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126-497: The Immortal Game is among the most famous chess games ever played. As a miniature game, it is frequently reproduced in chess literature to teach simple themes of gameplay. Although Kieseritzsky himself indicated that the game ended before checkmate, the Immortal Game is frequently reproduced with a brief continuation involving a queen sacrifice —a further loss of material—leading to checkmate. This continuation

252-1372: A Plan, a Canal" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Max Euwe vs Alexander Alekhine (1935) "The Pearl of Zandvoort" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Mikhail Botvinnik vs Jose Raul Capablanca (1938) "A Thing of the Passed" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Frank Parr vs George Shorrock Ashcombe Wheatcroft (1938) "Under Parr" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "B Molinari vs Luis Roux Cabral (1943) "The Uruguayan Immortal" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ Copeland (SamCopeland), Sam (30 April 2021). "The Spectacular Winning Queen Sacrifice Chess Computers Don't Understand - Gusev vs. Auerbach, 1946" . Chess.com . Retrieved 2022-06-30 . ^ Queen Sacrifice Made 74 Years Ago Is Still A Headache For Stockfish And Leela Chess Zero , 20 August 2020 , retrieved 2022-06-30 ^ Copeland (SamCopeland), Sam (30 April 2021). "The Spectacular Winning Queen Sacrifice Chess Computers Don't Understand - Gusev vs. Auerbach, 1946" . Chess.com . Retrieved 2022-06-30 . ^ Brilliant Chess Game: Positional Queen Sacrifice! - Gusev vs Averbakh - Moscow 1946 (Chessworld.net) , 23 September 2012 , retrieved 2022-06-30 ^ "Yuri Gusev vs E Auerbach (1946) Gusev's Immortal" . 2022-02-20. Archived from

378-468: A bishop and finally a rook mating with just a rook and a queen. 2006: Vladimir Kramnik vs Veselin Topalov, World Chess Championship 2006, 16th Match Game, Elista. After 13 years of a divided World Chess Championship, the reunification match comes down to a final tiebreak game. 2010s [ edit ] 2013: Anand's Immortal . In this game reigning world champion Viswanathan Anand exhibits

504-408: A bishop). The oldest openings in chess follow 1.e4. Bobby Fischer rated 1.e4 as "Best by test." On the downside, 1.e4 places a pawn on an undefended square and weakens d4 and f4. If Black mirrors White's move and replies with 1...e5, the result is an open game. The most popular second move for White is 2.Nf3 attacking Black's king pawn, preparing for a kingside castle, and anticipating the advance of

630-540: A bit, but they only address center control peripherally and are slower than the more popular openings. The eleven remaining possibilities are rarely played at the top levels of chess. Of these, the best are merely slow such as 1.c3, 1.d3, and 1.e3. Worse possibilities either ignore the center and development such as 1.a3, weaken White's position (for instance, 1.f3 and 1.g4), or place the knights on poor squares (1.Na3 and 1.Nh3). Black has twenty complementary responses to White's opening move. Many of these are mirror images of

756-529: A break in a formal tournament in London; the exact venue is uncertain. Kieseritzky was very impressed with Anderssen's performance; after the game was over, Kieseritzky telegraphed the moves of the game to his Parisian chess club . The French chess magazine La Régence published the game in July 1851. The Austrian Ernst Falkbeer nicknamed it "The Immortal Game" in 1855. This game is acclaimed as an exemplar of

882-417: A combination with a rook sacrifice and two more offered sacrifices to beat Levon Aronian , then ranked No. 3 in the world . ChessBase wrote that "[it] might surely go down as the game of the year", and The New York Times described it as "a game for the ages". 2013: Anand–Carlsen, World Championship 2013, Game 9, Chennai. Two games down with only three to go in the match, Viswanathan Anand develops

1008-403: A dangerous kingside attack only to make a fatal blunder on move 28. One game later, Magnus Carlsen becomes the 16th undisputed World Chess Champion. 2015: Wei Yi–Bruzon, Danzhou. In this game, chess prodigy Wei Yi plays a rook sacrifice that forces Black to take a king walk. Several quiet moves eventually force Black to concede defeat. This game has been compared to Kasparov's Immortal and

1134-456: A daring gambit and obtains a dominating position for his knight, stifling Anatoly Karpov's forces and finishing off with a mating attack. 1986: Garry Kasparov vs Anatoly Karpov, 16th Match Game, Leningrad. The most spectacular game of their third World Championship match hangs in the balance until Garry Kasparov's diabolical 37th move blows Karpov's defence away. 1987: Garry Kasparov vs Anatoly Karpov, 24th Match Game, Seville. Trailing by

1260-419: A decade later, two future World Champions refuse to draw and throw everything at each other until only one is left standing. 1996: Deep Blue versus Kasparov, 1996, Game 1 , the first game in which a chess-playing computer defeated a reigning world champion using classical time controls . 1997: Deep Blue versus Kasparov, 1997, Game 6 , the last game of the 1997 rematch. Deep Blue won, making it

1386-578: A game begins to deviate from known opening theory , the players are said to be "out of book". In some openings, book lines have been worked out for over 30 moves, such as some lines in the classical King's Indian Defense and in the Najdorf Variation of the Sicilian Defense. Professional chess players spend years studying openings, and they continue doing so throughout their careers as opening theory continues to evolve. Players at

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1512-536: A knight and a rook to create a passed pawn , winning the game in just 17 moves. 1971: Bruce Harper vs Bob Zuk, Burnaby. The famous "Tomb Game" sees Black exploit two pins to drive his opponent's pieces into a corner and toward a position where White's only legal move will help Black to checkmate him. 1972: Bobby Fischer vs Boris Spassky, 6th Match Game, Reykjavik. Game 6 of the highly publicized World Championship Match. Bobby Fischer surprises by opening with 1.c4 instead of his favorite 1.e4. Boris Spassky joined

1638-399: A large center with the goal of attacking it with pieces. Other semi-open games have been studied but are less common; see Semi-Open Game for details. The openings classified as closed games begin 1.d4 d5. The move 1.d4 offers the same benefits to development and center control as does 1.e4, but unlike with King Pawn openings where the e4-pawn is undefended after the first move, the d4-pawn

1764-424: A piece, then one exchange, then the other exchange to push his avalanche of pawns down the board. By the end of the game he has lost all seven of his pieces but kept all eight of his pawns, which roll over White's remaining rook. 1963: Robert Eugene Byrne vs Bobby Fischer, New York. Fischer executes a deep sacrificial attack to win in this miniature. Many of the players in the press room thought Fischer's position

1890-588: A player has specialized in is called an opening repertoire. The main elements a player needs to consider in a repertoire are: A very narrow repertoire allows for deeper specialization but also makes a player less flexible to vary against different opponents. In addition, opponents may find it easier to prepare against a player with a narrow repertoire. The main openings in a repertoire are usually reasonably sound; that is, they should lead to playable positions even against optimal counterplay. Unsound gambits are sometimes used as surprise weapons, but are unreliable for

2016-535: A point before the final game of their fourth World Championship match, Garry Kasparov surprises Karpov by beginning quietly in Anatoly Karpov's own style. With Karpov running low on time, Kasparov ratchets up the tension by sacrificing a pawn for an attack. Karpov fails to find the best defence and is finally forced to resign, leaving Kasparov the champion for another three years. 1988: Carsten Hoi vs Boris Gulko, Thessaloniki Olympiad. Representing Denmark at

2142-419: A queen sacrifice. After the maneuver, Fischer has a winning material advantage – a rook and two bishops for a queen, and coordinates them to force checkmate. Fischer was 13 years old; his opponent was 26. 1957: Bogdan Sliwa vs David Bronstein, Gotha. "The Immortal losing game " between Bogdan Sliwa and David Bronstein . Black has a lost game but sets some elegant traps in attempting to snatch victory from

2268-417: A rook endgame down a pawn which Rubinstein wins in masterly fashion. 1912: Levitsky–Marshall, Breslau . The final move of Frank James Marshall (matched against Stefan Levitsky) places his queen en prise in three different ways. The spectators are said to have showered the board with gold coins. 1912: Edward Lasker–Thomas, London . With a queen sacrifice, Edward Lasker exposes Black's king and with

2394-422: A series of checks drives it all the way to the other side of the board before checkmating with an advance of his king. 1914: Emanuel Lasker vs Jose Raul Capablanca, St Petersburg. Lasker defeats José Raúl Capablanca in a positional game where his winning strategy seemed to flow right out of the opening to the end. Capablanca, himself renowned as a master of simple positions, was sufficiently rattled to lose in

2520-527: A spectacular king hunt. 2019: Alireza Firouzja–Murali Karthikeyan. Karthikeyan sacrifices his queen on move 9 in a known position for a knight and a bishop against prodigious Alireza Firouzja, leaving the latter's pieces uncoordinated and without decent squares. 2020s [ edit ] 2021: Carlsen versus Nepomniachtchi, World Chess Championship 2021, Game 6 . In this game, reigning world champion Magnus Carlsen (as White) exchanged his queen for two rooks to enter into an unbalanced endgame—which

2646-523: A stable repertoire. Repertoires often change as a player develops, and a player's advancement may be stifled if the opening repertoire does not evolve. Some openings that are effective against amateur players are less effective at the master level. For example, Black obtains active play in return for a pawn in the Benko Gambit ; amateur players may have trouble defending against Black's activity, while masters are more skilled at defending and making use of

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2772-419: A third in the offing, before White decides to capitulate." ( The Chess Companion , Chernev, Faber & Faber Ltd, 1970). 1923: Sämisch–Nimzowitsch, Copenhagen " The Immortal Zugzwang Game ". 1924: Richard Réti–José Raúl Capablanca, New York. The game that ended Capablanca's eight-year run without a single loss in tournament play. 1924: Jose Raul Capablanca vs Savielly Tartakower, New York. One of

2898-409: A tribute to his benefactor E. Z. Adams, this game features the most famous back-rank mate combination in chess literature, involving six consecutive offers of the queen. 1922: Alekhine–Bogoljubov, Pistyan. This game is referred in the famous novella The Royal Game by Stefan Zweig , which inspired multiple movies, theater plays and musical performances. In the story the position after 38. d6

3024-601: A well-prepared opponent playing Black can equalize fairly easily. The Stonewall is characterized by the White pawn formation on c3, d4, e3, and f4, and can be achieved by several move orders and against many different Black setups. The diagram positions and the move sequences given below are typical. Other closed openings have been studied but are less common; see Closed Game for details. The Indian systems are asymmetrical defenses to 1.d4 that employ hypermodern chess strategy. Fianchettos are common in many of these openings. As with

3150-488: A win. 1852: Adolf Anderssen vs Jean Dufresne, Berlin. "The Evergreen Game ". Adolf Anderssen mates with what Savielly Tartakower termed "[a] combination second to none in the literature of the game." 1857: Louis Paulsen vs Paul Morphy, New York. Paul Morphy gains an advantage in development and transforms it into a powerful kingside attack with a queen sacrifice. 1858: Paul Morphy vs Duke of Brunswick & Count Isouard, Paris. "The Opera Game " Morphy shows

3276-576: Is 2.c4, grabbing a larger share of the center and allowing the move Nc3, to prepare for moving the e-pawn to e4 without blocking the c-pawn. Black's most popular replies are: Advocated by Nimzowitsch as early as 1913, the Nimzo-Indian Defense was the first of the Indian systems to gain full acceptance. It remains one of the most popular and well-respected defenses to 1.d4 and White often adopts move orders designed to avoid it. Black attacks

3402-418: Is a model mate , a strong form of pure mate in which all of the attacker's remaining pieces contribute to the checkmate, while the mated king is prevented from moving to any other square for exactly one reason per square. In 1996, Bill Hartston called the game an achievement "perhaps unparalleled in chess literature". Anderssen was one of the strongest players of his time, and many consider him to have been

3528-410: Is being reproduced in a game between the fictional world chess champion and a group of outmatched amateur players who are on the verge of promoting their c-pawn, when an unknown spectator frantically intervenes and explains how white will beat them in 9–10 moves after 38... c1Q 39. Bxc1 Nxc1 40. d7. He proposes 38... Kh7 instead, correctly predicting that 39. h4 will follow and after 39... Rc4 he maneuvers

3654-448: Is characterized by White playing 1.Nf3, fianchettoing one or both bishops, and not playing an early d4 (which would generally transpose into one of the 1.d4 openings). The King's Indian Attack (KIA) is a system of development that White may use in reply to almost any Black opening moves. The characteristic KIA setup is 1.Nf3, 2.g3, 3.Bg2, 4.0-0, 5.d3, 6.Nbd2, and 7.e4, although these moves may be played in many different orders. In fact,

3780-493: Is common to divide each of them further. One reasonable way to group the openings is: The Indian systems (1.d4 Nf6) are the most important of the Semi-Closed Games, and warrant separate treatment. White starts by playing 1.e4 (moving their king pawn two spaces). This is the most popular opening move and it has many strengths—it immediately works on controlling the center, and it activates two pieces (the queen and

3906-477: Is commonly presented as part of the complete game, as if the final moves were actually played as part of the real historical game. Some authors also permute certain moves, deviating from Kieseritzky's report, although such permutations typically give rise to a transposition in which a distinct line of play eventually returns to the moves and positions reported by Kieseritzky. Although both players made moves which are regarded as unsound by modern players,

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4032-437: Is conducted with remarkable skill by both parties." 1844: Alexander Hoffmann vs Alexander Petrov, Warsaw. Alexander Petrov wins with a queen sacrifice and a king hunt, in a game known as "Petrov's Immortal", against Alexander Hoffmann. 1851: Adolf Anderssen vs Lionel Kieseritzky, London. "The Immortal Game " Lionel Kieseritzky neglects his development and Adolf Anderssen sacrifices his queen and both rooks for

4158-539: Is considered solid, safe, and perhaps somewhat drawish . Black often chooses the Queen's Indian when White avoids the Nimzo-Indian by playing 3.Nf3 instead of 3.Nc3. Black constructs a sound position that makes no positional concessions, although sometimes it is difficult for Black to obtain good winning chances. Karpov was a leading expert in this opening. The Modern Benoni is a risky attempt by Black to unbalance

4284-567: Is different from Wikidata Dynamic lists Chess opening The opening is the initial stage of a chess game. It usually consists of established theory . The other phases are the middlegame and the endgame . Many opening sequences, known as openings , have standard names such as " Sicilian Defense ". The Oxford Companion to Chess lists 1,327 named openings and variants, and there are many others with varying degrees of common usage. Opening moves that are considered standard are referred to as "book moves", or simply "book". When

4410-619: Is named after the Catalonia region. Chess players' names are the most common sources of opening names. The name given to an opening is not always that of the first player to adopt it; often an opening is named for the player who was the first to popularize it or to publish analysis of it. Eponymic openings include the Ruy Lopez , Alekhine's Defense , Morphy Defense , and the Réti Opening . Some opening names honor two people, such as

4536-1149: Is now known as his 'immortal game' ^ "The Best Chess Games Of All Time" . Chess.com . 18 August 2018. Kasparov has a long list of brilliancies to his credit, but this game is his virtually undisputed masterpiece. ^ "Garry Kasparov vs Vladimir Kramnik (2000)" . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Vladimir Kramnik vs Peter Leko (2004) "Last Dance" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Mtel R1: Kramnik beats Ponomariov" . Chess News . 13 May 2005 . Retrieved 26 November 2014 . ^ "Viswanathan Anand vs Veselin Topalov (2005) "23rd Century Chess" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Sergey Karjakin vs Viswanathan Anand (2006) ""A Corus Line" " " . www.chessgames.com . ^ Byrne, Robert (19 February 2006). "The Liveliest Game at Corus? Anand Demolishing Karjakin" . The New York Times . ^ "Vladimir Kramnik vs Veselin Topalov (2006) "And Then There Was One" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Tata R04: Carlsen, Anand and Caruana score" . Chess News . 15 January 2013 . Retrieved 26 November 2014 . ^ "Two of

4662-488: Is often known as a prepared variation , a powerful weapon in top-class competition. Whether they are trying to gain the upper hand as White, or to equalize as Black or to create dynamic imbalances, players generally devote a lot of attention in the opening stages to the following strategies: Apart from these ideas, other strategies used in the middlegame may also be carried out in the opening. These include preparing pawn breaks to create counterplay, creating weaknesses in

4788-587: Is protected by White's queen. This slight difference has a tremendous effect on the opening. For instance, whereas the King's Gambit is rarely played today at the highest levels of chess, the Queen's Gambit remains a popular weapon at all levels of play. Also, compared with the King Pawn openings, transpositions among variations are more common and critical in the closed games. The most important closed openings are in

4914-480: Is somewhat inflexible because it blocks White's c-pawn; also, after 1...d5 the knight is liable to be driven to an inferior square by ...d4. (Note that after 1.Nf3 the analogous 1...e5? loses a pawn.) Bird's Opening , 1.f4, addresses center control but not development and weakens the king position slightly. The Sokolsky Opening 1.b4 and the King's and Queen's fianchettos : Larsen's Opening 1.b3 and 1.g3 aid development

5040-606: Is still played occasionally at the top level by Short and others. Another fairly common opening is the Benoni Defense , which may become very wild if it develops into the Modern Benoni , though other variations are more solid. Several other uncommon semi-closed openings have been named and studied, see Semi-Closed Game for details. The flank openings are the group of White openings typified by play on one or both flanks. White plays in hypermodern style, attacking

5166-407: Is that playing first gives White a slight initial advantage ; for example, White will be the first to attack if the game opens symmetrically (Black mirrors White's moves). Since about the 1950s another objective has gradually become more dominant. According to IM Jeremy Silman , the purpose of the opening is to create dynamic imbalances between the two sides, which will determine the character of

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5292-462: Is usually done by transpositions , in which a game that apparently starts with one opening can reach a position that is normally produced by a different opening. Most players realize after a while that they play certain types of positions better than others, and that the amount of theory they can learn is limited. Therefore, most players specialize in certain openings where they know the theory and that lead to positions they favor. The set of openings

5418-507: The Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings . Although these codes are invaluable for the serious study of the chess opening, they are not very practical for a broad survey of the chess opening as the codes obscure common structural features between related openings. A simple descriptive categorization of the chess opening is King's Pawn Openings , Queen's Pawn Openings , and Others. Since these categories are still individually very large, it

5544-485: The AVRO 1938 tournament, Botvinnik obtains a strong initiative against Capablanca and brings the victory home with a long combination. 1938: Frank Parr vs George Wheatcroft, London. Irving Chernev and Fred Reinfeld described this as "one of the greatest combinative games on record!" ( Fireside Book Of Chess , Simon & Schuster, 1949, pp. 392–93) 1943: B Molinari vs Luis Roux Cabral, Montevideo. This game from

5670-745: The Alekhine and the Scandinavian have made occasional appearances in World Chess Championship games. The Sicilian and French Defenses lead to unbalanced positions that can offer exciting play with both sides having chances to win. The Caro–Kann Defense is solid as Black intends to use their c-pawn to support their center (1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5). Alekhine's, the Pirc and the Modern are hypermodern openings in which Black tempts White to build

5796-647: The Berlin Defense to the Ruy Lopez (which had fallen out of favor), in which the queens are exchanged on move 8. The queenless endgame is difficult for Kramnik to defend but limits Garry Kasparov 's options, and the game ends in draw by agreement . 2004: Vladimir Kramnik vs Peter Leko, Classical World Chess Championship 2004, 14th Match Game, Brissago. Needing only a draw to win the World Championship, Peter Leko plays too passively and pays

5922-597: The Caro–Kann and the Smith–Morra . A few opening names are purely descriptive, such as Giuoco Piano ( Italian : quiet game ), Two Knights Defense , Four Knights Game and Bishop's Opening . Some openings have been given fanciful names, often names of animals. This practice became more common in the 20th century. By then, most of the more common and traditional sequences of opening moves had already been named, so these tend to be unusual or recently developed openings like

6048-560: The Game of the Century , and described as the "21st-century Immortal". 2016: Carlsen–Karjakin, World Championship 2016, Game 16, New York. Magnus Carlsen retains his title with the most beautiful move ever to end a World Chess Championship match. 2017: Bai Jinshi–Ding Liren. Ding Liren creates a stunning tactical crush of his young compatriot Bai Jinshi in just 32 moves with the black pieces, sacrificing his queen and culminating in

6174-697: The Orangutan , Hippopotamus, Elephant, Hedgehog, and, most recently, the Cow. A few are given humorous names, such as the Monkey's Bum and the Toilet Variation . Opening names usually include one of the terms "opening", "variation", "defense", "gambit" etc, however the terminology is inconsistent and imprecise, and is not a useful basis for classification. Broadly, these terms are used as follows: Chess openings are primarily categorized by move sequences. In

6300-419: The Ruy Lopez or Spanish Opening . Opening theory was studied more scientifically from the 1840s on, and many opening variations were discovered and named in this period and later. Opening nomenclature developed haphazardly, and most names are historical accidents not based on systematic principles. In the early 1930s, the nascent FIDE embarked on a project to standardize opening nomenclature, culminating in

6426-663: The Vienna Game (2.Nc3), the Bishop's Opening (2.Bc4), and the King's Gambit (2.f4). These openings have some similarities with each other, in particular the Bishop's Opening frequently transposes to variations of the Vienna Game. The King's Gambit was extremely popular in the 19th century. White sacrifices a pawn for quick development and to divert a black pawn from the center. The Vienna Game also frequently features attacks on

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6552-2046: The 136-move game became the longest in the history of the World Chess Championship. 2023: Nepomniachtchi–Ding, World Chess Championship 2023 , Game 18. In a winner-take-all tiebreak game, Ding Liren avoids a draw with a risky self-pin on move 46. Both players make errors in the subsequent play but Nepomniachtchi makes the last one as Ding breaks through to become the 17th undisputed World Chess Champion. See also [ edit ] [REDACTED] Chess portal List of chess games between Anand and Kramnik List of chess games between Kasparov and Kramnik References [ edit ] ^ "Francesco di Castellvi vs Narciso Vinyoles (1475) "Old in Chess" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Gioachino Greco vs NN (1623)" . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Thomas Bowdler vs Henry Seymour Conway (1788) "Bowdlerized" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Andrew Smith vs François André Philidor (1790)" . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Louis Charles Mahe De La Bourdonnais vs Alexander McDonnell (1834) "Big Mac and French Fries" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Alexander McDonnell vs Louis Charles Mahe De La Bourdonnais (1834) "Labourdonnais Picnic" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Pierre Charles Fournier de Saint Amant vs Howard Staunton (1843)" . www.chessgames.com . ^ "F Alexander Hoffmann vs Alexander Petrov (1844) "Petrov's Immortal" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Adolf Anderssen vs Lionel Adalbert Bagration Felix Kieseritzky (1851) "The Immortal Game" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Adolf Anderssen vs Jean Dufresne (1852) "The Evergreen Partie" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Louis Paulsen vs Paul Morphy (1857) "Morphy Us" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Paul Morphy vs Duke Karl / Count Isouard (1858) "A Night at

6678-450: The 1943 Uruguayan Chess Championship , dubbed the " Uruguayan Immortal ", sees Luis Roux Cabral sacrifice the exchange twice, followed by sacrifices of two minor pieces. After 33 moves, all three of his remaining pieces are en prise—and his opponent cannot stop checkmate. 1946: Gusev–Auerbach, Chelyabinsk . Not to be confused with the late centenarian grandmaster and theorician Yuri Averbakh , this game, dubbed "Gusev's Immortal",

6804-670: The 1970s with his signature style of elegant positional play crowned by crisp tactics, like in this game where he places his queen en prise to a pawn. 1978: Liu Wenzhe vs Jan Hein Donner, Buenos Aires. "The Chinese Immortal"; at China's first olympiad , the little known Liu Wenzhe defeats the experienced Dutch grandmaster Jan Hein Donner in 20 moves with a spectacular king's side attack. 1980s [ edit ] 1981: Garry Kasparov vs Viktor Gavrikov, USSR Championship, Frunze. One of Garry Kasparov's dynamic, attacking wins from his first Soviet Championship victory at age 18 that heralded

6930-406: The 19th-century Romantic style of chess, where rapid development and attack were considered the most effective way to win, many gambits and countergambits were offered (and not accepting them would be considered slightly ungentlemanly), and material was often held in contempt. These games, with their rapid attacks and counterattacks, are often entertaining to review, even if some of

7056-592: The Black center by means of a f2–f4 pawn advance. In the Center Game (2.d4) White immediately opens the center but if the pawn is to be recovered after 2...exd4, White must contend with a slightly premature queen development after 3.Qxd4. An alternative is to sacrifice one or two pawns, for example in the Danish Gambit . Many other variations after 1.e4 e5 have been studied; see Open Game for details. In

7182-609: The Catalan System. The most important Indian Defenses are listed below, but many others have been studied and played; see Indian Defense for details. Of the defenses to 1.d4 other than 1...d5 and 1...Nf6, the most important are the Dutch Defense and the Benoni Defense . The Dutch, an aggressive defense adopted for a time by World Champions Alekhine and Botvinnik , and played by both Botvinnik and challenger David Bronstein in their 1951 world championship match ,

7308-1195: The Century" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Bogdan Sliwa vs David Bronstein (1957) "The Immortal Losing Game" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Lev Polugaevsky vs Rashid Gibiatovich Nezhmetdinov (1958) "Nezhmet Kismet" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Mikhail Tal vs Vasily Smyslov (1959) "Tal Tales" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Robert James Fischer vs Tigran Vartanovich Petrosian (1959) "Four Queens" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Boris Spassky vs David Bronstein (1960) "The SMERSH Gambit" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Mikhail Tal vs Mikhail Botvinnik (1960) "Winawer Winnowed" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Milunka Lazarevic vs Nona Gaprindashvili (1961) "Lazarevic's Tomb" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Eduard Gufeld vs Ljubomir Kavalek (1962) "Kavalanche" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Robert Eugene Byrne vs Robert James Fischer (1963) "The Brilliancy Prize" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Tigran Petrosian vs Boris Spassky (1966) "Boris Bad and Off" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Boris Spassky vs Tigran Petrosian (1969) "Taming

7434-1994: The Flohr" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Anatoly Karpov vs Garry Kasparov (1987) "Crisis in Seville" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Carsten Hoi vs Boris Gulko (1988) "Høi Ploy" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Jeroen Piket vs Garry Kasparov (1989) "Crossing the Piket Line" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Anatoly Karpov vs Garry Kasparov (1990)" . www.chessgames.com . ^ "The Time Limits They Are a-Changin'..." (TXT) . Arbitri.lombardiascacchi.com . Retrieved 26 November 2014 . ^ "Vassily Ivanchuk vs Artur Yusupov (1991) "Brussels Routs" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Mikhail Tal vs Joel Lautier (1992) "And for my final trick..." " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Anand's Positional Chess Masterpiece? Ivanchuk vs. Anand, 1992" . www.chess.com . 21 January 2019. ^ "Vasyl Ivanchuk vs Viswanathan Anand (1992) "Double Vision" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Nigel Short vs Garry Kasparov (1993) "Came Up Short" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Alexey Shirov vs. Judit Polgar (1994) "She Loves Me, Shirov Me Not" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Roberto Cifuentes Parada vs Vadim Zvjaginsev (1995) "The Pearl of Wijk aan Zee" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Veselin Topalov vs Vladimir Kramnik (1995) "Toppling Topalov" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ Content (ColinStapczynski), Director of Written (26 September 2020). "The 10 Best Chess Moves Of All Time" . Chess.com . ^ "Veselin Topalov vs Alexey Shirov (1998) "Troublesome Priest" " . Chessgames.com . ^ Alberto Colodro, Carlos (11 March 2021). "Throwback Thursday: Kasparov's immortal" . Garry Kasparov defeated Veselin Topalov in what

7560-1838: The Opera" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Steinitz vs Mongredien (1862) "Winner of the tournament's brilliancy price" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Carl Hamppe vs Philipp Meitner (1872) "The Immortal Draw" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Victor Knorre vs Mikhail Chigorin (1874) "Ineffective Pin" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Johannes Zukertort vs Joseph Henry Blackburne (1883) "Zukertort's Immortal" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Emanuel Lasker vs Johann Hermann Bauer (1889) "Emanuel Labor" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Harry Nelson Pillsbury vs Siegbert Tarrasch (1895) "A Bitter Pill to Swallow" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Wilhelm Steinitz vs Curt von Bardeleben (1895) "The Battle of Hastings" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Edward Winter: Steinitz v von Bardeleben" . www.chesshistory.com . ^ "Harry Nelson Pillsbury vs Isidor Gunsberg (1895) "Have Guns, Pill Travel" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Harry Nelson Pillsbury vs Emanuel Lasker (1896) "Pillsbury d'oh!" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Emanuel Lasker vs William Ewart Napier (1904) "Pawnslaught" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Georg Rotlewi vs Akiba Rubinstein (1907) "Rubinstein's Immortal" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Akiba Rubinstein vs Emanuel Lasker (1909) "First Meeting" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Stefan Levitsky vs Frank James Marshall (1912) "The Gold Coin Game" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Edward Lasker vs George Alan Thomas (1912) "Fatal Attraction" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "St Petersburg 1914: Chess on

7686-439: The Queen's Gambit family (White plays 2.c4). The Queen's Gambit is somewhat misnamed, since White can always regain the offered pawn if desired. In the Queen's Gambit Accepted , Black plays ...dxc4, giving up the center for free development and the chance to try to give White an isolated queen pawn with a subsequent ...c5 and ...cxd4. White will get active pieces and possibilities for the attack. Black has two popular ways to decline

SECTION 60

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7812-493: The Queen's Gambit other than 2...dxc4, 2...c6, and 2...e6 are uncommon. The Colle System and Stonewall Attack are classified as Queen's Pawn Games because White plays d4 but not c4. They are also examples of Systems , rather than specific opening variations. White develops aiming for a particular formation without great concern over how Black chooses to defend. Both systems are popular with club players because they are easy to learn, but are rarely used by professionals because

7938-1390: The Tiger" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Bent Larsen vs Boris Spassky (1970) "When Pawns Attack" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Bruce Harper vs Bob Zuk (1971) "The Tomb Game" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Robert James Fischer vs Boris Spassky (1972) "Best by Protest" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Boris Spassky vs Robert James Fischer (1972) "Crime and Punishment" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Boris Spassky vs Robert James Fischer (1972) "Fischer King" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "David Bronstein vs Ljubomir Ljubojevic (1973) "The Sorcerer's Apprentice" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Anatoly Karpov vs Boris Spassky (1974) "AK-74" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Stefano Tatai vs Anatoly Karpov (1977) "Tête-à-Tatai" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Liu Wenzhe vs Jan Hein Donner (1978) "The Chinese Immortal" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Garry Kasparov vs Viktor Gavrikov (1981)" . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Lajos Portisch vs Jozsef Pinter (1984) "Queenless Attack" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Anatoly Karpov vs Garry Kasparov (1985) "The Brisbane Bombshell" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Garry Kasparov vs Anatoly Karpov (1986) "Tossed on

8064-3970: The Wei" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Magnus Carlsen vs Sergey Karjakin (2016) "Navigating the Rapids" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Ding Liren Game of the Year?" . Chess News . 2017-11-11 . Retrieved 2018-07-15 . ^ "Jinshi Bai vs Ding Liren (2017) Unruly Minors" . www.chessgames.com . Retrieved 2018-07-15 . ^ "The 10 Best Chess Games of 2019" . Chess News . 2020-01-01 . Retrieved 2020-01-01 . ^ "Alireza Firouzja vs Murali Karthikeyan(2019) "Give and You Shall Receive" " . www.chessgames.com . Retrieved 2018-07-15 . ^ Carlos Alberto Colodro: World Championship Game 6: Carlsen wins marathon . ChessBase . 2 December 2021. ^ Graham, Bryan Armen (2021-12-03). "Magnus Carlsen defeats Ian Nepomniachtchi in Game 6 of World Chess Championship – as it happened" . The Guardian . ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2021-12-04 . ^ Peter Doggers: Carlsen Wins Longest World Chess Championship Game Of All Time . Chess.com . 3 December 2021. ^ "Ian Nepomniachtchi vs Ding Liren (2033) "King Liren" " . www.chessgames.com . v t e Chess Outline Chess theory Chess titles Grandmaster Computer chess glossary matches engines software Correspondence chess FIDE Glossary Online chess Premove Internet chess server list Rating system world rankings norms Variants List World records Equipment Chess set chessboard Dubrovnik chess set Staunton chess set Chess pieces King Queen Rook Bishop Knight Pawn Fairy Chess clock Chess table Score sheets History Timeline Versus de scachis Göttingen manuscript Charlemagne chessmen Lewis chessmen Romantic chess Hypermodernism Soviet chess school Top player comparison Geography of chess Africa South Africa China Europe Armenia Spain India Notable games List of chess players amateurs female grandmasters Women in chess Chess museums Bobby Fischer Center Gökyay Association Chess Museum World Chess Hall of Fame Rules Castling Cheating in chess Check Checkmate Draw by agreement Fifty-move rule Perpetual check Stalemate Threefold repetition En passant Pawn promotion Time control Fast chess Touch-move rule White and Black Terms Blunder Chess notation algebraic descriptive PGN annotation symbols symbols in Unicode Fianchetto Gambit Key square King walk Open file Half-open file Outpost Pawns backward connected doubled isolated passed Swindle Tempo Transposition Trap Tactics Artificial castling Battery Alekhine's gun Block Checkmate patterns Combination Decoy Deflection Desperado Discovered attack Double check Fork Interference Overloading Pawn storm Pin Sacrifice Queen sacrifice Skewer Undermining Windmill X-ray Zwischenzug Strategy Compensation Exchange

8190-609: The World's Best in a Game for the Ages" . The New York Times . Retrieved 26 November 2014 . ^ "Levon Aronian vs Viswanathan Anand (2013) "Nerves of Steel" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Viswanathan Anand vs Magnus Carlsen (2013) Game of Thrones" . www.chessgames.com . Retrieved 2021-01-17 . ^ (PeterDoggers) (3 July 2015). "Wei Yi Plays 21st-Century Immortal Game - Chess.com" . ^ "Wei Yi vs Lazaro Bruzon Batista (2015) "Prepare Yi

8316-408: The arrival of a new contender for the World Chess Championship. 1984: Lajos Portisch vs Jozsef Pinter, Hungarian Championship, Budapest. Jozsef Pinter plays the game of his life against his famous opponent, sacrificing a piece in a queenless middlegame to draw Lajos Portisch's king into a deadly crossfire. 1985: Anatoly Karpov vs Garry Kasparov, 16th Match Game, Moscow. Garry Kasparov employs

8442-903: The arts early literature film novels paintings poetry short stories Chess books opening books endgame literature Oxford Companion Chess libraries Chess newspaper columns Chess periodicals Related Arbiter Chess boxing Chess club Chess composer Chess engine AlphaZero Deep Blue Leela Chess Zero Stockfish Chess problem glossary joke chess Chess prodigy Simultaneous exhibition Solving chess [REDACTED] Chess portal Category Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_chess_games&oldid=1257381107 " Categories : Chess games Chess-related lists History of chess Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description

8568-442: The audience in applauding Fischer's win and called it the best game of the World Chess Championship 1972 . 1972: Boris Spassky vs Bobby Fischer, 11th Match Game, Reykjavik. In Game 11 of the highly publicized World Championship Match, Boris Spassky destroys Bobby Fischer's Najdorf , giving Fischer his only loss in the poisoned pawn variation . 1972: Boris Spassky vs Bobby Fischer, 13th Match Game, Reykjavik. Game 13 of

8694-491: The best game played in the years 1966–96. 1992: Mikhail Tal vs Joel Lautier, Barcelona. In his final tournament before his death at age 55, the Magician from Riga produces one last masterpiece against a Grandmaster from the next generation. 1992: Vasyl Ivanchuk vs Viswanathan Anand, Linares, 1st Match Game. Anand breaks all principles of positional chess by getting doubled pawns, trading his good bishop only to reveal

8820-538: The biennial Chess Olympiad, Hoi fulfils the dream of every unknown player by crushing a former Soviet and future US Champion with a beautiful mating attack. 1989: Jeroen Piket vs Garry Kasparov, Tilburg. A typically devastating performance by Garry Kasparov, whose dominance of super-tournaments in 1989 increased his rating to 2800, the first to reach that number. 1990s [ edit ] 1990: Anatoly Karpov vs Garry Kasparov, World Chess Championship, Lyon, 23rd Match Game. The 5th World Championship match between

8946-1520: The brink of war" . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . ^ "Emanuel Lasker vs Jose Raul Capablanca (1914) "Rage Against the Machine" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Jose Raul Capablanca vs Frank Marshall, (1918) "Marshall Attack" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Edwin Ziegler Adams vs Carlos Torre Repetto (1920) "Take my wife. Please!" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Efim Bogoljubov vs Alexander Alekhine (1922)" . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Efim Bogoljubov vs Alexander Alekhine (1922) "The Triple Queen Sacrifice" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Friedrich Saemisch vs Aron Nimzowitsch (1923) "The Immortal Zugzwang Game" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Richard Reti vs Jose Raul Capablanca (1924) "A Knight in Capablanca" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Jose Raul Capablanca vs Savielly Tartakower (1924) "Rook Before you Leap" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Richard Reti vs Alexander Alekhine (1925) "Roughin' Reti" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Glucksberg vs Miguel Najdorf (1929) "The Polish Immortal" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Edward Winter presents: Unsolved Chess Mysteries (7)" . Chess News . 2007-06-02 . Retrieved 2023-11-12 . ^ "Esteban Canal vs NN (1934) "A Man,

9072-506: The center from the flanks with pieces rather than occupying it with pawns. These openings are played often, and 1.Nf3 and 1.c4 trail only 1.e4 and 1.d4 in popularity as opening moves. If White opens with 1.Nf3, the game often becomes one of the d4 openings (closed games or semi-closed games) by a different move order (this is called transposition ), but unique openings such as the Réti and King's Indian Attack are also common. The Réti itself

9198-524: The center with pieces and is prepared to trade a bishop for a knight to weaken White's queenside with doubled pawns . The King's Indian Defense is aggressive, somewhat risky, and generally indicates that Black will not be satisfied with a draw. Although it was played occasionally as early as the late 19th century, the King's Indian was considered inferior until the 1940s, when it was taken up by Bronstein , Boleslavsky , and Reshevsky . Despite being Fischer 's favored defense to 1.d4, its popularity faded in

9324-508: The closed games, transpositions are important and many of the Indian defenses can be reached by several different move orders. Although Indian defenses were championed in the 1920s by players in the hypermodern school, they were not fully accepted until Soviet players showed in the late 1940s that these systems are sound for Black. Since then, Indian defenses have been the most popular Black replies to 1.d4 because they offer an unbalanced game with chances for both sides. The usual White second move

9450-413: The club level also study openings, but the importance of the opening phase is less there since games are rarely decided in the opening. The study of openings can become unbalanced if it is to the exclusion of tactical training and middlegame and endgame strategy. A new sequence of moves in the opening is referred to as a theoretical novelty . When kept secret until used in a competitive game, it

9576-442: The deep idea later in the game, managing to create 2 passed pawns and eventually winning the game . 1993: Nigel Short vs Garry Kasparov, PCA World Championship, London, 8th Match Game. Although the match was one-sided, the games were hard fought. In this game Short exposes Kasparov's king with a shower of sacrifices but can't land the knockout blow. 1994: Alexey Shirov vs. Judit Polgar, Buenos Aires. The attacking prowess of

9702-440: The double bishop sacrifice. 1895: Harry Nelson Pillsbury vs Siegbert Tarrasch, Hastings. Harry Nelson Pillsbury 's kingside attack breaks through by a single tempo against Black's queenside play, against Siegbert Tarrasch , then one of the strongest players of the world. 1895: Steinitz–von Bardeleben, Hastings. This game is famous for its ten-move mating combination in the final position, which Steinitz demonstrated after

9828-2995: The exchange Initiative first-move advantage Middlegame Pawn structure Hedgehog Isolated Queen's Pawn Maróczy Bind Minority attack Piece values Prophylaxis School of chess Openings Flank opening Benko Opening Bird's Opening Dunst Opening English Opening Grob's Attack Larsen's Opening Zukertort Opening King's Indian Attack Réti Opening King's Pawn Game Alekhine's Defence Caro–Kann Defence French Defence Modern Defence Nimzowitsch Defence Open Game Four Knights Game Giuoco Piano Italian Game King's Gambit Petrov's Defence Philidor Defence Ponziani Opening Ruy Lopez Semi-Italian Opening Scotch Game Two Knights Defense Vienna Game Owen's Defence Pirc Defence Austrian Attack Scandinavian Defense Sicilian Defence Alapin Dragon / Accelerated Dragon Najdorf Scheveningen Queen's Pawn Game Budapest Gambit Colle System Dutch Defence English Defence Indian Defence Benoni Defence Modern Benoni Bogo-Indian Defence Catalan Opening Grünfeld Defence King's Indian Defence Nimzo-Indian Defence Old Indian Defense Queen's Indian Defence London System Richter–Veresov Attack Queen's Gambit Accepted Declined Slav Defence Semi-Slav Defence Chigorin Defense Torre Attack Trompowsky Attack Other List of openings theory table List of chess gambits Irregular Bongcloud Attack Fool's mate Scholar's mate Endgames Bishop and knight checkmate King and pawn vs king Opposite-coloured bishops Pawnless endgame Queen and pawn vs queen Queen vs pawn Queen vs rook Rook and bishop vs rook Rook and pawn vs rook Lucena position Philidor position Strategy fortress opposition Tarrasch rule triangulation Zugzwang Study Tablebase Two knights endgame Wrong bishop Wrong rook pawn Tournaments List of strong chess tournaments Chess Olympiad Women World Chess Championship List Candidates Tournament Chess World Cup FIDE Grand Prix Other world championships Women Team Rapid Blitz Junior Youth Senior Amateur Chess composition Solving Computer chess championships CCC CSVN North American TCEC WCCC WCSCC Art and media Caïssa Chess aesthetics Chess in

9954-537: The extra pawn. Some openings played between grandmasters are so complex and theoretical that amateur players will have trouble understanding them. An example is the Perenyi Attack of the Sicilian Defense (see diagram), which yields an immensely complicated and tactical position that even strong players have difficulty handling, and that is beyond the comprehension of most amateurs. Major changes in

10080-427: The first computer to defeat a world champion in a match. 1998: Veselin Topalov vs Alexey Shirov, Linares. Though known for his attacking play, Alexey Shirov produces "The best move of all time" on move 47 of a quiet endgame to score a seemingly impossible win. 1999: Kasparov–Topalov, Wijk aan Zee 1999 . "Kasparov's Immortal" features a rook sacrifice with a sacrificial combination lasting over 15 moves. One of

10206-454: The gambit pawn or return it. The Catalan Opening is characterized by White forming a pawn center at d4 and c4 and fianchettoing their king's bishop. It resembles a combination of the Queen's Gambit and Réti Opening . Since the Catalan can be reached from many different move orders, (one Queen's Gambit Declined -like move sequence is 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 Nf6 4.g3), it is sometimes called

10332-485: The game for 7–8 more moves until the world champion settles for a draw. 1922: Efim Bogoljubov vs Alexander Alekhine, Hastings. Irving Chernev called this the greatest game of chess ever played, adding: "Alekhine's subtle strategy involves manoeuvres which encompass the entire chessboard as a battlefield. There are exciting plots and counterplots. There are fascinating combinations and brilliant sacrifices of Queens and Rooks. There are two remarkable promotions of Pawns and

10458-467: The game in only four more moves. 1954: Mikhail Botvinnik vs Vasily Smyslov, 14th Match Game, Moscow. Smyslov sacrifices his queen for three minor pieces and coordinates them superbly to force Botvinnik's capitulation. 1956: Donald Byrne vs Bobby Fischer, New York, " Game of the Century ". Donald Byrne makes a seemingly minor mistake on move 11, losing a tempo by moving the same piece twice. Bobby Fischer uses accurate sacrificial play, culminating in

10584-467: The game is appreciated as an example of the Romantic school of chess, a style of play which prized bold attacks and sacrifices over deep strategy. The game—especially its mating continuation—is also appreciated for its aesthetic value, as a plausible example of how a player with a significant material deficit can give mate, provided that an advantageous position exists. The continuation's mating position

10710-575: The game was played, Kieseritzky is believed to have telegraphed a report of the game to La Régence , a French chess journal which he helped to edit. The game was reported in an 1851 issue of the journal, with the piece attributed to Kieseritzky himself. La Régence used an "obscure" and prototypical form of algebraic notation to record chess games. Pawns were denoted using lowercase letters indicating their starting files (a–h), while pieces were denoted using uppercase letters to indicate same (A–H). Squares were described beginning with their rank, then file, e.g.

10836-450: The game. The peculiar circumstance of the conclusion of this game has been subject of scrutiny. 1895: Harry Nelson Pillsbury vs Isidor Gunsberg, Hastings. In the final round of this prestigious tournament, Pillsbury secures overall victory by triumphing in an instructive endgame. 1896: Harry Nelson Pillsbury vs Emanuel Lasker, Saint Petersburg. Emanuel Lasker won the brilliancy prize for this game by exposing Pillsbury's king with

10962-686: The highly publicized World Championship Match. Bobby Fischer wins this complex contest, defeating Boris Spassky. 1973: David Bronstein vs Ljubomir Ljubojevic, Petropolis Interzonal. Bronstein, who played a match for the World Championship before his grandmaster opponent could walk, turns back the clock, sacrifices both rooks and wins through sheer sorcery. 1974: Anatoly Karpov vs Boris Spassky, 9th Match Game, Leningrad. Former World Champion Boris Spassky can't cope with future World Champion Anatoly Karpov's subtle, seemingly effortless positional mastery. 1977: Stefano Tatai vs Anatoly Karpov, Las Palmas. World Champion Karpov dominated tournament chess in

11088-486: The historical accuracy of this game. 1934: Canal–Unknown, Budapest. "The Peruvian Immortal ", sees Peruvian master Esteban Canal demolish his amateur opponent with the sacrifice of two rooks and queen. 1935: Max Euwe vs Alexander Alekhine, 26th Match Game, Zandvoort. This decisive game from the 1935 match for the world championship was dubbed 'The Pearl of Zandvoort' by Tartakower. 1938: Mikhail Botvinnik vs Jose Raul Capablanca, Rotterdam. In this game from

11214-399: The initial position, White has twenty legal moves. Of these, 1.e4, 1.d4, 1.Nf3, and 1.c4 are by far the most popular as these moves do the most to promote rapid development and control of the center. A few other opening moves are considered reasonable but less consistent with opening principles than the four most popular moves. The Dunst Opening , 1.Nc3, develops a knight to a good square, but

11340-494: The ironclad logic of the Father of Soviet Chess, but it did and Tal became the youngest World Champion ever. 1961: Milunka Lazarevic vs Nona Gaprindashvili, Candidates Tournament, Vrnjacka Banja. On her way to a 16-year reign as Women's World Champion, the future queen of women's chess constructs a mating net with, appropriately, her king and queen. 1962: Eduard Gufeld vs Ljubomir Kavalek, Marianske Lazne. Kavalek sacrifices

11466-431: The jaws of defeat. 1958: Lev Polugaevsky vs Rashid Nezhmetdinov, Sochi. In one of the most celebrated games of all time, Nezhmetdinov sacrifices his queen on move 24, and goes on to win the game with a king hunt. 1959: Mikhail Tal vs Vasily Smyslov, Bled. Tal initiates complications early in this game and obtains a strong attack. Smyslov defends well, but eventually stumbles with one erroneous move and Tal delivers

11592-410: The king side combined with an ineffective pin allows Mikhail Chigorin to strike back with a violent counterattack culminating in a brilliant queen sacrifice and subsequent checkmate. 1883: Johannes Zukertort vs Joseph Henry Blackburne, London 1889: Emanuel Lasker vs Johann Hermann Bauer, Amsterdam. This game between Emanuel Lasker and Johann Hermann Bauer was the first famous example of

11718-502: The mid-1970s. Kasparov 's successes with the defense restored the King's Indian to prominence in the 1980s. Ernst Grünfeld debuted the Grünfeld Defense in 1922. Distinguished by the move 3...d5, Grünfeld intended it as an improvement to the King's Indian which was not considered entirely satisfactory at that time. The Grünfeld has been adopted by World Champions Smyslov , Fischer, and Kasparov. The Queen's Indian Defense

11844-598: The middlegame and the strategic plans chosen by both sides. For example, in the main line of the Winawer Variation of the French Defense (1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 Bb4 4.e5 c5 5.a3 Bxc3+ 6.bxc3), White will try to use their bishop pair and space advantage to mount an attack on Black's kingside , while Black will seek simplifying exchanges (in particular, trading off one of White's bishops to blunt this advantage) and counterattack against

11970-466: The modern queen and bishop moves; the moves were described in the poem Scachs d'amor . 1623: Greco–NN, London 1623. Gioachino Greco mates on the eighth move with a queen sacrifice . 18th century [ edit ] 1788: Thomas Bowdler vs Henry Seymour Conway, London. Thomas Bowdler offers the first example of a famous double rook sacrifice. 1790: Andrew Smith vs François André Philidor, London. François-André Danican Philidor , who

12096-470: The most commented chess games ever, with extensive press coverage. 1999: Kasparov versus the World , in which Garry Kasparov , the reigning world champion, faced a group of players in consultation, who decided moves by vote. This group included 50,000 individuals from more than 75 countries. Kasparov won. 2000s [ edit ] 2000: Kasparov–Kramnik, Classical World Chess Championship 2000, 3rd Match Game, London. Vladimir Kramnik revives

12222-679: The most famous and instructive endgames ever played. Capablanca sacrifices two pawns with check to support his passed pawn. 1925: Richard Reti vs Alexander Alekhine, Baden-Baden. Alekhine initiates a stunning combination and foresees the final position resulting more than 15 moves later. 1929: Glucksberg vs Miguel Najdorf, Warsaw. In this game, dubbed the ' Polish Immortal ', Black sacrifices all four minor pieces for victory. circa 1933 : Einstein versus Oppenheimer , recorded game in playbooks, said to have been played between physicists Albert Einstein (or his son Hans Albert Einstein ) and J. Robert Oppenheimer . No conclusive evidence supports

12348-489: The most famous win of the match (considered an unofficial world championship ), Louis La Bourdonnais shows how a rolling pawn mass can overwhelm all of his opponent's major pieces, winning thereby against Alexander McDonnell. 1843: Pierre de Saint Amant vs Howard Staunton, 5th Match Game, Paris. Pierre Charles Fournier de Saint-Amant resigns in this unofficial world championship match game with Howard Staunton , in which Staunton remarked, "The latter portion of this game

12474-405: The most popular first moves for White, but with one less tempo . Defenses beginning with 1...c6 and 1...e6, often followed by the center thrust 2...d5, are also popular. Defenses with an early ...d6 coupled with a kingside fianchetto are also commonly played. The most important scheme of classifying chess openings for serious players is by ECO code , a series of 500 opening codes assigned by

12600-499: The moves are no longer considered optimal. In this game, Anderssen won despite sacrificing a bishop (on move 11), both rooks (starting on move 18), and the queen (on move 22) to produce checkmate against Kieseritzky, who lost only three pawns. Anderssen later demonstrated the same kind of approach in the Evergreen Game . Some published versions of the game have errors, as described in the annotations below. Shortly after

12726-596: The movie Blade Runner Sebastian check mates Tyrell. The game is recognized as The Immortal Game. List of chess games Chronological list of notable chess games This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources . This is a list of notable chess games sorted chronologically. pre-1700 [ edit ] 1475: Francesc de Castellví vs. Narcís de Vinyoles , Valencia 1475. The first documented chess game played with

12852-432: The next round as well, handing the tournament victory to Lasker. 1918: Jose Raul Capablanca vs Frank Marshall, New York. In the main line Ruy Lopez , Frank Marshall surprises José Raúl Capablanca with a bold pawn sacrifice. Capablanca accepts the challenge fully aware of the fierce attack he is about to face. 1920: Edwin Ziegler Adams vs Carlos Torre Repetto, New Orleans. Likely composed by Carlos Torre as

12978-408: The opponent's pawn structure, seizing control of key squares, making favorable exchanges of minor pieces (e.g. gaining the bishop pair), or gaining a space advantage, whether in the center or on the flanks. At higher levels of competition, for many years the main objectives of opening play were to obtain a better position when playing as White and to equalize when playing as Black. The idea behind this

13104-631: The original on 2022-02-20 . Retrieved 2022-06-30 . ^ The Spectacular Winning Queen Sacrifice Chess Computers Don't Understand - Gusev vs. Auerbach, 1946 , 28 April 2021 , retrieved 2022-06-30 ^ James, Andrew. "The Craziest Game of Chess Ever? - GingerGM Simon Williams" . www.ichess.net . Retrieved 2022-06-30 . ^ "Efim Geller vs Max Euwe (1953) "Game Euwe" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Mikhail Botvinnik vs Vasily Smyslov (1954) "The Peasant's Revolt" " . www.chessgames.com . ^ "Donald Byrne vs Robert James Fischer (1956) "The Game of

13230-742: The pawn, the Slav (2...c6) and the Queen's Gambit Declined (2...e6). Both of these moves lead to an immense forest of variations that can require a great deal of opening study to play well. Among the many possibilities in the Queen's Gambit Declined are the Orthodox Defense, Lasker's Defense, the Cambridge Springs Defense , the Tartakower Variation, and the Tarrasch and Semi-Tarrasch Defenses. Black replies to

13356-436: The position and gain active piece play at the cost of allowing White a pawn wedge at d5 and a central majority. Tal popularized the defense in the 1960s by winning several brilliant games with it, and Fischer occasionally adopted it, with good results, including a win in his 1972 world championship match against Boris Spassky . Often Black adopts a slightly different move order, playing 2...e6 before 3...c5 in order to avoid

13482-426: The price. 2005: Viswanathan Anand vs Veselin Topalov, Sofia. Amazing in its complexity, this game finally ended in a hard-fought draw and was called "23rd-century chess" by Kramnik. 2006: Sergey Karjakin vs Viswanathan Anand, Corus chess tournament, Round 1, Wijk aan zee. Viswanathan Anand played a brilliant combination against Sergey Karjakin, beginning with the sacrifice of a knight followed by sacrifice of

13608-459: The publication of a short booklet in 1933, but this had little impact. The oldest openings tend to be named for geographic places and people. Many openings are named after nationalities of players who advocated them, for example Indian, English, Spanish, French, Dutch, Scotch, Russian, Italian, Scandinavian and Sicilian, or places where important games featuring the opening were played such as Vienna, Berlin, and Wilkes-Barre . The Catalan System

13734-606: The queen pawn to d4. Black's most common reply is 2...Nc6, which usually leads to the Ruy Lopez (3.Bb5), Scotch Game (3.d4), or Italian Game (3.Bc4). If Black instead maintains symmetry and counterattacks White's center with 2...Nf6 then the Petrov's Defense results. The Philidor Defense (2...d6) is not popular in modern chess because it allows White an easy space advantage while Black's position remains cramped and passive, although solid. Other responses to 2.Nf3 are not seen in master play. The most popular alternatives to 2.Nf3 are

13860-436: The rules of chess in the late fifteenth century increased the speed of the game, consequently emphasizing the importance of opening study. Thus, early chess books, such as the 1497 text of Luis Ramirez de Lucena , present opening analysis, as do Pedro Damiano (1512) and Ruy López de Segura (1561). Ruy López's disagreement with Damiano regarding the merits of 2...Nc6 led to 3.Bb5 (after 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6) being named for him as

13986-559: The sacrifice of both rooks on the same square. 1900–1949 [ edit ] 1904: Emanuel Lasker vs William Ewart Napier, Cambridge Springs. Both players show great ingenuity. After a complicated web of tactics, Lasker simplifies into a winning endgame. 1907: Rotlewi–Rubinstein, Lodz . Akiba Rubinstein wins this game with one of the most famous combinations ever played. 1909: Akiba Rubinstein vs Emanuel Lasker, Saint Petersburg. Akiba Rubinstein's brilliant play culminates in 18.Qc1!! subsequently forcing Emanuel Lasker to enter

14112-474: The second-best game of the 1940s. Grandmaster Simon Williams termed the queen sacrifice in Gusev's Immortal one of the most beautiful ideas that he had ever seen. 1950s [ edit ] 1953: Geller–Euwe, Zurich. Geller's attack seems to be sweeping Euwe off the board but the former World Champion has everything under control, uncorking an amazing sacrifice on move 22 to begin a counterattack that wins

14238-570: The semi-open games White plays 1.e4 and Black breaks symmetry immediately by replying with a move other than 1...e5. The most popular Black defense to 1.e4 is the Sicilian (1...c5), but the French (1...e6, normally followed by 2.d4 d5) and the Caro–Kann (1...c6, normally followed by 2.d4 d5) are also very popular. The Pirc and the Modern are closely related openings that are also often seen, while

14364-442: The sharpest lines for White. The Benko Gambit is often played by strong players, and is very popular at lower levels. Black plays to open lines on the queenside where White will be subject to considerable pressure. If White accepts the gambit, Black's compensation is positional rather than tactical, and their initiative can last even after many piece exchanges and well into the endgame . White often chooses instead either to decline

14490-797: The square "e4" was instead described as "45". The game has been republished many times, often with inconsistencies about the order of moves. White: Adolf Anderssen   Black: Lionel Kieseritzky   Opening : King's Gambit Accepted: Bishop's Gambit, Bryan Countergambit ( ECO C33) 1. e4 e5 2. f4 2... exf4 3. Bc4 3... Qh4+ 4. Kf1 b5 ?! (diagram) 5. Bxb5 Nf6 6. Nf3 6... Qh6 7. d3 7... Nh5 8. Nh4 Qg5 9. Nf5 c6 10. g4 ? Nf6 11. Rg1 ! (diagram) 11... cxb5? 12. h4! 12... Qg6 13. h5 Qg5 14. Qf3 14... Ng8 15. Bxf4 Qf6 16. Nc3 Bc5 17. Nd5 17... Qxb2 (diagram) 18. Bd6! 18... Bxg1? 19. e5! 19... Qxa1+ 20. Ke2 20... Na6 21. Nxg7+ Kd8 22. Qf6+! (diagram) 22... Nxf6 23. Be7 # 1–0 In

14616-436: The strongest woman chessplayer of all time is on full display as she rips White's position apart with her pawns and routs his army with her knights. 1995: Roberto Cifuentes Parada vs Vadim Zvjaginsev, Wijk aan Zee. Black wins with a series of sacrifices that force White's king up to the 6th rank. Known as "The Pearl of Wijk aan Zee". 1995: Veselin Topalov vs Vladimir Kramnik, Belgrade. Foreshadowing their bitter rivalry

14742-446: The supercomputer HAL 9000 . The computer executes a strong sacrificial attack and wins in 15 moves. 1969: Boris Spassky vs Tigran Petrosian, 19th Match Game, Moscow. Having fought his way to a World Championship rematch with Petrosian, Boris Spassky wins the match decisively. 1970s [ edit ] 1970: Bent Larsen vs Boris Spassky, Belgrade. Spassky finds immediate punishment for Larsen's opening experiments, sacrificing

14868-549: The two dominant players of the 1980s ends with Karpov winning the last decisive game but Kasparov winning the match to remain World Champion. 1991: Vassily Ivanchuk vs Artur Yusupov, Brussels, 9th Match Game. Yusupov sacrifices his knight in his quest for the attack and breaks through after Ivanchuk's inaccuracies. In 1996, a jury of grandmasters and readers, voting in the Chess Informant , chose this game as

14994-474: The virtue of quick development and wins by sacrificing much material, mating on the 17th move with his last two pieces. 1862: Steinitz–Mongredien, London. Wilhelm Steinitz won the tournament's brilliancy prize for this game. 1872: Carl Hamppe vs Philipp Meitner, Vienna. The " Immortal Draw " between Carl Hamppe and Philipp Meitner , involving a queen sacrifice. 1874: Victor Knorre vs Mikhail Chigorin, St. Petersburg. White's premature castling on

15120-461: The weakened pawns on White's queenside ; both players accept different combinations of advantages and disadvantages. This idea was a doctrine of the Soviet school of chess . A third objective, which is complementary to the previous ones and has been common since the 19th century, is to lure the opponent into positions with which the player is more familiar and comfortable than the opponent. This

15246-546: The winning tactical blow. 1959: Bobby Fischer vs Tigran Petrosian, Zagreb. The only prominent game in which four queens were on board for seven moves. Match ends with draw by agreement. 1960s [ edit ] 1960: Boris Spassky vs David Bronstein, Leningrad, "The Blue Bird Game". Boris Spassky plays the King's Gambit and defeats David Bronstein with a sacrificial attack. 1960: Mikhail Tal vs Mikhail Botvinnik, 1st Match Game, Moscow. Tal's critics said his daring, complicated style couldn't possibly work against

15372-634: The world's strongest player after his victory in the London 1851 chess tournament . Kieseritzky lived in France much of his life, where he gave chess lessons and played games for five francs an hour at the Café de la Régence in Paris. His strength was shown most favourably when giving substantial odds to weak players; against masters, he was less convincing. The Immortal Game was an informal one, played during

15498-454: Was a game contested between the relatively obscure players Yuri Gusev and E Auerbach in an equally obscure minor tournament. It involved a sound positional queen sacrifice from Gusev, which was blind to chess engines for 74 years, requiring Stockfish 11 six hours and 48 minutes at Depth 73/49 to recommend the queen sacrifice in 2020; Gusev went on to win. The game has been studied extensively online. National Master Sam Copeland ranked it

15624-428: Was drawn, according to the endgame tablebases , after only seven pieces remained on the board—but challenger Ian Nepomniachtchi (as Black) committed a decisive mistake on move 130 and resigned after Carlsen's 136th move. It was the first decisive classical game in a World Chess Championship in more than five years, ending the longest-ever streak of 19 draws in consecutive World Chess Championship classical games, and

15750-468: Was hopeless and were surprised when they heard Byrne had resigned. 1966: Tigran Petrosian vs Boris Spassky, 10th Match Game, Moscow. Petrosian, the master of the exchange sacrifice, does it twice in one game with the World Championship on the line. 1968: Poole versus HAL 9000 . A fictional game from the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey , based on a tournament game between A. Roesch and W. Schlage , Hamburg 1910. Astronaut Dr. Frank Poole plays against

15876-538: Was quoted as saying "Pawns are the soul of chess", demonstrates the power of a superior pawn formation. 19th century [ edit ] 1834: Louis Charles Mahe De La Bourdonnais vs Alexander McDonnell, 50th Match Game, London. Reuben Fine in The World's Great Chess Games describes it as the first great immortal game of chess. Alexander McDonnell sacrifices his queen for two minor pieces. 1834: La Bourdonnais–McDonnell, 62nd Match Game, London . Perhaps

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