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34-586: The Himachal Pradesh High Court is the High Court of the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh . Himachal Pradesh was born as a result of integration of twenty six Province and four Punjab hill States into a Centrally Administered Area on 15 April 1948. The Central Government promulgated the Himachal Pradesh (Courts) Order, 1948 on 15 August 1948. As per Paragraph 3 of this Order,

68-530: A civil case and the session's judge when he presides over a criminal case. He is the highest judicial authority below a high court judge. Below him, there are courts of civil jurisdiction, known by different names in different states. Under Article 141 of the constitution, all courts in India, including high courts – are bound by the judgements and orders of the Supreme Court of India by precedence. Judges in

102-626: A high court are appointed by the president of India in consultation with the chief justice of India and the governor of the state under Article 217, Chapter Five of Part VI of the Constitution, but through subsequent judicial interpretations, the primacy of the appointment process is on the hands of the Judicial Collegium . High courts are headed by a chief justice. The chief justices rank fourteenth (within their respective states) and seventeenth (outside their respective states) on

136-553: A judicial circuit can encompass one or more counties (see Missouri Circuit Courts ). Each circuit court can have several divisions, including circuit, associate, small claims , probate , family, or drug court. Each division hears cases within its particular area of subject-matter jurisdiction , and jurisdiction is based on the size or type of a civil claim or the severity or type of a criminal charge. Drug court , for example, hears only drug-related criminal cases. Several U.S. states have state supreme courts that traditionally "ride

170-628: A location other than Dublin . In the United States, circuit courts were first established in the Thirteen British Colonies . In 1789, the United States circuit courts were United States federal courts established in each federal judicial district . These circuit courts exercised both original (first instance) and appellate jurisdiction . They existed until 1912. The original jurisdiction formerly exercised by

204-569: A number of counties. The court consist of a President and thirty-seven judges. Although there is strictly speaking just one Circuit Court, a sitting of the Circuit Court in any particular location is referred to as name of town Circuit Court, e.g. Trim Circuit Court. The High Court also sits "on circuit" twice yearly, though this is called the High Court on Circuit rather than a circuit court. In this case, "on circuit" means sitting in

238-456: A particular region have permanent benches established there. Benches are also present in states which come under the jurisdiction of a court outside its territorial limits. Smaller states with few cases may have circuit benches established. Circuit benches (known as circuit courts in some parts of the world) are temporary courts which hold proceedings for a few selected months in a year. Thus cases built up during this interim period are judged when

272-428: A single federal courthouse, while others, such as the large Ninth Circuit , are spread across many courthouses. Since three-judge federal appellate panels are randomly selected from all sitting circuit judges, Ninth Circuit judges must often "ride the circuit," though this duty has become much easier to carry out since the development of modern air travel . Under the original Judiciary Act of 1789 and subsequent acts,

306-598: The Court of Judicial Commissioner was established for Himachal Pradesh and the Court was housed at "Harvingtan" (Kelston area, Bharari, Shimla). It was vested with the powers of a High Court under the Judicial Commissioner's Court Act, 1950. The Court of Judicial commissioner started functioning on 15 August 1948. The Punjab High Court rules and orders with suitable amendments were made applicable. In

340-552: The Federal Circuit ). There are several other federal courts that bear the phrase "Court of Appeals" in their names, but they are not Article III courts and are not considered to sit in appellate circuits. The federal courts of appeals are intermediate courts, between the district courts (the federal trial courts ) and the Supreme Court. Smaller circuits, such as the Second Circuit and Third Circuit , are based at

374-474: The Indian order of precedence . The number of judges in a court is decided by dividing the average institution of main cases during the last five years by the national average, or the average rate of disposal of main cases per judge per year in that high court, whichever is higher. The Madras High Court is the oldest high court in the country, established on 26 June 1862. High courts that handle numerous cases of

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408-425: The constitution , a state law or union law. The work of most high courts primarily consists of appeals from lower courts and writ petitions in terms of Articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution. Writ jurisdiction is also the original jurisdiction of a high court. Each state is divided into judicial districts presided over by a district judge and a session judge. He is known as the district judge when he presides over

442-739: The constitutions of the separate states and as a result vary greatly from state to state. The Calcutta High Court in Kolkata (est. 1862), Bombay High Court in Mumbai (est. 1862), Madras High Court in Chennai (est. 1862), Allahabad High Court in Allahabad (est. 1866), and Bangalore High Court (now Karnataka High Court ) in Bengaluru (est. 1884) are the five oldest high courts in India. The Andhra High Court and Telangana High Court are

476-481: The eyre in common pleas during the reign of Henry II , but during the late 1950s, legal historians such as Ralph Pugh recognized that the eyre's "connection with later circuit justices is rather collateral than lineal", and the eyre was merely one of a number of experiments in "systematized itinerant justice" undertaken by the English crown during the late 12th century and the 13th century. The development of

510-616: The justices of the Supreme Court of the United States in Washington, D.C. had the responsibility of "riding circuit" and personally hearing both appeals and trials in the circuit courts, in addition to their caseload back in the capital. This duty was reasonable when the United States consisted of the original Thirteen Colonies along the East Coast of the United States , but became increasingly onerous and impractical with

544-672: The 1500s, two major changes occurred. Middlesex was removed from the Home Circuit and grouped with the adjacent City of London (which was never part of the circuits), and Oxfordshire and Berkshire were transferred from the Western Circuit to the Oxford Circuit. The Welsh county of Monmouthshire was also transferred into the Oxford Circuit. After that, the circuits of England remained largely static for almost four centuries, until they were again reorganized during

578-467: The 19th century. Twice each year, judges "literally rode each circuit," meaning that a pair of common law judges assigned to a circuit rode on horseback through all the county towns and several other important towns in each circuit and heard cases. On the American frontier , a judge often travelled on horseback along with a group of lawyers. Abraham Lincoln was one such attorney who regularly rode

612-706: The Circuit Leaders. In Ireland the Circuit Court is part of the Courts of First Instance , senior to the District Court but junior to the High Court (Ireland) . It was first established as the Circuit Court of Justice under the Courts of Justice Act 1924 and replaced the County Court on the civil side, and quarter sessions and recorder's courts on the criminal side, as well as some of

646-533: The High court. High Courts of India The high courts of India are the highest courts of appellate jurisdiction in each state and union territory of India . However, a high court exercises its original civil and criminal jurisdiction only if the subordinate courts are not authorized by law to try such matters for lack of peculiar or territorial jurisdiction. High courts may also enjoy original jurisdiction in certain matters, if so designated, especially by

680-542: The State of Himachal Pradesh Act was passed by Parliament and the new state came into being on 25 January 1971 and established its own High Court with headquarters at "Revenswood" Shimla, having one Hon'ble Chief Justice and two Hon'ble Judges. The seat of the court is Shimla , the administrative capital of the state. The court has a sanctioned judge strength of 13 including the chief justice. On 25 September 2024, Justice Rajiv Shakdher took oath as chief justice of

714-413: The United States circuit courts is now exercised by the United States district courts . Their appellate jurisdiction is now exercised by the United States courts of appeals , which were known as the United States circuit courts of appeals from their establishment in 1894 until 1947. The federal courts of appeals sit permanently in 13 appellate circuits (11 regional circuits as well as a DC Circuit and

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748-404: The architectural work of Le Corbusier ) are UNESCO World Heritage Sites . The high courts are substantially different from and should not be confused with the state courts of other federations, in that the Constitution of India includes detailed provisions for the uniform organisation and operation of all high courts. In other federations like the United States, state courts are formed under

782-435: The assize circuits was interrupted in 1305 by the appointment of justices of trailbaston by King Edward I . Under King Edward III , two statutes were enacted in 1328 and 1330 which restored the assize circuits and reorganized the counties of England into six circuits where assizes were supposed to be held thrice yearly (but were more often held twice each year). By 1337, the six assize circuits had stabilized: During

816-751: The basis for administration of the Bar in England and Wales except for Cheshire. Until 2007 for court administration purposes it formed part of the Wales and Chester Circuit. When in 2007 it became part of the Northern Circuit for court administrative purposes post devolution, the "Wales and Chester Circuit" continued to be the Circuit Bar. The Circuit Bars are represented on the Bar Council through

850-492: The circuit in Illinois, along with Circuit Judge David Davis . In more settled areas, a stagecoach would be used. Eventually, the legal caseload in a county would become great enough to warrant the establishment of a local judiciary. Most of these local judicial circuits (that is, in terms of the actual routes travelled by judges) have been thus replaced by judges regularly stationed at local courthouses, but in many areas,

884-577: The circuit court is in session. According to a study conducted by Bangalore -based N.G.O, Daksh, on 21 high courts in collaboration with the Ministry of Law and Justice in March 2015, it was found that average pendency of a case in high courts in India is 3 years. The buildings of Bombay High Court (as part of the Victorian and art deco ensemble of Mumbai ) and Punjab and Haryana High Court (as part of

918-627: The circuit" in the sense of hearing oral arguments at multiple locations throughout their jurisdictions each year. Among the states with circuit-riding supreme courts are Alaska , California , Idaho , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Tennessee , and Washington . Courts serving certain areas particularly in Northern Canada , such as the Nunavut Court of Justice and courts serving northern Quebec , travel as circuit courts to hear cases in remote communities. Courts serving remote areas in

952-501: The country's rapid westward expansion during the 19th century, and was repealed by Congress with the enacting of the Judiciary Act of 1891 . The U.S. Supreme Court justices still retain vestiges of the days of riding circuit; each justice is designated to hear certain interlocutory appeals from specific circuits and can unilaterally decide them or refer them to the entire court. The court's customary summer recess originated as

986-533: The jurisdiction of the assizes . These are heard by a judge sitting alone. It also has jurisdiction to hear appeals from the District Court. Appeals from the court lie to the High Court on the civil side and the Court of Criminal Appeal on the criminal side. The Circuit Court is so-called because of the circuits on which its judges travel, namely Dublin, Cork, Northern, Western, Eastern, South Western, South Eastern, and Midland, each of which are composed of

1020-594: The legacy term remains in use. England and Wales is divided into six circuits for the purposes of the administration of justice: the Midland Circuit, North Eastern Circuit, Northern Circuit , South Eastern Circuit, Western Circuit, and the Wales and Chester Circuit. The system is overseen by the Lord Chancellor . The membership consists of High Court Judges, Circuit Judges, District Judges, law practitioners and academic lawyers. The Circuits also form

1054-521: The newest high courts, established on 1 January 2019 according to the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 . The following are the 25 high courts in India, sorted by name, year established, act by which it was established, jurisdiction, principal seat (headquarters), permanent benches (subordinate to the principal seat), circuit benches (functional a few days in a month/year), the maximum number of judges sanctioned, and

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1088-439: The presiding chief justice of the high court: Circuit court The term "circuit court" is derived from the English custom of itinerant courts whose judges periodically travelled on pre-set paths - or circuits - to hear cases from different areas. The first formal circuits were defined in 1293, when a statute was enacted which established four assize circuits. It was long assumed that these circuits originated with

1122-520: The time during which the justices would leave Washington and ride circuit (since dirt roads were more passable in the summer). Many U.S. states have state courts called "circuit courts." Most are trial courts of general , original jurisdiction . In Louisiana , the intermediate appellate courts are called the Louisiana Circuit Courts of Appeal . There are five separate judicial circuits. In many states, such as Missouri ,

1156-748: The year 1966, the Delhi High Court Act was enacted by the Government of India and w.e.f. 1 May 1967, the Central Government of India extended jurisdiction of the said Act to the Union Territory of Himachal Pradesh, replacing the Court of Judicial Commissioner by the Himachal Bench of Delhi High Court, at Shimla and it started functioning in old High Court building known as "Revenswood". On 18 December 1970,

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