Project stakeholders are persons or entities who have an interest in a given project . According to the Project Management Institute (PMI), the term project stakeholder refers to "an individual, group, or organization , who may affect, be affected by, or perceive itself to be affected by a decision , activity , or outcome of a project, program , or portfolio. ISO 21500 uses a similar definition.
15-460: The High Order Language Working Group (HOLWG) was a working group instrumental in developing the Ada computer programming language . The group was established in 1975 with the goal of establishing a single high-level programming language appropriate for United States Department of Defense (DoD) real-time embedded computer systems. Colonel William A. Whitaker chaired the group. The group
30-504: A group decision. Examples of common goals for working groups include: The nature of the working group may depend on the group's raison d’être – which may be technical, artistic (specifically musical), or administrative in nature. These working groups are established by decision makers at higher levels of the organization for the following purposes: For example, the Interagency Working Group on Youth Programs
45-414: A project, particularly the beneficiaries of the project's outcomes. This has increased the focus on stakeholder management within the general topic of project management . Rather than focusing on one subset of stakeholders, Lynda Bourne advocates prioritizing all stakeholders and focusing your attention on the "most important" at this point in time. Her view of importance encompasses an assessment of
60-401: A working group can last anywhere between a few months and several years. Such groups have the tendency to develop a quasi-permanent existence when the assigned task is accomplished; hence the need to disband (or phase out) the working group when it has achieved its goal(s). A working group's performance is made up of the individual results of all its individual members. A team 's performance
75-421: A working group, it is especially of great import for session players . Musicians face a variety of challenges that can impede the formation of musical working groups, such as touring and studio recording sessions. Such activities make it that much more difficult to concentrate on the developing the cohesiveness that is required to maintain a working group. However, working groups have been shown to be rewarding to
90-574: Is a group of experts working together to achieve specified goals. Such groups are domain-specific and focus on discussion or activity around a specific subject area. The term can sometimes refer to an interdisciplinary collaboration of researchers, often from more than one organization , working on new activities that would be difficult to sustain under traditional funding mechanisms (e.g., federal agencies). Working groups are variously also called task groups , workgroups , technical advisory groups , working parties , or task forces . The lifespan of
105-461: Is a group of twelve federal agencies within the executive branch of the U.S. government, and is responsible for promoting achievement of positive results for at-risk youth. This working group was formally established by Executive Order 13459, Improving the Coordination and Effectiveness of Youth Programs , on 7 February 2008. Quality circles are an alternative to the dehumanizing concept of
120-436: Is made up of both individual results and collective results. In large organisations, working groups are prevalent, and the focus is always on individual goals, performance and accountabilities. Working group members do not take responsibility for results other than their own. On the other hand, teams require both individual and mutual accountability. There is more information sharing, more group discussions and debates to arrive at
135-480: The Printer Working Group , an entire consortium uses the term "working group" for itself. The rules for who can be a part of the working groups, and how a working group makes decisions, varies considerably between organizations. It is imperative for the participants to appreciate and understand that the working group is intended to be a forum for cooperation and participation. Participants represent
150-442: The stakeholders , as it fosters innovation. By working with the same people frequently, members become familiar with the répertoire of other members, which develops trust and encourages spontaneity. Some of the more notable musical working groups include: In many technical organizations, for example Standards organizations , the groups that meet and make decisions are called "working groups". Examples include: In some cases, like
165-645: The community's vision for its future. The WG should also regularly seek community feedback on their projects. Apropos questions to be asked during such meetings include: Depending on the lifespan of the WG, involved parties (at the very least) convene annually. However, such meetings may happen as often as once every semester or trimester. The managers are constantly called upon to make decisions in order to solve problems. Decision making and problem solving are ongoing processes of evaluating situations or problems, considering alternatives, making choices, and following them up with
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#1732776265386180-406: The division of labor, where workers or individuals are treated like robots. Quality circles can help enrich the lives of workers or students and aid in creating harmony and high performance. Typical topics are improving occupational safety and health, improving product design, and improvement in the workplace and manufacturing processes. Although any artisan or artist can benefit from being part of
195-516: The interests and views of stakeholders from disparate sectors of the community which happen to have a vested interest in the results of the WG. Therefore, maintaining and strengthening communication lines with all parties involved is essential (this responsibility cuts both ways – stakeholders are expected to share what information, knowledge and expertise they have on the issue). Programmes developed should be evaluated by encouraging community input and support; this will ensure that such programmes meet
210-405: The necessary actions and now with this managed to reach a continuous improvement . Project stakeholder Stakeholders may be located inside or outside an organization , including: The following are examples of project stakeholders: By the beginning of the 21st century, stakeholders have been considered more and more as the crucial human factor that defines the perception of success of
225-472: Was centered in the US, but input was solicited from international experts. European experts responded well, which was valuable since language research there, during the prior decade, was more active than in the US. Some highly accomplished academics were paid including Edsger W. Dijkstra , Charles Antony Richard Hoare , and Niklaus Wirth . HOLWG had three objectives: Working group A working group
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