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65-590: The HPM has much in common with humanistic psychology in that Abraham Maslow 's theory of self-actualization strongly influenced its development. The Institutes for the Achievement of Human Potential , founded in 1955 by Glenn Doman and Carl Delacato, was an early precursor to and influence on the Human Potential Movement, as is exemplified in Doman's assertion that "Every child born has, at

130-423: A common misconception which has since been proven false. During the course of his research, Leonard met Michael Murphy , a co-founder of the nascent Esalen Institute (established in 1962) that at the time was running educational programs for adults on the topic of "human potentialities". Leonard and Murphy became close friends and together "put forth the idea that there should be a human potential movement". HPM

195-627: A convergence between the two thinkers. According to O'Hara, both focus on developing critical consciousness of situations which oppress and dehumanize. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Institute of Noetic Sciences president Willis Harman argued that significant social change cannot occur without significant consciousness change. In the 21st century, influenced by humanistic psychology, people such as Edmund Bourne , Joanna Macy , and Marshall Rosenberg continued to apply psychological insights to social and political issues. In addition to its uses in thinking about social change, humanistic psychology

260-563: A foundation for new approaches towards human capital in the workplace stressing creativity and the relevance of emotional interactions. Previously the connotations of "creativity" were reserved for and primarily restricted to, working artists . In the 1980s, with increasing numbers of people working in the cognitive-cultural economy , creativity came to be seen as a useful commodity and competitive edge for international brands. This led to corporate creativity training in-service trainings for employees, led pre-eminently by Ned Herrmann at G.E. in

325-518: A framework for theorizing the African philosophy of Ubuntu in social work practice. In addition, humanistic social work calls for the pursuit of social justice, holistic service provision, technological innovation and stewardship, dialogue and cooperation as well as professional care and peer support during the COVID-19 pandemic. Humanistic psychology's emphasis on creativity and wholeness created

390-723: A new economics based on humanistic psychology rather than utilitarianism . Also in 1979, California state legislator John Vasconcellos published a book calling for the integration of liberal politics and humanistic-psychological insight. From 1979 to 1983 the New World Alliance , a U.S. political organization based in Washington, D.C., attempted to inject humanistic-psychology ideas into political thinking and processes; sponsors of its newsletter included Vasconcellos and Carl Rogers. In 1989 Maureen O'Hara, who had worked with both Carl Rogers and Paulo Freire , pointed to

455-418: A real relationship occurs in therapy. It is much easier to trust someone who is willing to share feelings openly, even if it may not be what the client always wants; this allows the therapist to foster a strong relationship. Humanistic psychology tends to look beyond the medical model of psychology in order to open up a non-pathologizing view of the person. This usually implies that the therapist downplays

520-595: A three-year effort to explore how the principles of humanistic psychology could be used to further the process of positive social and political change. The effort included a "12-Hour Political Party", held in San Francisco in 1980, where nearly 1,400 attendees discussed presentations by such non-traditional social thinkers as Ecotopia author Ernest Callenbach , Aquarian Conspiracy author Marilyn Ferguson , Person/Planet author Theodore Roszak , and New Age Politics author Mark Satin . The emergent perspective

585-462: Is Gestalt therapy , which puts a focus on the here and now, especially as an opportunity to look past any preconceived notions and focus on how the present is affected by the past. Role playing also plays a large role in Gestalt therapy and allows for a true expression of feelings that may not have been shared in other circumstances. In Gestalt therapy, non-verbal cues are an important indicator of how

650-477: Is a psychological perspective that arose in the mid-20th century in answer to two theories: Sigmund Freud 's psychoanalytic theory and B. F. Skinner 's behaviorism . Thus, Abraham Maslow established the need for a "third force" in psychology. The school of thought of humanistic psychology gained traction due to Maslow in the 1950s. Some elements of humanistic psychology are Humanistic psychology also acknowledges spiritual aspiration as an integral part of

715-483: Is applicable to self-help because it is oriented towards changing the way a person thinks. One can only improve once they decide to change their ways of thinking about themselves, once they decide to help themselves. Co-counselling , which is an approach based purely on self-help, is regarded as coming from humanistic psychology as well. Humanistic theory has had a strong influence on other forms of popular therapy, including Harvey Jackins ' Re-evaluation Counselling and

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780-453: Is considered to be the main theoretical and methodological source of humanistic social work. After psychotherapy , social work is the most important beneficiary of the humanistic psychology's theory and methodology. These theories have produced a deep reform of the modern social work practice and theory, leading, among others, to the occurrence of a particular theory and methodology: Humanistic Social Work . Most values and principles of

845-407: Is insight-based, meaning that the therapist attempts to provide the client with insights about their inner conflicts. Humanistic psychology includes several approaches to counseling and therapy. Among the earliest approaches we find the developmental theory of Abraham Maslow , emphasizing a hierarchy of needs and motivations; the existential psychology of Rollo May acknowledging human choice and

910-493: Is not so much a discipline within psychology as a perspective on the human condition that informs psychological research and practice. WWII created practical pressures on military psychologists, they had more patients to see and care for than time or resources permitted. The origins of group therapy are here. Eric Berne's progression of books shows this transition out of what we might call pragmatic psychology of WWII into his later innovation, Transactional Analysis , one of

975-594: Is summarized by five core principles or postulates of humanistic psychology first articulated in an article written by James Bugental in 1964 and adapted by Tom Greening, psychologist and long-time editor of the Journal of Humanistic Psychology . The five basic principles of humanistic psychology are: While humanistic psychology is a specific division within the American Psychological Association (Division 32), humanistic psychology

1040-419: Is that they are derived from and suited for the physical sciences and not especially appropriate to studying the complexities and nuances of human meaning-making . However, humanistic psychology has involved scientific research of human behavior since its inception. For example: A human science view is not opposed to quantitative methods, but, following Edmund Husserl : Research has remained part of

1105-468: Is the UK Association for Humanistic Psychology Practitioners. Through disagreement with the predominant theories at the time, developed by Freud and Skinner, Maslow was able to formulate the main points of humanistic theory. Maslow had the following criticisms of the two main theories at the time: As a result, when Maslow developed his theory, he decided to focus on the conscious (rather than

1170-401: Is what a person believes should be done, as well as what their core values are. The real self is what is actually played out in life. Through humanistic therapy, an understanding of the present allows clients to add positive experiences to their real self-concept . The goal is to have the two concepts of self become congruent. Rogers believed that only when a therapist was able to be congruent,

1235-715: The Association for Humanistic Psychology (AHP), which sponsored the conference, the Hazen Foundation, which provided financing, and Wesleyan University , which hosted the meeting. In addition to the founding figures of Humanistic psychology; Abraham Maslow, Rollo May, James Bugental and Carl Rogers, the meeting attracted several academic profiles from the humanistic disciplines, including: Gordon Allport , George Kelly , Clark Moustakas , Gardner Murphy , Henry Murray , Robert W. White , Charlotte Bühler , Floyd Matson , Jacques Barzun , and René Dubos . Robert Knapp

1300-431: The Association for Humanistic Psychology , the benefits of humanistic therapy are described as having a "crucial opportunity to lead our troubled culture back to its own healthy path. More than any other therapy, Humanistic-Existential therapy models democracy. It imposes ideologies of others upon the client less than other therapeutic practices. Freedom to choose is maximized. We validate our clients' human potential." In

1365-479: The Encyclopedia of New Religions : The human potential movement (HPM) originated in the 1960s as a counter-cultural rebellion against mainstream psychology and organised religion. It is not in itself a religion, new or otherwise, but a psychological philosophy and framework, including a set of values that have made it one of the most significant and influential forces in modern Western society. Aristotle used

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1430-453: The psyche . It is linked to the emerging field of transpersonal psychology . Primarily, humanistic therapy encourages a self-awareness and reflexivity that helps the client change their state of mind and behavior from one set of reactions to a healthier one with more productive and thoughtful actions. Essentially, this approach allows the merging of mindfulness and behavioral therapy, with positive social support. In an article from

1495-460: The self , self-actualization , health , hope , love , creativity , nature , being , becoming , individuality , and meaning—that is, a concrete understanding of human existence—included Abraham Maslow , Carl Rogers , and Clark Moustakas , who were interested in founding a professional association dedicated to a psychology focused on these features of human capital demanded by post-industrial society . The humanistic psychology perspective

1560-411: The "Human Potential" at Esalen in the early 1960s. His writings and lectures on the mystical dimensions of psychedelics and on what he called "the perennial philosophy " were foundational. Moreover, his call for an institution that could teach the "nonverbal humanities" and the development of the "human potentialities" functioned as the working mission statement of early Esalen. Christopher Lasch notes

1625-580: The "Latin" cultural area, an early approach to Human Potential can be found in the work of Maria Montessori . Montessori's theory and philosophy of education were influenced by the work of Jean Marc Gaspard Itard , Édouard Séguin , Friedrich Fröbel , Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi . Her model emphasized autonomous learning, sensory exploration and training children in physical activities, empowering their senses and thoughts by exposure to sights, smells, and tactile experiences, and later included, problem solving. Humanistic psychology Humanistic psychology

1690-625: The "soft skills" area were embedded in the programs, and enabled the familiarization of most of the Human Potential concepts. A key role was played by "EU Strategic objective 3, 4, and 5" that explicitly included transversal key competences, such as learning to learn, a sense of initiative, entrepreneurship, and cultural awareness". These training programs, lasting as much as 900 to 1200 hours aimed at enhancing creativity and innovation, including entrepreneurship, and contained at all levels of education and training Human Potential concepts. One of

1755-594: The 20th century, humanistic psychology was referred to as the "third force" in psychology, distinct from earlier, less humanistic approaches of psychoanalysis and behaviorism . Its principal professional organizations in the US are the Association for Humanistic Psychology and the Society for Humanistic Psychology (Division 32 of the American Psychological Association ). In Britain, there

1820-983: The United States associated with the names of John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner ; Abraham Maslow gave behaviorism the name "the first force", a force which systematically excluded the subjective data of consciousness and much information bearing on the complexity of the human personality and its development. Behavioral theory continued to develop to both account for simple and complex human behavior through theorists such as Arthur Staats, Steven Hayes , and other post-Skinnerian researchers. Clinical behavioral analysis continues to be widely employed in anxiety disorder treatments, mood disorders, and even personality disorders. The "second force" arose out of Freudian psychoanalysis, which were composed by psychologists like Alfred Adler , Erik Erikson , Carl Jung , Erich Fromm , Karen Horney , Melanie Klein , Harry Stack Sullivan , and Sigmund Freud himself. Maslow then emphasized

1885-510: The book and entered in the working and management community. Specifically targeted books on Human Potential have emerged in Europe and can be found in the works of specific authors. For the "Anglo" cultural area, the work of John Whitmore contains a harsh critique of mainstream approaches to human potential as fast cures for self-improvement: "Contrary to the appealing claims of The One Minute Manager , there are no quick fixes in business". For

1950-438: The client may actually be feeling, despite the feelings expressed. Also part of the range of humanistic psychotherapy are concepts from depth therapy , holistic health , encounter groups , sensitivity training , marital and family therapies , body work , the existential psychotherapy of Medard Boss , and positive psychology . Empathy is one of the most important features of humanistic therapy. This idea focuses on

2015-576: The client's feelings are being considered and that the therapist has a firm grasp on the concerns of the client while ensuring that there is an air of acceptance and warmth. Client-centered therapist engages in active listening during therapy sessions. A therapist cannot be completely non-directive; however, a nonjudgmental, accepting environment that provides unconditional positive regard will encourage feelings of acceptance and value. Existential psychotherapies , an application of humanistic psychology, applies existential philosophy , which emphasizes

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2080-429: The comfort of the patient where genuine feelings may be shared but are not forced upon someone. Marshall Rosenberg , one of Carl Rogers' students, emphasizes empathy in the relationship in his concept of Nonviolent Communication . Self-help is also part of humanistic psychology: Sheila Ernst and Lucy Goodison have described using some of the main humanistic approaches in self-help groups . Humanistic Psychology

2145-570: The concept for reflection on the factors that contribute the most to a well-lived and fulfilling life, often using the terms subjective well-being and happiness interchangeably. Interest in Human Potential concepts is growing in Europe thanks to training courses aimed at managers, graduate students, and the unemployed, mainly funded by the European Union in public development courses in the 1980s and 90s. In these courses, modules such as communication skills, marketing, leadership and others in

2210-573: The conversation in any way. The therapist also does not analyze or interpret the client's behavior or any information the client shares. The role of the therapist is to provide empathy and to listen attentively to the client. While personal transformation may be the primary focus of most humanistic psychologists, many also investigate pressing social, cultural, and gender issues. In an academic anthology from 2018, British psychologist Richard House and his co-editors wrote, "From its very outset, Humanistic Psychology has engaged fulsomely and fearlessly with

2275-426: The core concepts, Maslow's hierarchy of needs , a theory of psychological health predicated on fulfilling innate human needs, became popular in Europe in the 80s mainly as a support to understanding consumer's needs, and only after its use as a key marketing concept. Philip Kotler's book "Marketing Management" was particularly influential in the 80s in popularizing several human potential concepts that were "embedded" in

2340-594: The early 1960s, the origins of humanism date back to the classical civilizations of China, Greece, and Rome, whose values were renewed in the European Renaissance. The modern humanistic approach has its roots in phenomenological and existentialist thought (see Kierkegaard , Nietzsche , Heidegger , Merleau-Ponty and Sartre ). Eastern philosophy and psychology also play a central role in humanistic psychology, as well as Judeo-Christian philosophies of personalism , as each shares similar concerns about

2405-414: The humanistic psychology agenda, though with more of a holistic than reductionistic focus. Specific humanistic research methods evolved in the decades following the formation of the humanistic psychology movement. In November 1964 key figures in the movement gathered at Old Saybrook (CT) for the first invitational conference on Humanistic psychology . The meeting was a co-operation between

2470-498: The humanistic social work practice, described by Malcolm Payne in his book Humanistic Social Work: Core Principles in Practice , directly originate from the humanistic psychological theory and humanistic psychotherapy practice, namely creativity in human life and practice, developing self and spirituality , developing security and resilience, accountability, flexibility and complexity in human life and practice. Furthermore,

2535-525: The idea that humans have the freedom to make sense of their lives. They are free to define themselves and do whatever it is they want to do. This is a type of humanistic therapy that forces the client to explore the meaning of their life, as well as its purpose. There is a conflict between having freedoms and having limitations. Examples of limitations include genetics, culture, and many other factors. Existential therapy involves trying to resolve this conflict. Another approach to humanistic counseling and therapy

2600-475: The impact of the human potential movement via the therapeutic sector : "The new therapies spawned by the human potential movement, according to Peter Marin, teach that "the individual will is all powerful and totally determines one's fate"; thus they intensify the "isolation of the self". George Leonard , a magazine writer and editor who conducted research for an article on human potential, became an important early influence on Esalen. Leonard claims that he coined

2665-526: The intervention activities, in order to solve social/human problems, there prevail critical terms and categories of the humanistic psychology and psychotherapy, such as: self-actualization , human potential, holistic approach, human being , free will , subjectivity , human experience, self-determination /development, spirituality, creativity, positive thinking , client-centered and context-centered approach/ intervention , empathy , personal growth , empowerment . Humanistic psychology has been utilised as

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2730-415: The key elements of humanistic psychology. Unconditional positive regard refers to the care that the therapist needs to have for the client. This ensures that the therapist does not become the authority figure in the relationship allowing for a more open flow of information as well as a kinder relationship between the two. A therapist practicing humanistic therapy needs to show a willingness to listen and ensure

2795-560: The late 1970s. George Leonard George Burr Leonard (August 9, 1923 – January 6, 2010) was an American writer, editor, and educator who wrote extensively about education and human potential . He served as President Emeritus of the Esalen Institute , past-president of the Association for Humanistic Psychology, co-founder of Integral Transformative Practice International, and an editor of Look Magazine . He

2860-437: The moment of birth, a greater potential intelligence than Leonardo da Vinci ever used." In the middle of the 1960s, George Leonard did research across the United States on the subject of human potential for the magazine Look . In his research, he interviewed 37 psychiatrists, brain researchers, and philosophers on the subject of human potential. He found that "Not one of them said we were using more than 10% of our capacity",

2925-432: The most influential forms of humanistic Popular Psychology of the later 1960s-1970. Even though transactional analysis was considered a unique methodology, it was challenged after Berne's death. Humanistic psychologists generally do not believe that we will understand human consciousness and behavior through mainstream scientific research. The objection that humanistic psychologists have to traditional research methods

2990-487: The nature of human existence and consciousness. For further information on influential figures in personalism , see: Nikolai Alexandrovich Berdyaev , Emmanuel Mounier , Gabriel Marcel , Denis de Rougemont , Jacques Maritain , Martin Buber , Emmanuel Levinas , Max Scheler and Karol Wojtyla . As behaviorism grew out of Ivan Pavlov 's work with the conditioned reflex, and laid the foundations for academic psychology in

3055-415: The necessity of a "third force" (even though he did not use the term), saying that "it is as if Freud supplied us the sick half of psychology and we must now fill it out with the healthy half", as a critical review towards the cold and distant approach of the psychoanalysis and its deterministic way of viewing the human being. In the late 1930s, psychologists, interested in the uniquely human issues, such as

3120-508: The pathological aspects of a person's life in favour of the healthy aspects. Humanistic psychology tries to be a science of human experience, focusing on the actual lived experience of persons. Therefore, a key ingredient is the actual meeting of therapist and client and the possibilities for dialogue to ensue between them. The role of the therapist is to create an environment where the client can freely express any thoughts or feelings; he does not suggest topics for conversation nor does he guide

3185-810: The phrase "Human Potential Movement" during a brainstorming session with Michael Murphy, and popularized it in his 1972 book The Transformation: A Guide to the Inevitable Changes in Humankind . Leonard worked closely with the Esalen Institute afterwards, and in 2005 served as its president. Martin Seligman emphasized positive psychology during his term as president of the APA beginning in 1998. Positive psychology focuses on cultivation of eudaimonia , an Ancient Greek term for "the good life" and

3250-455: The principles of potentiality and actuality to analyze causality , motion , biology, physiology , human psychology and ethics in his tractates on Physics , Metaphysics , Nicomachean Ethics , and De Anima . Abraham Maslow published his concept of a hierarchy of needs in a paper in 1943. He argued that as people's basic survival needs are met, so their desire to grow in mental and emotional dimensions increases. He also coined

3315-574: The process of self-actualization is nurtured in a growth promoting climate. Two conditions are required in order for a climate to be a self-actualizing growth promoting climate: the individual must be able to be their genuine self, and as the individual expresses their true self, they must be accepted by others. The aim of humanistic therapy is usually to help the client develop a stronger and healthier sense of self, also called self-actualization . Humanistic therapy attempts to teach clients that they have potential for self-fulfillment. This type of therapy

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3380-416: The representation and approach of the client (as human being ) and social issue (as human issue) in social work is made from the humanistic psychology position. According to Petru Stefaroi, the way humanistic representation and approach of the client and their personality is realized is, in fact, the theoretical-axiological and methodological foundation of humanistic social work. In setting goals and

3445-414: The social, cultural and political, in a way that much of mainstream scientific, 'positivistic' psychology has sought to avoid". Some of the earliest writers who were associated with and inspired by psychological humanism explored socio-political topics. For example: Relevant work was not confined to these pioneer thinkers. In 1978, members of the Association for Humanistic Psychology (AHP) embarked on

3510-416: The term "metamotivation" to describe the motivation of people who go beyond the scope of the basic needs and strive for constant betterment. Michael Murphy and Dick Price founded the Esalen Institute in 1962, primarily as a center for the study and development of human potential, and some people continue to regard Esalen as the geographical center of the movement today. Aldous Huxley gave lectures on

3575-680: The theory. Abraham Maslow: In regards to humanistic theory, Maslow developed a hierarchy of needs . This is a pyramid which basically states that individuals first must have their physiological needs met, then safety, then love, then self-esteem and lastly self-actualization. People who have met their self-actualization needs are self-aware, caring, wise and their interests are problem centered. He theorized that self-actualizing people are continuously striving, thinking broadly and focusing on broader problems. He also believed however, that only 1% of people actually achieved self-actualization. Carl Rogers: Rogers built upon Maslow's theory and argued that

3640-400: The therapist's ability to see the world through the eyes of the client. Without this, therapists can be forced to apply an external frame of reference where the therapist is no longer understanding the actions and thoughts of the client as the client would, but strictly as a therapist which defeats the purpose of humanistic therapy. Included in empathizing, unconditional positive regard is one of

3705-431: The time. The conference has been described as a historic event that was important for the academic status of Humanistic psychology and its future aspirations. Several key theorists have been considered to have prepared the ground for humanistic psychology. These theorists include Otto Rank , Abraham Maslow , Carl Rogers and Rollo May . This section provides a short-handed summary of each individual's contributions for

3770-415: The tragic aspects of human existence; and the person-centered or client-centered therapy of Carl Rogers , which is centered on the client's capacity for self-direction and understanding of his or her own development. Client-centered therapy is non-directive; the therapist listens to the client without judgement, allowing the client to come to insights by themselves. The therapist should ensure that all of

3835-441: The unconscious) and decided to develop a new theory to explain how all individuals could reach their highest potential. One of humanistic psychology's early sources was the work of Carl Rogers , who was strongly influenced by Otto Rank , who broke with Freud in the mid-1920s. Rogers' focus was to ensure that the developmental processes led to healthier, if not more creative, personality functioning. The term 'actualizing tendency'

3900-491: The work of Carl Rogers , including his student Eugene Gendlin ; (see Focusing ) as well as on the development of the Humanistic Psychodrama by Hans-Werner Gessmann since the 80s. The ideal self and real self involve understanding the issues that arise from having an idea of what you wish you were as a person, and having that not match with who you actually are as a person (incongruence). The ideal self

3965-468: Was a United States Army Air Corps pilot, and held a fifth-degree black belt in aikido . Typical of his philosophy, life's work, and the times (1960s), Leonard stated: "Western civilization has been a 2,000 year long exercise in robbing people of the present. People are now learning the powerful joys that hide in the narrow place of the hourglass, the eternal moment. Here is their golden learning: to see - really see - spring flowers; to feel - really feel -

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4030-450: Was also coined by Rogers, and was a concept that eventually led Abraham Maslow to study self-actualization as one of the needs of humans. Rogers and Maslow introduced this positive, humanistic psychology in response to what they viewed as the overly pessimistic view of psychoanalysis. The other sources of inspiration include the philosophies of existentialism and phenomenology . Whilst origins of humanistic psychology date back to

4095-450: Was chairman and Henry Murray gave the keynote address. Among the intentions of the participants was to formulate a new vision for psychology that, in their view, took into consideration a more complete image of the person than the image presented by the current trends of Behaviorism and Freudian psychology . According to Aanstoos, Serlin & Greening the participants took issue with the positivistic trend in mainstream psychology at

4160-548: Was regarded by some as being related to psychedelic culture such as hippies and the Summer of Love . According to author Andrew Grant Jackson, George Harrison 's adoption of Hindu philosophy and Indian instrumentation in his songs with the Beatles in the mid 1960s, together with the band's highly publicised study of Transcendental Meditation , "truly kick-started" the Human Potential Movement. As Elizabeth Puttick writes in

4225-524: Was summarized in a manifesto by AHP President George Leonard . It proffered such ideas as moving to a slow-growth or no-growth economy, decentralizing and "deprofessionalizing" society, and teaching social and emotional competencies in order to provide a foundation for more humane public policies and a healthier culture. There have been many other attempts to articulate humanistic-psychology-oriented approaches to social change. For example, in 1979 psychologist Kenneth Lux and economist Mark A. Lutz called for

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