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96-415: Humiliation is the abasement of pride , which creates mortification or leads to a state of being humbled or reduced to lowliness or submission . It is an emotion felt by a person whose social status , either by force or willingly, has just decreased. It can be brought about through intimidation , physical or mental mistreatment or trickery, or by embarrassment if a person is revealed to have committed

192-618: A chief is merely a person of influence, and leadership is based on personal qualities. The family forms the main social unit , with most members being related by birth or marriage. The anthropologist Marshall Sahlins described hunter-gatherers as the " original affluent society " due to their extended leisure time: Sahlins estimated that adults in hunter gatherer societies work three to five hours per day. This perspective has been challenged by other researchers, who have pointed out high mortality rates and perennial warfare in hunter-gatherer societies. Proponents of Sahlins' view argue that

288-649: A classification comes from sociologist Gerhard Lenski who lists: (1) hunting and gathering; (2) horticultural; (3) agricultural; and (4) industrial; as well as specialized societies (e.g., fishing or herding). Some cultures have developed over time toward more complex forms of organization and control. This cultural evolution has a profound effect on patterns of community. Hunter-gatherer tribes have, at times, settled around seasonal food stocks to become agrarian villages. Villages have grown to become towns and cities. Cities have turned into city-states and nation-states . However, these processes are not unidirectional. In

384-425: A decreased need for agricultural labor leads to urbanization . Industrial societies are often capitalist , and have high degrees of inequality along with high social mobility , as businesspeople use the market to amass large amounts of wealth. Working conditions in factories are generally restrictive and harsh. Workers, who have common interests, may organize into labor unions to advance those interests. On

480-435: A distinctive culture and institutions ; a given society may be described as the sum total of such relationships among its constituent members. Human social structures are complex and highly cooperative, featuring the specialization of labor via social roles . Societies construct roles and other patterns of behavior by deeming certain actions or concepts acceptable or unacceptable—these expectations around behavior within

576-453: A diverse range of subgroups, and the makeup of these ethnic groups can change over time at both the collective and individual level. Ethnic groupings can play a powerful role in the social identity and solidarity of ethnopolitical units. Ethnic identity has been closely tied to the rise of the nation state as the predominant form of political organization in the 19th and 20th centuries. Governments create laws and policies that affect

672-426: A division of labor where women take on reproductive labor and other domestic roles. Gender roles have varied historically, and challenges to predominant gender norms have recurred in many societies. All human societies organize, recognize and classify types of social relationships based on relations between parents, children and other descendants ( consanguinity ), and relations through marriage ( affinity ). There

768-437: A feeling of accomplishment. It is related to "more positive behaviors and outcomes in the area where the individual is proud". Pride is associated with positive social behaviors such as helping others and outward promotion . Along with hope, it is an emotion that facilitates performance attainment, as it can help trigger and sustain focused and appetitive effort to prepare for upcoming evaluative events. It may also help enhance

864-651: A given society are known as societal norms . So far as it is collaborative , a society can enable its members to benefit in ways that would otherwise be difficult on an individual basis. Societies vary based on level of technology and type of economic activity. Larger societies with larger food surpluses often exhibit stratification or dominance patterns. Societies can have many different forms of government, various ways of understanding kinship, and different gender roles. Human behavior varies immensely between different societies; humans shape society, but society in turn shapes human beings. The term "society" often refers to

960-447: A glass without further positive allegorical attributes. All is Vanity , by Charles Allan Gilbert (1873–1929), carries on this theme. An optical illusion , the painting depicts what appears to be a large grinning skull. Upon closer examination, it reveals itself to be a young woman gazing at her reflection in the mirror of her vanity table . Such artistic works served to warn viewers of the ephemeral nature of youthful beauty, as well as

1056-555: A high-minded man we seem to mean one who claims much and deserves much: for he who claims much without deserving it is a fool; but the possessor of a virtue is never foolish or silly. The man we have described, then, is high-minded. He who deserves little and claims little is temperate [or modest], but not high-minded: for high-mindedness [or greatness of soul] implies greatness, just as beauty implies stature; small men may be neat and well proportioned, but cannot be called beautiful. He concludes then that, High-mindedness, then, seems to be

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1152-637: A job or being labeled as a liar or discredited unfairly, could cause people to be unable to behave normally in their communities. Humiliated individuals could be provoked and crave for revenge, and some people could feel worthless, hopeless and helpless, creating suicidal thoughts if justice is not met. It also can lead to new insights, activism and a new kinship with marginalized groups. Feelings of humiliation can produce 'humiliated fury', which when turned inward can result in apathy and depression , and when turned outward can give rise to paranoia , sadistic behavior and fantasies of revenge. Klein explains, "When it

1248-483: A large area. Lenski differentiates between horticultural and agrarian societies by the use of the plow . Larger food supplies due to improved technology mean agrarian communities are larger than horticultural communities. A greater food surplus results in towns that become centers of trade. Economic trade in turn leads to increased specialization, including a ruling class, as well as educators, craftspeople, merchants, and religious figures, who do not directly participate in

1344-491: A large group of people in an ordered community, in a country or several similar countries, or the 'state of being with other people', e.g. "they lived in medieval society." The term dates back to at least 1513 and comes from the 12th-century French societe (modern French société ) meaning 'company'. Societe was in turn derived from the Latin word societas ('fellowship,' 'alliance', 'association'), which in turn

1440-420: A more complex division of labor. Specialized roles in horticultural societies include craftspeople, shamans (religious leaders), and traders. This role specialization allows horticultural societies to create a variety of artifacts. Scarce, defensible resources can lead to wealth inequalities in horticultural political systems. Agrarian societies use agricultural technological advances to cultivate crops over

1536-736: A person and presenting a deterrent to others. Some practices, such as tarring and feathering, became tools of unofficial mob justice. In folk customs such as the English skimmington rides and rough music (and their continental equivalents, such as the French Charivari ), dramatic public demonstrations of moral disapproval were enacted to humiliate transgressors and drive them out of the community. Some U.S. states have experimented with humiliating or shaming lawbreakers by publishing their names and indicating their offense (e.g., with soliciting prostitutes or drinking and driving). In 2010, there

1632-414: A person when the event is appraised as having been caused by that person alone. Pride as a display of the strong self that promotes feelings of similarity to strong others, as well as differentiation from weak others. Seen in this light, pride can be conceptualized as a hierarchy-enhancing emotion, as its experience and display helps rid negotiations of conflict. Pride involves exhilarated pleasure and

1728-401: A pre-industrial society, food production, which is carried out through the use of human and animal labor , is the main economic activity. These societies can be subdivided according to their level of technology and their method of producing food. These subdivisions are hunting and gathering, pastoral, horticultural, and agrarian. The main form of food production in hunter-gatherer societies is

1824-789: A profound virtue , some world religions consider pride's fraudulent form a sin , seen in Proverbs 11:2 of the Hebrew Bible . In Judaism , pride is called the root of all evil. When viewed as a virtue, pride in one's abilities is known as virtuous pride, greatness of soul, or magnanimity , but when viewed as a vice, it is often known to be self- idolatry , sadistic contempt, vanity or vainglory. Proud comes from late Old English prut , probably from Old French prud "brave, valiant" (11th century) (which became preux in French), from Late Latin term prodis "useful", which

1920-526: A rate comparable to other primates (although humans kill adults at a relatively high rate and have a relatively low rate of infanticide ). Another school of thought suggests that war is a relatively recent phenomenon and appeared due to changing social conditions. While not settled, the current evidence suggests warlike behavior only became common about 10,000 years ago, and in many regions even more recently. Phylogenetic analysis predicts 2% of human deaths to be caused by homicide, which approximately matches

2016-622: A shared need for defense. Sedentary life, in Khaldun's view, was marked by secularization, decreased social cohesion, and increased interest in luxury. Rizal was a Filipino nationalist living toward the end of the Spanish Colonial Period who theorized about colonial societies. Rizal argued that indolence , which the Spanish used to justify their colonial occupation, was instead caused by the colonial occupation. Rizal compared

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2112-403: A social category that identify together as a group based on shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups. These shared attributes can be a common set of traditions, ancestry , language , history, society, culture, nation, religion, or social treatment within their residing area. There is no generally accepted definition of what constitutes an ethnic group, and humans have evolved

2208-637: A socially or legally unacceptable act. Whereas humility can be sought alone as a means to de-emphasize the ego, humiliation must involve other person(s), though not necessarily directly or willingly. Humiliation is currently an active research topic, and is now seen as an important – and complex – core dynamic in human relationships , having implications at intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional and international levels. A person who suffers from severe humiliation could experience major depressions , suicidal states, and severe anxiety states such as post-traumatic stress disorder . The loss of status, like losing

2304-435: A spectrum ranging from "proper pride", associated with genuine achievements, and "false pride", which can be maladaptive or even pathological. Lea et al. examined the role of pride in various economic situations and claim that in all cases pride is involved because economic decisions are not taken in isolation from one another, but are linked together by the selfhood of the people who take them . Understood in this way, pride

2400-435: A wave of patriotism sweep the country in a manner not seen for many years. Although many were hesitant to show such blatant support as the hanging of the national flag from windows, as the team progressed through the tournament, so too did the level of support across the nation. The term " Asian pride " in modern usage refers mostly to those of East Asian descent, though it can include anyone of Asian descent. Asian pride

2496-522: A whole group of people and is a product of praise , independent self-reflection and a fulfilled feeling of belonging . Other possible objects of pride are one's ethnicity and one's sex identity (for example, LGBT pride ). With a negative connotation , pride refers to a foolishly and irrationally corrupt sense of one's personal value, status , or accomplishments used synonymously with hubris . While some philosophers such as Aristotle (and George Bernard Shaw ) consider pride (but not hubris)

2592-526: Is a gift, and that sexual orientation and gender identity are inherent and cannot be intentionally altered. The word "pride" is used in this case as an antonym for " shame ". It is an affirmation of self and community. The modern gay pride movement began after the Stonewall riots of the late 1960s. In June 1970, the first pride parade in the United States commemorated the one-year anniversary of

2688-411: Is a pervasive and all too destructive influence in the behavior of individuals, groups, organizations, and nations." Though it is a subjective emotion, humiliation has a universal aspect which applies to all human beings: "it is the feeling of being put down, made to feel less than one feels oneself to be." A society that suffers from humiliation is an unstable one. The cognitive dissonance between

2784-458: Is a slogan used primarily in the United States to raise awareness for a black racial identity. The slogan has been used by African Americans of sub-Saharan African origin or ancestry to denote a feeling of self-confidence, self-respect, celebrating one's heritage, and being proud of one's worth. White pride is a slogan mainly (but not exclusively) used by white separatist , white nationalist , neo-Nazi , and white supremacist organizations in

2880-563: Is also a third type of familial relationship applied to godparents or adoptive children ( fictive ). These culturally defined relationships are referred to as kinship. In many societies, it is one of the most important social organizing principles and plays a role in transmitting status and inheritance .  All societies have rules of incest taboo , according to which marriage between certain kinds of kin relations are prohibited; and some societies also have rules of preferential marriage with certain other kin relations. Human ethnic groups are

2976-442: Is an emotional state that works to ensure that people take financial decisions that are in their long-term interests, even when in the short term they would appear irrational. Inordinate self-esteem is called "pride". Classical Christian theology views pride as being the result of high self-esteem, and thus high self-esteem was viewed as the primary human problem, but beginning in the 20th century, " humanistic psychology " diagnosed

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3072-495: Is an open jewelry box. A painting attributed to Nicolas Tournier , which hangs in the Ashmolean Museum , is An Allegory of Justice and Vanity . A young woman holds a balance , symbolizing justice ; she does not look at the mirror or the skull on the table before her. Vermeer's famous painting Girl with a Pearl Earring is sometimes believed to depict the sin of vanity, as the young girl has adorned herself before

3168-655: Is compared with the Latin prodesse "be of use". The sense of "having a high opinion of oneself", not in French, may reflect the Anglo-Saxons' opinion of the Norman knights who called themselves "proud". Aristotle identified pride ( megalopsuchia , variously translated as proper pride, the greatness of soul and magnanimity) as the crown of the virtues, distinguishing it from vanity, temperance and humility, thus: By

3264-515: Is considered a form of self- idolatry , in which one rejects God for the sake of one's own image , and thereby becomes divorced from the graces of God . The stories of Lucifer and Narcissus (who gave us the term narcissism ), and others, attend to a pernicious aspect of vanity. In Western art, vanity was often symbolized by a peacock , and in Biblical terms, by the Whore of Babylon . During

3360-528: Is despised as well as valued in the individualist West , where it is experienced as pleasurable. In psychological terms, positive pride is "a pleasant, sometimes exhilarating, emotion that results from a positive self-evaluation". It was added to the University of California, Davis, "Set of Emotion Expressions", as one of three "self-conscious" emotions known to have recognizable expressions (along with embarrassment and shame ). The term " fiero "

3456-557: Is mostly focused on processing raw materials into finished products. Present-day societies vary in their degree of industrialization, with some using mostly newer energy sources (e.g. coal, oil , and nuclear energy ), and others continuing to rely on human and animal power. Industrialization is associated with population booms and the growth of cities. Increased productivity, as well as the stability caused by improved transportation, leads to decreased mortality and resulting population growth. Centralized production of goods in factories and

3552-476: Is not the requital of past injuries; this is revenge. As for the pleasure in hubris, its cause is this: naive men think that by ill-treating others they make their own superiority the greater. Thus, although pride and hubris are often deemed the same thing, for Aristotle and many philosophers hubris is an entirely different thing from pride. Pride, when classified as an emotion or passion, is both cognitive and evaluative; its object, that it cognizes and evaluates,

3648-414: Is often used as a way of asserting power over them, and is a common form of oppression or abuse used in a police , military, or prison context during legal interrogations or illegal torture sessions. Many now-obsolete public punishments were deliberately designed to be humiliating, e.g. tarring and feathering lawbreakers, pillory , " mark of shame " ( stigma ) as a means of "making an example" of

3744-728: Is outwardly directed, humiliated fury unfortunately creates additional victims, often including innocent bystanders. When it is inwardly directed, the resulting self-hate renders victims incapable of meeting their own needs, let alone having energy available to love and care for others. [1] A study by researchers at the University of Michigan revealed that "the same regions of the brain that become active in response to painful sensory experiences are activated during intense experiences of social rejection ." In other words, humiliation and loneliness are experienced as intensely as physical pain. Humiliating of one person by another (the humiliator)

3840-418: Is seen as a characteristic that differentiates humans from other animals. Trade has even been cited as a practice that gave Homo sapiens a major advantage over other hominids; evidence suggests early H. sapiens made use of long-distance trade routes to exchange goods and ideas, leading to cultural explosions and providing additional food sources when hunting was sparse. Such trade networks did not exist for

3936-510: Is similar to hunter-gatherers (about 50 individuals), but unlike hunter gatherers, pastoral societies usually consist of multiple communities—the average pastoral society contains thousands of people. This is because pastoral groups tend to live in open areas where movement is easy, which enables political integration. Pastoral societies tend to create a food surplus, and have specialized labor and high levels of inequality. Fruits and vegetables grown in garden plots, that have been cleared from

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4032-447: Is the self and its properties, or something the proud individual identifies with. The field of psychology classifies it with guilt and shame as a self-conscious emotion that results from the evaluations of oneself and one's behavior according to internal and external standards. Pride results from satisfying or conforming to a standard; guilt or shame from defying it. There is a lack of research that addresses pride, perhaps because it

4128-479: The Renaissance , it was invariably represented as a naked woman , sometimes seated or reclining on a couch. She attends to her hair with a comb and mirror. The mirror is sometimes held by a demon or a putto . Other symbols include jewels, gold coins, a purse, and Death himself . Often depicted is an inscription on a scroll that reads Omnia Vanitas ("All is Vanity"), a quote from the Latin translation of

4224-843: The United States for a white race identity. White pride also consists of white ethnic/cultural pride. Mad pride is a worldwide movement and philosophy that mentally ill people should be proud of their madness. It advocates mutual support and rallies for their rights, and aims to popularize the word "mad" as a self-descriptor. LGBT pride is a worldwide movement and philosophy asserting that lesbian , gay , bisexual , transgender , and queer ( LGBTQ+ ) individuals should be proud of their sexual orientation and gender identity . LGBT pride includes advocacy for equal rights and benefits for LGBT people. The movement has three main premises: that people should be proud of their sexual orientation and gender identity , that sexual diversity

4320-462: The common good or in the name of the public interest , but as property they own. Caste systems , as historically found in South Asia, are associated with agrarian societies, where lifelong agricultural routines depend upon a rigid sense of duty and discipline. The scholar Donald Brown suggests that an emphasis in the modern West on personal liberties and freedoms was in large part a reaction to

4416-424: The means of production . Symbolic interactionism is a microsociological theory that focuses on individuals and how the individual relates to society. Symbolic interactionists study humans' use of shared language to create common symbols and meanings, and use this frame of reference to understand how individuals interact to create symbolic worlds, and in turn, how these worlds shape individual behaviors . In

4512-400: The "tyranny of the should," the "pride system", and the nature of self-hate all point toward the intertwined relationship between neurotic pride and self-contempt. Understanding how a neurotic pride system underlies an appearance of self-contempt and low self-esteem. Thus, hubris , which is an exaggerated form of self-esteem, is sometimes actually a lie used to cover the lack of self-esteem

4608-586: The Book of Ecclesiastes . Although that phrase—itself depicted in a type of still life called vanitas —originally referred not to an obsession with one's appearance, but to the ultimate fruitlessness of man's efforts in this world, the phrase summarizes the complete preoccupation of the subject of the picture. "The artist invites us to pay lip-service to condemning her", writes Edwin Mullins , "while offering us full permission to drool over her. She admires herself in

4704-489: The Stonewall riots—the nearly week-long uprising between New York City youth and police officers following a raid of Stonewall Inn. In conventional parlance, vanity sometimes is used in a positive sense to refer to a rational concern for one's appearance, attractiveness, and dress, and is thus not the same as pride. It can also refer to an excessive or irrational belief in or concern with one's abilities or attractiveness in

4800-439: The United States, the richest tenth of humans hold more than seven-tenths of those regions' total wealth. The willingness of humans to kill other members of their species en masse through organized conflict (i.e. war) has long been the subject of debate. One school of thought is that war evolved as a means to eliminate competitors, and that violence is an innate human characteristic. Humans commit violence against other humans at

4896-437: The ability to change affiliation with social groups relatively easily, including leaving groups with previously strong alliances, if doing so is seen as providing personal advantages. Ethnicity is separate from the concept of race , which is based on physical characteristics, although both are socially constructed . Assigning ethnicity to a certain population is complicated, as even within common ethnic designations there can be

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4992-682: The access to electronic information resources increased at the beginning of the 21st century, special attention was extended from the information society to the knowledge society. A knowledge society generates, shares, and makes available to all members of the society knowledge that may be used to improve the human condition . A knowledge society differs from an information society in that it transforms information into resources that allow society to take effective action, rather than only creating and disseminating raw data . Social norms are shared standards of acceptable behavior by groups. Social norms, which can both be informal understandings that govern

5088-600: The adult public and personal eyes. Research from the University of Sydney found that hubristic pride correlates with arrogance and self-aggrandizement and promotes prejudice and discrimination. But authentic pride is associated with self-confidence and accomplishment and promotes more positive attitudes toward outgroups and stigmatized individuals. Pride in ones own ethnicity or ones own culture seems to universally have positive connotations, though like earlier discussions on pride, when pride tips into hubris, people have been known to commit atrocities. Types of pride across

5184-453: The behavior of members of a society, as well as be codified into rules and laws, are powerful drivers of human behavior. Social roles are norms, duties , and patterns of behavior that relate to an individual's social status. In functionalist thought, individuals form the structure of society by occupying social roles. According to symbolic interactionism, individuals use symbols to navigate and communicate roles. Erving Goffman used

5280-515: The brevity of human life and the inevitability of death . Society This is an accepted version of this page A society ( / s ə ˈ s aɪ ə t i / ) is a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction or a large social group sharing the same spatial or social territory , typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. Societies are characterized by patterns of relationships ( social relations ) between individuals who share

5376-473: The clinical terms for this process are splitting and projection ; it allows people to define themselves as victims." Pride Philosophers and social psychologists have noted that pride is a complex secondary emotion that requires the development of a sense of self and the mastery of relevant conceptual distinctions (e.g. that pride is distinct from happiness and joy) through language-based interaction with others. Some social psychologists identify

5472-410: The concept of information society has been discussed since the 1930s, in the present day, it is almost always applied to ways that information technologies impact society and culture. It therefore covers the effects of computers and telecommunications on the home, the workplace, schools, government, and various communities and organizations, as well as the emergence of new social forms in cyberspace. As

5568-457: The crowning grace, as it were, of the virtues; it makes them greater, and cannot exist without them. And on this account it is a hard thing to be truly high-minded; for it is impossible without the union of all the virtues. By contrast, Aristotle defined the vice of hubris as follows: to cause shame to the victim, not in order that anything may happen to you, nor because anything has happened to you, but merely for your own gratification. Hubris

5664-586: The daily collection of wild plants and the hunting of wild animals. Hunter-gatherers move around constantly in search of food. As a result, they do not build permanent villages or create a wide variety of artifacts . The need for mobility also limits the size of these societies, and they usually only form small groups such as bands and tribes , usually with fewer than 50 people per community. Bands and tribes are relatively egalitarian , and decisions are reached through consensus . There are no formal political offices containing real power in band societies, rather

5760-618: The discussion on pride so much so that perhaps the discussion on pride should not be about whether pride is necessarily good or bad, but about which form of it is the most useful. Pride has gained a lot of negative recognition in the western cultures largely due to its status as one of the Seven Deadly Sins. It was popularized by the Pope Gregory I of the Catholic Church in the late sixth century, but before that it

5856-426: The eyes of others and may, in that sense, be compared to pride. The term vanity originates from the Latin word vanitas meaning emptiness , untruthfulness , futility , foolishness , and empty pride . Here empty pride means a fake pride, in the sense of vainglory, unjustified by one's own achievements and actions, but sought by pretense and appeals to superficial characteristics. In many religions, vanity

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5952-490: The few emotions with no clear positive or adaptive functions. A group that boasts, gloats, or denigrates others tends to become a group with low social status or to be vulnerable to threats from other groups. "[H]ubristic, pompous displays of group pride might be a sign of group insecurity as opposed to a sign of strength," while those who express pride by being filled with humility whilst focusing on members' efforts and hard work tend to achieve high social standing in both

6048-572: The functionalist school of thought, individuals in society work together like organs in the body to create emergent behavior, sometimes referred to as collective consciousness . 19th century sociologists Auguste Comte and Émile Durkheim , for example, believed that society constitutes a separate "level" of reality, distinct from both biological and inorganic matter. Explanations of social phenomena had therefore to be constructed within this level, individuals being merely transient occupants of comparatively stable social roles. Conflict theorists take

6144-537: The further development of governance within and between communities. As of 2022 , according to The Economist , 43% of national governments were democracies , 35% autocracies , and 22% containing elements of both. Many countries have formed international political organizations and alliances, the largest being the United Nations with 193 member states. Trade, the voluntary exchange of goods and services, has long been an aspect of human societies, and it

6240-430: The general well-being of humans in hunter gatherer societies challenges the purported relationship between technological advancement and human progress . Rather than searching for food on a daily basis, members of a pastoral society rely on domesticated herd animals to meet their food needs. Pastoralists typically live a nomadic life, moving their herds from one pasture to another. Community size in pastoral societies

6336-415: The glass, while we treat the picture that purports to incriminate her as another kind of glass—a window—through which we peer and secretly desire her." The theme of the recumbent woman often merged artistically with the non-allegorical one of a reclining Venus . In his table of the seven deadly sins , Hieronymus Bosch depicts a bourgeois woman admiring herself in a mirror held up by a devil. Behind her

6432-448: The hubristic person feels deep down. Hubris is associated with more intra-individual negative outcomes and is commonly related to expressions of aggression and hostility. Hubris is not necessarily associated with high self-esteem but with highly fluctuating or variable self-esteem. Excessive feelings of hubris have a tendency to create conflict and sometimes to terminate close relationships, which has led it to be understood as one of

6528-491: The human condition. He examines and compares the Augustinian - Niebuhrian conviction that pride is primary, the feminist concept of pride as being absent in the experience of women, the humanistic psychology position that pride does not adequately account for anyone's experience, and the humanistic psychology idea that if pride emerges, it is always a false front designed to protect an undervalued self. He considers that

6624-694: The implications of modernity , and that their analysis of non-Western cultures is therefore limited in scope. As examples of nonwestern thinkers who took a systematic approach to understanding society, al-Attas mentions Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406) and José Rizal (1861–1896). Khaldun, an Arab living in the 14th century, understood society, along with the rest of the universe, as having "meaningful configuration", with its perceived randomness attributable to hidden causes. Khaldun conceptualized social structures as having two fundamental forms: nomadic and sedentary. Nomadic life has high social cohesion ( asabijja ), which Khaldun argued arose from kinship, shared customs, and

6720-512: The jungle or forest, provide the main source of food in a horticultural society. These societies have a similar level of technology and complexity to pastoral societies. Along with pastoral societies, horticultural societies emerged about 10,000 years ago, after technological changes of the Agricultural Revolution made it possible to cultivate crops and raise animals. Horticulturists use human labor and simple tools to cultivate

6816-450: The land for one or more seasons. When the land becomes barren, horticulturists clear a new plot and leave the old plot to revert to its natural state. They may return to the original land several years later and begin the process again. By rotating their garden plots, horticulturists can stay in one area for a long period of time. This allows them to build permanent or semi-permanent villages. As with pastoral societies, surplus food leads to

6912-520: The latter half of the 20th century, theorists began to view society as socially constructed . In this vein, sociologist Peter L. Berger describes society as "dialectic": Society is created by humans, but this creation turns in turn creates or molds humans. The sociologic emphasis placed on functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism, has been criticized as Eurocentric . The Malaysian sociologist Syed Farid al-Attas , for example, argues that Western thinkers are particularly interested in

7008-430: The metaphor of a theater to develop the dramaturgical lens , which argues that roles provide scripts that govern social interactions. The division of humans into male and female gender roles has been marked culturally by a corresponding division of norms, practices , dress , behavior , rights, duties, privileges , status , and power . Some argue that gender roles arise naturally from sex differences , which lead to

7104-409: The nonverbal expression of pride as a means of sending a functional, automatically perceived signal of high social status. Pride may be considered the opposite of shame or of humility , sometimes as proper or as a virtue and sometimes as corrupt or as a vice . With a positive connotation, pride refers to a content sense of attachment toward one's own or another's choices and actions, or toward

7200-562: The nonverbal expression of pride conveys a message that is automatically perceived by others about a person's high social status in a group. Behaviorally, pride can also be expressed by adopting an expanded posture in which the head is tilted back and the arms extended out from the body. This postural display is innate as it is shown in congenitally blind individuals who have lacked the opportunity to see it in others. Pride results from self-directed satisfaction with meeting personal goals; for example positive performance outcomes elicit pride in

7296-446: The now-extinct Neanderthals . Early trade involved materials for creating tools, like obsidian , exchanged over short distances. In contrast, throughout antiquity and the medieval period, some of the most influential long-distance routes carried food and luxury goods, such as the spice trade . Early human economies were more likely to be based around gift giving than a bartering system. Early money consisted of commodities ;

7392-466: The oldest being in the form of cattle and the most widely used being cowrie shells . Money has since evolved into governmental issued coins , paper and electronic money . Human study of economics is a social science that looks at how societies distribute scarce resources among different people. There are massive inequalities in the division of wealth among humans; as of 2018 in China, Europe, and

7488-514: The opposite view, and posit that individuals and social groups or social classes within society interact on the basis of conflict rather than agreement. One prominent conflict theorist is Karl Marx who conceived of society as operating on an economic "base" with a "superstructure" of government, family, religion and culture. Marx argues that the economic base determines the superstructure, and that throughout history, societal change has been driven by conflict between laborers and those who own

7584-731: The parental role of males, the use of language to communicate, the specialization of labor, and the tendency to build "nests" (multigenerational camps, town, or cities). Some biologists, including entomologist E.O. Wilson , categorize humans as eusocial , placing humans with ants in the highest level of sociability on the spectrum of animal ethology , although others disagree. Social group living may have evolved in humans due to group selection in physical environments that made survival difficult. In Western sociology, there are three dominant paradigms for understanding society: functionalism (also known as structural functionalism), conflict theory , and symbolic interactionism . According to

7680-499: The people that they govern. There have been many forms of government throughout human history, with various ways of allocating power, and with different levels and means of control over the population. In early history, distribution of political power was determined by the availability of fresh water , fertile soil , and temperate climate of different locations. As farming populations gathered in larger and denser communities, interactions between different groups increased, leading to

7776-650: The pre-colonial era, when the Filipinos controlled trade routes and had higher economic activity, to the period of colonial rule, and argued that exploitation, economic disorder, and colonial policies that discouraged farming led to a decreased interest in work. Sociologists tend to classify societies based on their level of technology, and place societies in three broad categories: pre-industrial , industrial , and postindustrial . Subdivisions of these categories vary, and classifications are often based on level of technology, communication, and economy. One example of such

7872-572: The primary human problem as low self-esteem stemming from a lack of belief in one's "true worth". Carl Rogers observed that most people "regard themselves as worthless and unlovable." Thus, they lack self-esteem. In the King James Bible , people exhibiting excess pride are labeled with the term, "Haughty" . Pride goeth before destruction, and an haughty spirit before a fall. Terry Cooper describes excessive pride (along with low self-esteem) as an important framework in which to describe

7968-484: The production of food. Agrarian societies are especially noted for their extremes of social classes and rigid social mobility. As land is the major source of wealth, social hierarchy develops based on landownership and not labor. The system of stratification is characterized by three coinciding contrasts: governing class versus the masses , urban minority versus peasant majority, and literate minority versus illiterate majority. This results in two distinct subcultures;

8064-613: The production of goods. Advanced industrial societies see a shift toward an increase in service sectors, over manufacturing. Service industries include education, health and finance. An information society is a society where the usage, creation , distribution , manipulation and integration of information is a significant activity. Proponents of the idea that modern-day global society is an information society posit that information technologies are impacting most important forms of social organization, including education, economy, health, government, warfare , and levels of democracy. Although

8160-412: The quality and flexibility of the effort expended. Pride can enhance creativity, productivity, and altruism. Researchers have found that among African-American youth, pride is associated with a higher GPA in less socioeconomically advantaged neighborhoods, whereas in more advantaged neighborhoods, pride is associated with a lower GPA. In the field of economic psychology , pride is conceptualized on

8256-502: The steep and rigid stratification of agrarian societies. Industrial societies, which emerged in the 18th century in the Industrial Revolution , rely heavily on machines powered by external sources for the mass production of goods. Whereas in pre-industrial societies the majority of labor takes place in primary industries focused on extracting raw materials (farming, fishing, mining, etc.), in industrial societies, labor

8352-478: The urban elite versus the peasant masses. Moreover, this means cultural differences within agrarian societies are greater than differences between them. The landowning strata typically combine government, religious, and military institutions to justify and enforce their ownership, and support elaborate patterns of consumption, slavery , serfdom , or peonage is commonly the lot of the primary producer. Rulers of agrarian societies often do not manage their empire for

8448-405: The way in which the society is perceived and the way in which it sees itself can be so great that violence can result on a massive scale against people belonging to an out group . According to Jonathan Sacks , "By turning the question 'What did we do wrong?' into 'Who did this to us?', [hate against an out group] restores some measure of self-respect and provides a course of action. In psychiatry,

8544-434: The whole, industrial societies are marked by the increased power of human beings. Technological advancements mean that industrial societies have increased potential for deadly warfare. Governments use information technologies to exert greater control over the populace. Industrial societies also have an increased environmental impact. Post-industrial societies are societies dominated by information and services, rather than

8640-427: The work of certain neo-Freudian psychoanalysts, namely Karen Horney , and offers promise in addressing what he describes as a "deadlock between the overvalued and undervalued self". Cooper refers to their work in describing the connection between religious and psychological pride as well as sin to describe how a neurotic pride system underlies an appearance of self-contempt and low self-esteem: The "idealized self,"

8736-433: The world seem to have a broad variety. The difference of type may have no greater contrast than that between the U.S. and China. In the U.S., individual pride tends and seems to be held more often in thought. The people in China seem to hold greater views for the nation as a whole. The value of pride in the individual or the society as a whole seems to be a running theme and debate among cultures. This debate shadows

8832-473: Was coined by Italian psychologist Isabella Poggi to describe the pride experienced and expressed in the moments following a personal triumph over adversity. Facial expressions and gestures that demonstrate pride can involve a lifting of the chin, smiles, or arms on hips to demonstrate victory. Individuals may implicitly grant status to others based solely on their expressions of pride, even in cases in which they wish to avoid doing so. Indeed, some studies show that

8928-438: Was derived from the noun socius (" comrade , friend , ally"). Humans , along with their closest relatives bonobos and chimpanzees , are highly social animals. This biological context suggests that the underlying sociability required for the formation of societies is hardwired into human nature. Human society features high degrees of cooperation, and differs in important ways from groups of chimps and bonobos, including

9024-558: Was originally fragmented, as Asian nations have long had conflicts with each other; examples are the old Japanese and Chinese religious beliefs about their superiority. Asian pride emerged prominently during European colonialism . At one time, Europeans controlled 85% of the world's land through colonialism, resulting in anti-Western feelings among Asian nations. Today, some Asians still look upon European involvement in their affairs with suspicion. In contrast, Asian empires are proudly remembered by adherents of Asian Pride. Black pride

9120-524: Was public outcry about reports showing police in Dongguan and Guangdong in China leading a parade of arrested prostitutes for the purpose of humiliating them. The national Ministry of Public Security reprimanded the local police and affirmed that such punishments are not allowed. Donald Klein described humiliation as "a powerful factor in human affairs that has, for a variety of reasons, been overlooked by students of individual and collective behavior. It

9216-494: Was recognized by a Christian Monk named Evagrius Ponticus in the fourth century as one of the evils human beings should resist. In Germany , "national pride" (" Nationalstolz ") is often associated with Nazism . Strong displays of national pride are therefore considered to be in poor taste by many Germans. There is an ongoing public debate about the issue of German patriotism . The World Cup in 2006, held in Germany, saw

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