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65-457: (Redirected from IV-B ) 4B may refer to : 4B movement , South Korean radical feminist movement "4B" , a song by Terminaator from Minu väike paradiis 4B, the production code for the 1975 Doctor Who serial The Sontaran Experiment 4B, a very soft grade of pencil lead See also [ edit ] Long March 4B , a Chinese orbital carrier rocket Oflag IV-B Koenigstein ,

130-590: A German prisoner of war camp Stalag IV-B , a German prisoner of war camp B4 (disambiguation) [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title formed as a letter–number combination. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=4B&oldid=1231169700 " Category : Letter–number combination disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

195-542: A TFR of 2.0 over a long time would decrease, unless it had a large enough immigration. It may take several generations for a change in the total fertility rate to be reflected in birth rate , because the age distribution must reach equilibrium. For example, a population that has recently dropped below replacement-level fertility will continue to grow, because the recent high fertility produced large numbers of young couples, who would now be in their childbearing years. This phenomenon carries forward for several generations and

260-559: A conservative society, specifically relating to child-rearing, relationships, and employment. This resistance involves not only withdrawing from dating but also rejecting prevalent gendered beauty standards and their associated consumerist practices in South Korea. In a conservative and traditional society, alternative forms of protest in the 4B movement include defying rigid beauty norms and traditional gendered expectations by shaving heads and choosing not to wear bras. The 4B movement

325-501: A given year. When the NRR is exactly 1, each generation of females is precisely replacing itself. The NRR is not as commonly used as the TFR, but it is particularly relevant in cases where the number of male babies born is very high due to gender imbalance and sex selection . This is a significant consideration in world population dynamics, especially given the high level of gender imbalance in

390-438: A low level of gender inequality, and infertility. The effect of all these factors can be summarized with a plot of total fertility rate against Human Development Index (HDI) for a sample of countries. The chart shows that the two factors are inversely correlated , that is, in general, the lower a country's HDI the higher its fertility. Another common way of summarizing the relationship between economic development and fertility

455-450: A lower fertility rate than poor countries, those with low per capita GDP. This may seem counter-intuitive. The inverse relationship between income and fertility has been termed a demographic-economic paradox because evolutionary biology suggests that greater means should enable the production of more offspring, not fewer. Many of these factors may differ by region and social class. For instance, Scandinavian countries and France are among

520-541: A massive compulsory sterilization drive was carried out in India, but it is considered to be a failure and is criticized for being an abuse of power. Some governments have sought to regulate which groups of society could reproduce through eugenic policies, including forced sterilizations of population groups they considered undesirable. Such policies were carried out against ethnic minorities in Europe and North America in

585-463: A political agenda to challenge the centrality of the heteronormative family model of marriage in Korea. They sought to replace mihon ('not married'), with a more neutral term, bihon ('single'). South Korea has one of the lowest birth rates in the world. With the fertility rate at just 0.72 (as of 2023) each South Korean woman on average will have fewer than one child in her lifetime. This

650-516: A range of 500 to 4,000 claimed participants. After the 2024 United States presidential election in which Donald Trump won a second term, some American women expressed interest in the 4B movement as a form of protest against Trump's election, his alleged sexual assaults, and his role in the overturning of Roe v. Wade . Shortly after the election was called, TikTok videos mentioning 4B were viewed hundreds of thousands of times, and Google searches about it spiked by 450%. American women have called

715-411: A reduction of 84%, and the TFR declined to 3.2. By 2018, child mortality had declined further to 0.6% and the TFR declined to 1.9, below replacement level. The chart shows that the decline in the TFR since the 1960s has occurred in every region of the world. The global TFR is projected to continue declining for the remainder of the century, and reach a below-replacement level of 1.8 by 2100. In 2022,

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780-473: A willingness to have children. However, there was a notable gender difference: 70.5% of men and 55.3% of women indicated a preference for having children. Women of the 4B movement do not engage in romance and sexual relationships with men, because they see it as an extension of the patriarchal family structure. Jung Se-young and Baeck Ha-na, two proponents, criticize marriage as reinforcing gender roles in South Korea. The movement draws some inspiration from

845-401: Is a measure of the fertility of an imaginary woman who experiences the age-specific fertility rates for ages 15–49 that were recorded for a specific population in a given year. It represents the average number of children a woman would potentially have if she were to go through all her childbearing years in a single year, subject to the age-specific fertility rates for that year. In simpler terms,

910-535: Is a plot of TFR against per capita GDP , a proxy for standard of living. This chart shows that per capita GDP is also inversely correlated with fertility. The impact of human development on TFR can best be summarized by a quote from Karan Singh , a former minister of population in India. At a 1974 United Nations population conference in Bucharest, he said "Development is the best contraceptive ." Wealthy countries, those with high per capita GDP, usually have

975-420: Is a poorer estimate of actual completed family size than the total cohort fertility rate, which is obtained by summing the age-specific fertility rates that actually applied to each cohort as they aged through time. In particular, the TFR does not necessarily predict how many children young women now will eventually have, as their fertility rates in years to come may change from those of older women now. However,

1040-577: Is called population momentum , population inertia, or population-lag effect . This time-lag effect is of great importance to the growth rates of human populations. TFR (net) and long-term population growth rate, g, are closely related. For a population structure in a steady state and with zero migration, g = log ⁡ ( TFR / 2 ) X m {\textstyle g={\tfrac {\log({\text{TFR}}/2)}{{\text{X}}_{m}}}} , where X m {\displaystyle {\text{X}}_{m}}

1105-428: Is considered to be fringe in South Korea, with Ju Hui Judy Han of UCLA arguing that "the vast majority of South Korean feminists do not abide by it", and that "4B is not representative of Korean feminist politics". Radical feminism as a whole in South Korea has had a notable transphobic and homophobic (against male homosexuals) presence, with internal dispute about the acceptability of such beliefs. The 4B movement

1170-517: Is conventional not to disclose personal details online. The "Escape the Corset" Movement that started in 2016 served as a source of inspiration for the 4B movement. The movement calls for women to liberate themselves from sexual , social, bodily, and psychological oppression. The word " corset " is used by Korean feminists as a metaphor for the societal mechanisms that bind and repress women, including toxic beauty standards . Notably, South Korea has

1235-573: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages 4B movement 4B or " Four Nos " is a radical feminist movement that originated in South Korea. The name refers to its defining four tenets which all start with the Korean-language term bi ( Korean :  비 ; Hanja :  非 ), roughly meaning "no". Its proponents do not date men, get married , have sex with men, or have children with men. The movement emerged during

1300-477: Is for the Xiangyang district of Jiamusi city ( Heilongjiang , China) which had a TFR of 0.41 in 2000. In 2023, South Korea's TFR was 0.72 the world's lowest for that year. Outside Asia, the lowest TFR ever recorded was 0.80 for Eastern Germany in 1994. The low Eastern German value was influenced by a change to higher maternal age at birth, with the consequence that neither older cohorts (e.g. women born until

1365-431: Is mean age for childbearing women and thus P ( t ) = P ( 0 ) ( g t ) {\textstyle P(t)=P(0)^{(gt)}} . At the left side is shown the empirical relation between the two variables in a cross-section of countries with the most recent y-y growth rate. The parameter 1 b {\textstyle {\tfrac {1}{b}}} should be an estimate of

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1430-414: Is not based on the actual fertility of a specific group of women, as that would require waiting until they have completed childbearing . It also does not involve counting the total number of children born over their lifetime. Instead, the TFR is based on the age-specific fertility rates of women in their "child-bearing years," typically considered to be ages 15–44 in international statistical usage. The TFR

1495-786: Is seen not to be the case. Fertility factors are determinants of the number of children that an individual is likely to have. Fertility factors are mostly positive or negative correlations without certain causations . Factors generally associated with increased fertility include the intention to have children, very high level of gender inequality, inter-generational transmission of values, marriage and cohabitation , maternal and social support, rural residence, pro family government programs, low IQ and increased food production. Factors generally associated with decreased fertility include rising income , value and attitude changes, education, female labor participation , population control , age, contraception , partner reluctance to having children,

1560-421: Is significantly below the 2.1 threshold required to maintain a country's population. The country's birth rate has been below the replacement rate since 1983, while the 4b movement originated in the 2010s, making it likely that the low birth rate is due to economic insecurity experienced by young adults, high child-rearing costs and property prices, and the country's deeply ingrained patriarchal culture. Having

1625-464: Is the mean age for childbearing women. The TPFR (total period fertility rate) is affected by a tempo effect —if age of childbearing increases, and life cycle fertility is unchanged, then while the age of childbearing is increasing, TPFR will be lower, because the births are occurring later, and then the age of childbearing stops increasing, the TPFR will increase, due to the deferred births occurring in

1690-400: Is the total fertility rate at which women give birth to enough babies to sustain population levels, assuming that mortality rates remain constant and net migration is zero. If replacement level fertility is sustained over a sufficiently long period, each generation will exactly replace itself. In 2003, the replacement fertility rate was 2.1 births per female for most developed countries (2.1 in

1755-413: The X m {\displaystyle {\text{X}}_{m}} ; here equal to 1 0.02 = 50 {\textstyle {\tfrac {1}{0.02}}=50} years, way off the mark because of population momentum. E.g. for log ( TFR 2 ) = 0 {\textstyle {\log }({\tfrac {\text{TFR}}{2}})=0} , g should be exactly zero, which

1820-596: The Imperial Japanese Army during World War II and the Japanese occupation of Korea to speak more freely in large numbers about their sexual abuse. The Korean #MeToo movement also focused on femicide , non-consensual pornography , and misogynistic practices in the workplace . The #MeToo movement also inspired various online hashtag campaigns, most popularly the #WithYou tag, to signal solidarity with survivors of sexual assault who had spoken up in

1885-404: The #MeToo movement. These various hashtags inspired the formation of women's activist groups, such as Citizens Action to Support the #MeToo Movement, which campaigned to end gendered oppression and support victims of sexual abuse in South Korea. In South Korea, the movement has lost momentum since its early days. Although the exact membership remains uncertain, some unverified estimates suggest

1950-564: The 10th largest beauty market globally and is the third-largest cosmetics exporter. In a society where beauty holds immense cultural and economic significance, members of the "Escape the Corset" Movement criticize and resist cosmetic procedures , demanding skincare or makeup rituals, and the adoption of trendy clothing , all seen as perpetuating consumerism and misogynistic social norms . In protest, they express their defiance by destroying makeup, forgoing cosmetic enhancements, shaving their heads, and rejecting fashionable attire. Escape

2015-469: The 1990s, when many orphanages were closed and the children ended up on the streets, overcrowding in homes and schools, and over 9,000 women who died due to illegal abortions . Conversely, in China the government sought to lower the fertility rate, and, as such, enacted the one-child policy (1978–2015), which included abuses such as forced abortions . In India, during the national emergency of 1975 ,

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2080-426: The 2010s and early 2020s. The average fertility rate in countries such as Thailand or Chile approached the mark of one child per woman, which triggered concerns about the rapid aging of populations worldwide. The table shows that after 1965, the demographic transition spread around the world, and the global TFR began a long decline that continues in the 21st century. The United Nations Population Division divides

2145-865: The 2024 international interest in the 4B movement could lead to an increase in anti-trans rhetoric and a resurgence of the 4B movement in South Korea. Total fertility rate As of 2023, the total fertility rate varied widely across the world, from 0.7 in South Korea , to 6.1 in Niger . Fertility tends to be inversely correlated with levels of economic development. Historically, developed countries have significantly lower fertility rates, generally correlated with greater wealth, education, urbanization , and other factors. Conversely, in least developed countries , fertility rates tend to be higher. Families desire children for their labor and as caregivers for their parents in old age. Fertility rates are also higher due to

2210-572: The 20th century include those in communist Romania and communist Albania , under Nicolae Ceaușescu and Enver Hoxha respectively. The natalist policy in Romania between 1967 and 1989 was very aggressive, including outlawing abortion and contraception, routine pregnancy tests for women, taxes on childlessness , and legal discrimination against childless people. It resulted in large numbers of children put into Romanian orphanages by parents who could not cope with raising them, street children in

2275-680: The Corset's analysis and approach to protest deeply influenced the 4B movement. Although the # MeToo movement originated in the United States in 2006 and gained popularity in 2017, many other countries, including South Korea, created #MeToo movements of their own. The #MeToo movement in South Korea, like those in other countries, encouraged women to express their experiences of sexual harassment to inspire social change. Shortly after its inception in late 2017, several hundred women stepped forward with claims of sexual harassment and violence. This movement also encouraged previous comfort women of

2340-570: The Industrial Revolution began in some places, particularly Great Britain, continental Europe, and the United States, and they underwent the beginnings of what is now called the demographic transition. Stage two of this process fueled a steady reduction in mortality rates due to improvements in public sanitation , personal hygiene and the food supply , which reduced the number of famines. These reductions in mortality rates, particularly reductions in child mortality, that increased

2405-516: The TFR in the United States was 7.0. Fertility rates in East Asia during this period were similar to those in Europe. Fertility rates in Roman Egypt were 7.4. Despite these high fertility rates, the number of surviving children per woman was always around two because of high mortality rates. As a result, global population growth was still very slow, about 0.04% per year . After 1800,

2470-413: The TFR is a reasonable summary of current fertility levels. TFR and long term population growth rate, g , are closely related. For a population structure in a steady state, growth rate equals log ⁡ ( T F R / 2 ) / X m {\displaystyle \log(\mathrm {TFR} /2)/X_{m}} , where X m {\displaystyle X_{m}}

2535-427: The TFR is the number of children a woman would have if she were to experience the prevailing fertility rates at all ages from a single given year and survived throughout her childbearing years. An alternative measure of fertility is the net reproduction rate (NRR), which calculates the number of daughters a female would have in her lifetime if she were subject to prevailing age-specific fertility and mortality rates in

2600-630: The UK, for example), but could be as high as 3.5 in undeveloped countries because of higher mortality rates , especially child mortality . The global average for the replacement total fertility rate, eventually leading to a stable global population, for 2010–2015, was 2.3 children per female. The term lowest-low fertility is defined as a TFR at or below 1.3. Lowest-low fertility is found almost exclusively within East Asian countries and Southern European countries. The East Asian American community in

2665-452: The US was 33%, meaning that one third of all children born would die before their fifth birthday. The TFR in 1800 was 7.0, meaning that the average female would bear seven children during their lifetime. In 1900, child mortality in the US had declined to 23%, a reduction of almost one third, and the TFR had declined to 3.9, a reduction of 44%. By 1950, child mortality had declined dramatically to 4%,

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2730-458: The United States also exhibits lowest-low fertility. At one point in the late 20th century and early 21st century this was also observed in Eastern and Southern Europe. Since then, the fertility rate has risen in most countries of Europe. However in 2023, Spain's TFR fell to 1.19, and Italy's TFR fell to 1.2 children per woman. The lowest TFR recorded anywhere in the world in recorded history,

2795-636: The first half of the 20th century, and more recently in Latin America against the Indigenous population in the 1990s; in Peru , former President Alberto Fujimori has been accused of genocide and crimes against humanity as a result of a sterilization program put in place by his administration targeting indigenous people (mainly the Quechua and Aymara people). Within these historical contexts,

2860-438: The fraction of children surviving, plus other major societal changes such as urbanization , and the increased social status of women, led to stage three of the demographic transition. There was a reduction in fertility rates, because there was simply no longer a need to birth so many children. The example from the US of the correlation between child mortality and the fertility rate is illustrative. In 1800, child mortality in

2925-456: The global TFR was 2.3. Because the global fertility replacement rate for 2010–2015 was estimated to be 2.3, humanity has achieved or is approaching a significant milestone where the global fertility rate is equal to the global replacement rate. The global fertility rate may have fallen below the global replacement level of 2.2 children per woman as early as 2023. Numerous developing countries have experienced an accelerated fertility decline in

2990-402: The global average TFR was still 5.   Since then, global average TFR has dropped steadily to less than half that number, 2.3 births per woman in 2023. The United Nations predicts that global fertility will continue to decline for the remainder of this century and reach a below-replacement level of 1.8 by 2100, and that world population will peak in 2084. The Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

3055-414: The heavily populated nations of China and India. The gross reproduction rate (GRR) is the same as the NRR, except that, like the TFR, it disregards life expectancy . The TFR, sometimes called TPFR—total period fertility rate, is a better index of fertility than the crude birth rate (annual number of births per thousand population) because it is independent of the age structure of the population, but it

3120-497: The highest TFR. In 2023, the most populous country in Africa, Nigeria , had an estimated TFR of 4.57. In 2023, the second most populous African country, Ethiopia , had an estimated TFR of 3.92. The poverty of Africa, and the high maternal mortality and infant mortality had led to calls from WHO for family planning , and the encouragement of smaller families. Hong Kong , Macau , Singapore , South Korea , and Taiwan have

3185-407: The lack of access to contraceptives , generally lower levels of female education , and lower rates of female employment. It does not significantly correlate with any particular religion. From antiquity to the beginning of the industrial revolution, around the year 1800, total fertility rates of 4.5 to 7.5 were common around the world. After this TFR declined only slightly and up until the 1960’s

3250-515: The late 1960s), who often already had children, nor younger cohorts, who were postponing childbirth, had many children during that time. The total cohort fertility rate of each age cohort of women in East Germany did not drop as significantly. A population that maintained a TFR of 3.8 over an extended period, without a correspondingly high death or emigration rate, would increase rapidly, doubling period ~ 32 years. A population that maintained

3315-509: The later period, even though the life cycle fertility has been unchanged. In other words, the TPFR is a misleading measure of life cycle fertility when childbearing age is changing, due to this statistical artifact. This is a significant factor in some countries, such as the Czech Republic and Spain in the 1990s. Some measures seek to adjust for this timing effect to gain a better measure of life-cycle fertility. Replacement fertility

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3380-479: The least religious in the EU, but have the highest TFR, while the opposite is true about Portugal, Greece, Cyprus, Poland and Spain. Governments have often set population targets, to either increase or decrease the total fertility rate, or to have certain ethnic or socioeconomic groups have a lower or higher fertility rate. Often such policies have been interventionist, and abusive. The most notorious natalist policies of

3445-459: The lowest-low fertility, defined as TFR at or below 1.3, and are among the lowest in the world. In 2004, Macau had a TFR below 1.0. In 2018, North Korea had the highest TFR in East Asia, at 1.95. In 2022, China's TFR was 1.09. China implemented the one-child policy in January 1979 as a drastic population planning measure to control the ever-growing population at the time. In January 2016,

3510-462: The mid-to-late 2010s on Twitter and on the website Womad . The movement is considered fringe in South Korea, with an estimated membership of around 4,000 in 2019. In South Korea, a portion of its members, particularly those associated with the openly misandric Womad , were described as transphobic and homophobic . The four core tenets to the 4B movement are: Since 2005, the feminist activist group UnniNetwork has promoted bihon as

3575-430: The movement the "4 Nos" and " Lysistrata ". The 4B movement is meant to serve as a direct opposition to what the movement views as South Korea's patriarchal state and combat its pro-natalist policies, which view women's bodies and reproductive abilities as tools for the state's future. Feminists who engage in the 4B movement are known to actively resist the various ways in which gendered expectations are enforced in

3640-541: The notion of reproductive rights has developed. Such rights are based on the concept that each person freely decides if, when, and how many children to have - not the state or religion. According to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights , reproductive rights "rest on the recognition of the basic rights of all couples and individuals to decide freely and responsibly

3705-421: The novel Kim Ji-young, Born 1982 , as do South Korea's MeToo and "Escape the Corset" movements. The 4B movement claimed to have 4,000 members in 2019. The term 4B emerged from Korean feminist circles on Twitter around 2017 to 2018, after a highly publicized 2016 murder of a woman by a man. The murderer, who said he did it because women had ignored him, was not charged with a hate crime. The 4B movement

3770-507: The number, spacing and timing of their children and to have the information and means to do so, and the right to attain the highest standard of sexual and reproductive health. It also includes the right to make decisions concerning reproduction free of discrimination, coercion and violence, as expressed in human rights documents". From around 10,000 BC to the beginning of the Industrial Revolution , fertility rates around

3835-507: The strongest advocates for 4B in South Korea were on and radicalized by Womad. Some members of the 4B movement reportedly called for gender to be checked at public restrooms, and for protests to be segregated by gender. Various communities involved in the 4B movement reportedly asked that members take photos so that others could verify their biological sex; one such group asked for videos of people's Adam's apples . Some South Korean queer and trans feminists reportedly expressed concern that

3900-512: The world into six geographical regions. The table below shows the estimated TFR for each region. (2015-2020) In 2013, the TFR of Europe , Latin America and the Caribbean , and Northern America were below the global replacement-level fertility rate of 2.1 children per female. Africa has a TFR of 4.1, the highest in the world. Angola , Benin , DR Congo , Mali , and the Niger have

3965-416: The world were high by 21st-century standards, ranging from 4.5 to 7.5 children per woman. . The onset of the Industrial Revolution around the year 1800 brought about what has come to be called the demographic transition . This eventually led to a long-term decline in TFR in every region of the world that has continued in the 21st century. During this period fertility rates of 4.5 to 7.5 were common around

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4030-611: The world's lowest fertility rate , the South Korean government has adopted pro-natalist policies aimed at incentivizing an increase in childbirths, such as stipends for new parents, increased maternal and paternal leave , and childcare subsidies . A 2022 survey of unmarried South Koreans aged 19 to 34 found that 79.8% of men and 69.7% of women expressed a desire to marry in the future. The survey also explored attitudes toward childbirth, including those of married and unmarried young adults. Overall, 63.3% of respondents expressed

4095-591: The world. Child mortality could reach 50% and that plus the need to produce workers, male heirs, and old-age caregivers required a high fertility rate by 21st-century standards. To produce two adult children in this high mortality environment required at least four or more births. For example, fertility rates in Western Europe before 1800 ranged from 4.5 in Scandinavia to 6.2 in Belgium. In 1800,

4160-424: Was also a reaction to social media content, including a misogynistic social media platform Ilbe Storehouse , which grew in prominence in 2014. The 4B movement gained broader recognition on Twitter in 2019 and through various feminist social media accounts. One notable feature of the 4B movement, as with other Korean digital feminist movements, is that members often identify themselves as "anonymous women," as it

4225-644: Was significantly popular on (and widely publicly associated with) the South Korean website Womad, which is openly misandric , homophobic, and transphobic. The website was founded because Megalia had begun prohibiting homophobic and transphobic slurs. Womad members reportedly advocated for revenge against men, advocated for disliked people to commit suicide, and some threatened violence and committed crimes against men. Any women who had children were criticized as enablers of patriarchy, with some being likened to slaves. One trans person interviewed in South Korea argued that, while most South Korean women were not transphobic,

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