allocated television broadcasting to a channelized roster as early as 1938 with 19 channels. That changed three more times: in 1940 when Channel 19

3784-418: The Earth's [weather] systems. Even though the power HAARP radiates is very large, it's minuscule compared with the power of a lightning flash—and there are 50 to 100 lightning flashes every second. HAARP's intensity is very small." Computer scientist David Naiditch characterizes HAARP as "a magnet for conspiracy theorists," saying that HAARP attracts their attention because, "its purpose seems deeply mysterious to

3870-775: The Fairbanks-based Interior Alaska Campus, which serves the state's rural Interior; Kuskokwim Campus in Bethel ; Northwest Campus in Nome ; and the UAF Community and Technical College , with headquarters in downtown Fairbanks. UAF is also the home of UAF eCampus, which offers fully online programs. In fall 2017, UAF enrolled 8,720 students. Of those students, 58% were female and 41% were male; 87.8% were undergraduates, and 12.2% were graduate students. As of May 2018, 1,352 students had graduated during

3956-514: The IRI is limited by more than a factor of 10 at its lower operating frequencies. Much of this is due to higher antenna losses and a less efficient antenna pattern. The IRI can transmit between 2.7 and 10 MHz, a frequency range that lies above the AM radio broadcast band and well below Citizens' Band frequency allocations. HAARP is licensed to transmit only in certain segments of this frequency range. When

4042-413: The IRI is transmitting, the bandwidth of the transmitted signal is 100 kHz or less. The IRI can transmit in continuous waves (CW) or in pulses as short as 10 microseconds (μs). CW transmission is generally used for ionospheric modification, while transmission in short pulses frequently repeated is used as a radar system. Researchers can run experiments that use both modes of transmission, first modifying

4128-524: The UPN TV series Seven Days was titled "HAARP Attack". It was broadcast on January 27, 1999. The HAARP facility is briefly mentioned in the lore of the game Project Zomboid , a zombie survival game set in a fictionalised Knox County, Kentucky in 1993. HAARP is mentioned in the collectable home VHS tape "conspiracy crap???", equating it to other "lies" the US Military has made regarding UFOs and

4214-629: The University of Alaska Fairbanks ( ASUAF ) is the representative group for students attending UAF. Fairbanks, CTC, and eCampus student pay $ 53 per credit in Consolidated Fees, students at rural campuses pay $ 21 per credit; ASUAF receives 2.2% of Consolidated Fee revenue. ASUAF holds general elections each semester. As per the ASUAF Constitution, there is a president, a vice president and no more than 16 senators, all of whom must be in good academic standing (2.0+ CGPA). Senators,

4300-471: The VHF television bands ( Band I and Band III ) to transmit to New Zealand households. Other stations, including a variety of pay and regional free-to-air stations, were forced to broadcast in the UHF band, since the VHF band had been very overloaded with four stations sharing a very small frequency band, which was so overcrowded that one or more channels would not be available in some smaller towns. However, at

4386-460: The antenna's power is radiated in horizontal directions. Television and FM broadcasting stations use collinear arrays of specialized dipole antennas such as batwing antennas . Certain subparts of the VHF band have the same use around the world. Some national uses are detailed below. The VHF TV band in Australia was originally allocated channels 1 to 10-with channels 2, 7 and 9 assigned for

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4472-427: The atmosphere. VHF transmission range is a function of transmitter power, receiver sensitivity, and distance to the horizon, since VHF signals propagate under normal conditions as a near line-of-sight phenomenon. The distance to the radio horizon is slightly extended over the geometric line of sight to the horizon, as radio waves are weakly bent back toward the Earth by the atmosphere. An approximation to calculate

4558-454: The aurora . The ionosphere is traditionally very difficult to measure. Balloons cannot reach it because the air is too thin, but satellites cannot orbit there because the air is too thick. Hence, most experiments on the ionosphere give only small pieces of information. HAARP approaches the study of the ionosphere by following in the footsteps of an ionospheric heater called EISCAT near Tromsø , Norway. There, scientists pioneered exploration of

4644-456: The college only received 12,000 acres. In 1929, Congress attempted to remedy the situation by granting the college an additional 100,000 acres anywhere in Alaska, but those rights were extinguished in 1959 when Alaska became a state. Four months after Congress approved the legislation for the campus land in 1915, a cornerstone for the college was laid by Territorial Delegate James Wickersham on

4730-457: The department was able to meet financial obligations without additional year-end funding for the first time. The department has increased scholarships for women by 95% since 2005, and was recognized by The Chronicle of Higher Education for Title IX compliance in an article titled "Turnaround Stories." There are several book publishers at UAF, including the University of Alaska Press ,

4816-468: The dynamics of plasmas and insight into the processes of solar-terrestrial interactions. Each antenna element consists of a crossed dipole that can be polarized for linear, ordinary mode (O-mode), or extraordinary mode (X-mode) transmission and reception. Each part of the two section crossed dipoles is individually fed from a specially designed, custom-built transmitter that operates at very low distortion levels. The effective radiated power (ERP) of

4902-473: The end of 2013 , all television channels stopped broadcasting on the VHF bands, as New Zealand moved to digital television broadcasting, requiring all stations to either broadcast on UHF or satellite (where UHF was unavailable) utilising the Freeview service. Refer to Australasian television frequencies for more information. British television originally used VHF band I and band III . Television on VHF

4988-404: The entire facility. In addition, scientific results obtained using HAARP are routinely published in major research journals (such as Geophysical Research Letters and Journal of Geophysical Research ), written both by university scientists (American and foreign) and by U.S. Department of Defense research lab scientists. HAARP's main goal is basic science research in the uppermost portion of

5074-522: The event. HAARP gave rise to a live album by the rock band Muse and became the theme of novels like La Route de Gakona by Jean-Paul Jody  [ Wikidata ] . HAARP is the key plot point in Breaking Point of Tom Clancy's Net Force (2000), where it is used to induce group madness. The HAARP facility appears in the 2004 video game X-Men Legends . In the game, the X-Men track

5160-433: The facility and its equipment was turned over to the University of Alaska Fairbanks, which is making the facilities available for researchers on a pay-per-use basis. HAARP began operating in 1999 as a 6 × 8 (= 48) antenna array at 0.96 MW, expanding in 2007 to a 12 × 15 (=180) array of 180 antennas with 360 radio transmitters at 9.6 MW. It covers 14 ha near Gakona , about 250 km northeast of Anchorage . Its beam direction

5246-661: The first commencement produced one graduate, John Sexton Shanly . In 1935, the Alaska Legislature passed a bill that officially changed the name of the college to the University of Alaska . When William R. Wood became the university's president in 1960, he divided the academic departments of the university into six select colleges: Arts and Letters; Behavioral Sciences and Education; Biological Sciences and Renewable Resources; Business, Economics, and Government; Earth Sciences and Mineral Industry; and Mathematics, Physical Sciences, and Engineering. From that point on, both

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5332-603: The following: In 1995, Elisabeth Rehn , Finnish Member of the European Parliament , tabled a motion for a resolution on the potential use of military-related resources for environmental strategies. The proposal is referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, Security and Defense Policy for substantive consideration. Magda Aelvoet , Belgian MEP and President of the Green Group , becomes convinced that HAARP

5418-541: The immediately preceding summer, fall, and spring semesters. The University of Alaska Fairbanks was established in 1917 as the Alaska Agricultural College and School of Mines , but its origins lie in the creation of a federal agricultural experiment station in Fairbanks in 1906. The station set the tone for the strongly research-oriented university that developed later. In the spring of 1915,

5504-565: The initial services in Sydney and Melbourne , and later the same channels were assigned in Brisbane , Adelaide and Perth . Other capital cities and regional areas used a combination of these and other frequencies as available. The initial commercial services in Hobart and Darwin were respectively allocated channels 6 and 8 rather than 7 or 9. By the early 1960s it became apparent that

5590-502: The ionosphere by perturbing it with radio waves in the 2–10 MHz range, and studying how the ionosphere reacts. HAARP performs the same functions but with more power and a more flexible and agile HF beam. Some of the main capabilities of HAARP include: Research at the HAARP has included: Research conducted at the HAARP facility has allowed the US military to perfect communications with its fleet of submarines by sending radio signals over long distances. The main instrument at HAARP

5676-493: The ionosphere for a predetermined amount of time, then measuring the decay of modification effects with pulsed transmissions. There are other geophysical instruments for research located at the HAARP facility. Some of them are: The facility is powered by a set of five 2500 kilowatt generators being driven by EMD 20-645-E4 diesel locomotive engines . The project site ( 62°23′30″N 145°09′03″W  /  62.39167°N 145.15083°W  / 62.39167; -145.15083 )

5762-769: The journalism department's student newspaper. The Fine Arts Complex hosts the Charles Davis Concert Hall, the Lee H. Salisbury Theatre and the Eva McGown Music Room. The building is also home to the UAF Art Gallery, which is used for student art shows, thesis shows and faculty shows. The Reichardt Building was completed in 1994 is a three-story 117,435-square-foot steel-frame structure that features an extensive artwork collection. Very high frequency Very high frequency ( VHF )

5848-408: The line-of-sight horizon distance (on Earth) is: These approximations are only valid for antennas at heights that are small compared to the radius of the Earth. They may not necessarily be accurate in mountainous areas, since the landscape may not be transparent enough for radio waves. In engineered communications systems, more complex calculations are required to assess the probable coverage area of

5934-512: The oil-rich Middle East, according to one of the researchers involved, but the technology could be put on a mobile platform. The project was originally funded by the Office of Naval Research and jointly managed by the ONR and Air Force Research Laboratory , with principal involvement of the University of Alaska Fairbanks; other US universities and educational institutions involved in the development of

6020-574: The owner had to buy a new TV. Several TV stations were allocated to VHF channels 3, 4 and 5, which were within the FM radio bands although not yet used for that purpose. A couple of notable examples were NBN-3 Newcastle , WIN-4 Wollongong and ABC Newcastle on channel 5. While some Channel 5 stations were moved to 5A in the 1970s and 80s, beginning in the 1990s, the Australian Broadcasting Authority began

6106-526: The president and the vice president have terms of one full academic year. University of Alaska Fairbanks sports teams are the Alaska Nanooks , with the word Nanook derived from the Inupiaq word for "polar bear." Though often known as UAF within the state, the university prefers to be called simply "Alaska" for athletics purposes. The school colors are blue and gold. The Alaska Nanooks compete at

6192-440: The project and its instruments include Stanford University , Penn State University (ARL), Boston College , UCLA , Clemson University , Dartmouth College , Cornell University , Johns Hopkins University , University of Maryland, College Park , University of Massachusetts Amherst , MIT , Polytechnic Institute of New York University , Virginia Tech and the University of Tulsa . The project's specifications were developed by

6278-473: The region of Alaska where the HAARP site is located, was reportedly in talks to take over the facility administration contract from Marsh Creek, LLC. In May 2014, the Air Force announced that the HAARP program would be shut down later in 2014. While experiments ended in the summer of 2014, the complete shutdown and dismantling of the facility was postponed until at least May 2015. In mid-August 2015 control of

6364-493: The same way as other federally funded research facilities around the country, and it doesn't go to great efforts to explain the importance of its research to the public." In 2016, in response to these claims, the University of Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute , which manages the facility, announced that HAARP will host an annual open house in August, allowing visitors to tour the complex. This project resurfaced again during

6450-571: The scientifically uninformed." Journalist Sharon Weinberger called HAARP "the Moby Dick of conspiracy theories," and said the popularity of conspiracy theories often overshadows the benefits HAARP may provide to the scientific community. Austin Baird writing in the Alaska Dispatch said, "What makes HAARP susceptible to conspiracy criticism is simple. The facility doesn't open its doors in

6536-399: The signal generated by the transmitter system is delivered to the antenna array and transmitted in an upward direction. At an altitude between 70 and 350 km (43 and 217 mi) (depending on operating frequency), the signal is partially absorbed in a small volume several tens of kilometers in diameter and a few meters thick over the IRI. The intensity of the HF signal in the ionosphere

6622-412: The study of basic natural processes that occur in the ionosphere under the natural but much stronger influence of solar interaction. HAARP also enables studies of how the natural ionosphere affects radio signals. The insights gleaned at HAARP will enable scientists to develop methods to mitigate these effects to improve the reliability or performance of communication and navigation systems which would have

6708-495: The universities, who continued to play a major role in the design of future research efforts. According to HAARP's original management, the project strove for openness, and all activities were logged and publicly available, a practice which continues under the University of Alaska Fairbanks. Scientists without security clearances, even foreign nationals, were routinely allowed on site, which also continues today. HAARP hosts an open house annually, during which time any civilian can tour

6794-519: The university's student population and research mission grew tremendously. With the appointment of Chancellor Howard A. Cutler in 1975, the University of Alaska became the University of Alaska Fairbanks . It was, and still is, the primary research unit of the statewide university system. The two other primary UA institutions are the University of Alaska Anchorage and the University of Alaska Southeast in Juneau. The Alaska Constitutional Convention

6880-444: Was BAE Systems Advanced Technologies . As of 2008, HAARP had incurred around $ 250 million in tax-funded construction and operating costs. In May 2014, it was announced that the HAARP program would be permanently shut down later in the year. After discussions between the parties, ownership of the facility was transferred to the University of Alaska Fairbanks in August 2015. HAARP is a target of conspiracy theorists , who claim that it

6966-810: Was constructed in three distinct phases: In the United States, there have been two related ionospheric heating facilities: the HIPAS , near Fairbanks, Alaska , which was dismantled in 2009, and one at the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico , which collapsed in 2020. The European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association (EISCAT) operates an ionospheric heating facility capable of transmitting over 1 GW effective radiated power (ERP), near Tromsø , Norway . The Sura Ionospheric Heating Facility , in Vasilsursk , Russia , near Nizhniy Novgorod ,

7052-646: Was created in 1983 and provides additional opportunities for students to prepare for professional school admission. Students complete core curriculum courses for their degrees in the Honors Program, maintain at least a 3.25 grade-point average in all courses, and complete a thesis project. UAF is Alaska's primary research university, conducting more than 90% of UA system research. Research activities are organized into several institutes and centers, some of which are listed: UAF has several student residence halls on both lower and middle Fairbanks campus. Housing

7138-406: Was deleted and several channels changed frequencies, then in 1946 with television going from 18 channels to 13 channels, again with different frequencies, and finally in 1948 with the removal of Channel 1 (analog channels 2–13 remain as they were, even on cable television ). Channels 14–19 later appeared on the UHF band, while channel 1 remains unused. 87.5–87.9 MHz

7224-701: Was held in the freshly constructed Student Union Building on the Fairbanks campus from November 1955 to February 1956. While the convention progressed, the building became known as Constitution Hall , where the 55 delegates drafted the legal foundation of the 49th state. The campus' old library and gymnasium was renamed Signers' Hall after the Alaska Constitution was signed there in February 1956. UAF has nine academic schools and colleges: There are 190 different degree and certificate programs available in more than 120 disciplines. The UAF Honors College

7310-399: Was in black and white with 405-line format (although there were experiments with all three colour systems- NTSC , PAL , and SECAM -adapted for the 405-line system in the late 1950s and early 1960s). British colour television was broadcast on UHF (channels 21–69), beginning in the late 1960s. From then on, TV was broadcast on both VHF and UHF (VHF being a monochromatic downconversion from

7396-495: Was temporarily shut down, awaiting a change between contractors to operate the facility. In July 2013, HAARP program manager James Keeney said, " Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is expected on site as a client to finish up some research in fall 2013 and winter 2014." The temporary shutdown was described as being due to "a contractor regime change." Ahtna, Incorporated , the Alaska Native corporation serving

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