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44-858: With his articles in Foreign Affairs and his book The Engines of Change, Harvard professor George C. Lodge significantly influenced the intellectual climate that led to the passage of the IAF's enabling legislation. Most notably, Lodge wrote that poverty was the greatest threat to U.S. interests in the Americas. In “U.S. Aid to Latin America: Funding Radical Change,” which appeared in Foreign Affairs in July 1969., he urged creation of an “American Foundation [to] find and fund

88-607: A bill with bipartisan support on December 30, 1969, that established ISDI as Part IV of the Foreign Assistance Act. On September 21, 1970, the Senate confirmed the candidates for the board of the agency: Augustin Hart, Jr., George C. Lodge, Charles A. Meyer , John Richardson, Jr., and John A. Hannah. Another two candidates were added on October 17, 1970: Governor Luís A. Ferré and Charles W. Robinson. The board's first act

132-679: A board with a majority from the private sector, the new Institute will provide funds primarily to non-governmental organizations in the U.S. and Latin America--such as universities, credit unions, and foundations--to help them share their expertise.” On August 3, 1971, the House Foreign Affairs Committee passed a legislative amendment changing the name of the agency from the Inter-American Social Development Institute to

176-617: A continuous conference on international questions affecting the United States, by bringing together experts on statecraft, finance, industry, education, and science." In its first year, the Council engaged primarily in discourse via meetings and small discussion groups, however, eventually it decided to seek a wider audience and it began publishing Foreign Affairs on 15 September 1922 on a quarterly basis. The Council named Professor Archibald Cary Coolidge of Harvard University as

220-572: A controversy about Henry Kissinger 's relationship to the regime of Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet and to Operation Condor . Maxwell claims that key Council on Foreign Relations members, acting at Kissinger's behest, put pressure on Foreign Affairs editor James Hoge to give the last word in a subsequent exchange about the review to William D. Rogers , a close associate of Kissinger, rather than to Maxwell; this went against established Foreign Affairs policy. Then-opposition leader and former Ukrainian Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko caused

264-598: A few outstanding Latin American and Caribbean grassroots leaders awarded the Dante B. Fascell Inter-American Fellowship to pursue independent study. As of April 30, 2024, the IAF is funding fellowships in partnership with the Social Science Research Council. The Inter-American Foundation is governed by a bipartisan board of directors appointed by the president of the United States and confirmed by

308-532: A political battleground for President Ronald Reagan and Congressional Democrats . The IAF's enabling legislation can be found at 22 U.S. Code § 290f: "It shall be the purpose of the foundation, primarily in cooperation with private regional and international organizations, to The guiding principle of the Inter-American Foundation is responsiveness to the ideas of organized people who are willing to invest and risk their own resources. Today,

352-520: A redesigned form of foreign aid to channel development assistance directly to grassroots and civil society groups in developing countries. Congress designed the agency with a unique characteristic: gift authority, the ability to accept and channel contributions to its grantees: “[The IAF] may accept money, funds, property, and services of every kind by gift, device, bequest, grant, or otherwise, and make advances, grants, and loans to any individual, corporation, or other body of persons, whether within or without

396-464: A reoccurring section titled “Some Recent Books on International Relations”. By 1924, the Foreign Affairs website lists Barnes as Bibliographical Editor. In the late 1930s, the review section was broken down into several categories. Currently, the Foreign Affairs reviews are broken down into long review essays, which are placed at the front of the books section, and the "Recent Books" section, where shorter reviews are featured. The "Recent Books" section

440-457: A stir by publishing an article entitled "Containing Russia" in the May–June 2007 issue of Foreign Affairs accusing Russia under Vladimir Putin of expansionism and urging the rest of Europe to stand against him. Russian foreign minister Sergei Lavrov wrote an article in response, but he withdrew it, citing "censorship" from the Foreign Affairs editorial board. Tymoshenko's party went on to win

484-399: Is Sara Aviel . Previous presidents have included Paloma Adams-Allen (2017–2021), Robert Kaplan (2010–2017), Larry Palmer (2005–2010), David Valenzuela (2000–2005), George Evans (1994–1999), William Perrin (1990–1994), Deborah Szekely (1984 to 1990), Peter Bell (1980–1983), and William Dyal (1971–1980). The board of directors is composed of nine members, appointed by the president of

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528-436: Is further broken down into the following subject categories. The majority of the book reviews featured in the "Recent Books" section are reviewed by the same person; however, other reviewers contribute to the "Recent Books" section on occasion. Foreign Affairs is considered an important forum for debate among academics and policy makers. In 1996, Deputy Secretary of State Strobe Talbott noted: "Virtually everyone I know in

572-700: The Council on Foreign Relations , a nonprofit , nonpartisan, membership organization and think tank specializing in U.S. foreign policy and international affairs . Founded on 15 September 1922, the print magazine is published every two months, while the website publishes articles daily and anthologies every other month. Foreign Affairs is considered one of the United States' most influential foreign-policy magazines. It has published many seminal articles, including George Kennan 's " X Article " (1947) and Samuel P. Huntington 's " The Clash of Civilizations " (1993). Leading academics, public officials, and members of

616-630: The Inter-American Foundation . Aviel earned an MBA from Yale University , where she also earned MA and BA degrees in political science. As an undergraduate student, she worked with a few other students to convince the university and Bristol-Meyers Squibb , which had an exclusive license with Yale, to make a patented drug that slowed the development of symptoms of AIDS available in South Africa for generic production and below cost. After that successful negotiation, Aviel and

660-872: The National Economic Council as well as the National Security Council. President Barack Obama nominated Aviel to represent the United States on the executive boards of the World Bank Group institutions as the United States Alternate Executive Director. The Senate confirmed the appointment on May 24, 2012. From 2012 to 2015, Aviel advanced the World Bank ’s focus on social inclusion and eliminating extreme poverty, according to Chief Economist and Senior Vice President of

704-490: The 2007 elections and she became Prime Minister once again. In 2009, Foreign Affairs launched its new website, ForeignAffairs.com, which offers both print content and online-only features. Beginning with the January/February 2013 issue, Foreign Affairs was redesigned including that the cover would have an image. Per Politico ' s story on the redesign: "As part of an effort to expand its appeal beyond

748-511: The Cold War, and especially after the 9/11 attacks , the journal's readership has grown significantly. As of April 2021 , Foreign Affairs 's total readership is 303,000 for the print magazine and it has 1.2 million unique visitors per month for the website. In the Summer 1993 issue, Foreign Affairs published Samuel P. Huntington 's influential " Clash of Civilizations ?" article. In

792-497: The Congress on United States Foreign Policy on February 25, 1971, President Nixon set forth the administration's vision of the agency as follows:   “The need is for innovative ideas and programs, particularly from non-governmental sources, which are more directly responsive to social problems as perceived by the people of the region. To meet this need, we created in 1970 the Inter-American Social Development Institute. Directed by

836-532: The Inter-American Foundation. In 1973, the IAF partnered with the Inter-American Development Bank to use up to $ 10 million annually in regional currencies from the U.S. government-funded Special Progress Trust Fund, an arrangement that was periodically renewed through 2019.   The IAF has had a low profile because of its comparatively small budget. However, during the mid-1980s, the IAF received some national attention when it became

880-643: The U.S. Senate. Six members are drawn from the private sector and three from the federal government: employees of agencies of the United States concerned with inter-American affairs, the United States Executive Director of the Inter-American Development Bank, or the Alternate Executive Director of the Inter-American Development Bank. A president, appointed by the board, serves as the Inter-American Foundation's chief executive officer. The current President & CEO

924-682: The United States with the consent of the United States Senate . Of these, six members are appointed from private life, and three members from among officers and employees of U.S. agencies concerned with inter-American affairs or either the U.S. Executive Director or Alternate Executive Director of the Inter-American Development Bank . All members shall be appointed on the basis of possessing an understanding of and sensitivity to community level development processes. No more than five members may be affiliated with

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968-598: The United States of America, or to any government or governmental agency, domestic or foreign, when deemed advisable by the Foundation in furtherance of its purposes." According to the OECD , The United States’ total official development assistance (ODA) (USD 55.3 billion, preliminary data) increased in 2022, mainly due to support to Ukraine, as well as increased costs for in-donor refugees from Afghanistan. ODA represented 0.22% of gross national income (GNI). Congress enacted

1012-612: The World Bank Kaushik Basu . From 2015 to 2017, Aviel managed operations with a particular focus on foreign assistance at the Office of Management and Budget as chief of staff and executive associate director. Following her service in the Obama administration, Aviel founded Margalit Strategies, working with organizations to carry out strategic planning, develop effective policies, and engage stakeholders. In 2022,

1056-776: The agency defines its mission as follows: to identify, support, and partner with underserved people, their enterprises, and grassroots organizations to create thriving communities. According to the IAF's Strategic Plan for 2023-2027, its investments in communities in Latin America and the Caribbean serve U.S. interests by expanding economic opportunities, enhancing peace and security, strengthening democratic governance and combating corruption, and unlocking private, public, and community resources for grassroots development through partnerships. The IAF funds initiatives received in response to its call for proposals from grassroots groups and

1100-523: The article, Huntington argued that "the fundamental source of conflict in this new world will not be primarily ideological or primarily economic. The great divisions among humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be cultural." In the November/December 2003 issue of Foreign Affairs , Kenneth Maxwell wrote a review of Peter Kornbluh 's book The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability , which gave rise to

1144-571: The country in which the project is located. The IAF also does not fund proposals for purely religious activities, research activities exclusively, only construction and equipment, charity or welfare projects of any kind, or projects associated with political parties or partisan movements. The IAF looks for the following in a project it funds: The IAF has periodically supported academic field research on grassroots development since 1974, providing fellowships to doctoral students, post-doctoral researchers, master's degree candidates and, between 1991 and 1995

1188-536: The doctrine of containment that would form the basis of American Cold War policy. Louis Halle , a member of the U.S. Policy Planning Staff, also wrote an influential article in Foreign Affairs in 1950. His article, "On a Certain Impatience with Latin America", created the anticommunist intellectual framework that justified U.S. policy towards Latin America in the Cold War era. Halle's article described that

1232-402: The encouragement of democracy in postwar Latin America had ended. He demonstrated disgust over Latin America's inability to assume autonomy and to become democratic. His rationalization towards Latin America was later used to justify U.S. efforts to overthrow the left-leaning Guatemalan government. Eleven U.S. secretaries of state have written essays in Foreign Affairs . Since the end of

1276-409: The engines of change which work directly to revolutionize Latin American social and political structures.” Lodge was appointed to the IAF's founding board of directors in 1971. Representative Dante B. Fascell (D-Fla.) was the architect of the legislation to establish the Inter-American Social Development Institute (ISDI), which would later be renamed the Inter-American Foundation. The ISDI represented

1320-588: The first issue of Foreign Affairs was written by the former secretary of state under Theodore Roosevelt 's administration, Elihu Root . The article argued that the United States had become a world power , and that as such the general population needed to be better informed about international matters. John Foster Dulles , then a financial expert attached to the American Commission to Negotiate Peace, who would later become secretary of state under Dwight D. Eisenhower , also contributed an article to

1364-399: The following to fill seats on the board. They await Senate confirmation. Detailed information on grassroots approaches to working with underserved communities can be found in the IAF's annual report and in its archived journal, Grassroots Development . Foreign Affairs Foreign Affairs is an American magazine of international relations and U.S. foreign policy published by

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1408-442: The foreign policy establishment, every issue of Foreign Affairs will now feature a photograph on the cover and an extensive interview with a leading newsmaker." Since its inception, Foreign Affairs has included a long book review section, typically reviewing 50 or more books per issue. The magazine's first editor, Archibald Cary Coolidge, asked his Harvard colleague, William L. Langer , a historian and World War I veteran, to run

1452-669: The foreign policy-national security area of the Government is attentive to Foreign Affairs ." According to the Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2014 impact factor of 2.009, ranking it 6th out of 85 journals in the category "International Relations". Sara Aviel Sara Aviel (born February 5, 1980, in California), who has a background in international policy and economics, serves as President & CEO of U.S. foreign assistance agency

1496-413: The inaugural issue of Foreign Affairs on Allied debt following World War I. In 1925, Foreign Affairs published a series of articles, entitled "Worlds of Color", by prominent African American intellectual W. E. B. Du Bois . DuBois, a personal friend of Armstrong, wrote mainly about race issues and imperialism. Although in the early days of publication the journal did not have many female authors, in

1540-514: The journal's first editor . As Coolidge was unwilling to move from Boston to New York, Hamilton Fish Armstrong , a Princeton alumnus and a European correspondent of the New York Evening Post , was appointed managing editor and worked New York, handling the day-to-day mechanics of publishing the journal. Armstrong chose the distinctive light blue color for the cover of the magazine, while his sisters, Margaret and Helen, designed

1584-470: The late 1930s American journalist for Time magazine Dorothy Thompson would contribute articles. The journal rose to its greatest prominence after World War II when foreign relations became central to United States politics , and the United States became a powerful actor on the global scene. Several extremely important articles were published in Foreign Affairs , including the reworking of George F. Kennan 's " Long Telegram ", which first publicized

1628-517: The logo and lettering respectively. Foreign Affairs is a successor publication of the Journal of International Relations (which ran from 1910 to 1922), which in turn was a successor to the Journal of Race Development (which ran from 1911 to 1919, the title reflecting concerns about race tensions and race "mixing" in a period when empires were beginning to be in question). The lead article in

1672-622: The organizations that support them in Latin America and the Caribbean. Projects are selected for funding on the basis of merit rather than by sector. Successful applicants receive between US$ 25,000 and US$ 400,000. The average length of grant is approximately four years. IAF grantees are required to contribute in cash or in kind resources toward the success of their projects and are encouraged to mobilize resources to continue their impact after their IAF funding has ended. The IAF does not accept proposals presented or directed by individuals, government entities, for-profit organizations, or organizations outside

1716-517: The other students launched the organization Universities Allied for Essential Medicines to work with universities holding medical patents to expand access to lifesaving drugs for people who need them. Aviel has also lectured at Yale University on humanitarian aid and international development . Aviel has worked around the world in the field offices and headquarters of international development organizations including social investment fund Root Capital , Mercy Corps , and CARE Afghanistan. During

1760-556: The policy community regularly contribute to the magazine. Recent Foreign Affairs authors include Robert O. Keohane , Hillary Clinton , Donald H. Rumsfeld , Ashton Carter , Colin L. Powell , Francis Fukuyama , David Petraeus , Zbigniew Brzezinski , John J. Mearsheimer , Stanley McChrystal , Christopher R. Hill and Joseph Nye . The Council on Foreign Relations, founded in the summer of 1921, primarily counted diplomats, financiers, scholars, and lawyers among its members. Its founding charter declared its purpose should be to "afford

1804-402: The same political party. Members are appointed to terms of six years, but they may continue to serve on the board until a successor is confirmed. The President designates one member to serve as chairperson and one member to serve as vice chairperson. A majority of the members of the board constitutes a quorum. The current board members as of September 27, 2024: President Biden has nominated

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1848-464: The section. Langer initially had full control over the magazine's book reviews and wrote all the reviews himself. A month before the reviews were due, the Foreign Affairs office in New York would ship approximately one hundred books to Langer for review and within two weeks he would return his completed reviews for the next issue. Beginning with the first issue in 1922, Harry Elmer Barnes authored

1892-628: The worldwide financial crisis from 2009 to 2011, she served as Senior Advisor to the Secretary of the Treasury Timothy Geithner . Secretary Geithner described Aviel as the "conscience of the Treasury," stating that she "worked the longest hours, traveled on every trip, and brought her exceptionally high standards to helping to run the Treasury."   In 2011, Aviel was appointed director for international economic affairs for

1936-417: Was to commission a study of development assistance headed by Irving Tragen to develop the agency's model. On March 16, 1971, William M. Dyal was sworn in as the agency's first Executive Director, and the agency officially began operating. The agency had received the $ 50 million designated in its initial authorization from other foreign assistance agencies by June 28, 1971.   In his Second Annual Report to

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