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22-425: While previous servers processed articles individually or in batches, innd is a single continuously running process that receives articles from the network, files them, and records what remote hosts should receive them. Readers can access articles directly from the disk in the same manner as B News and C News , but an included program, called nnrpd , also serves newsreaders that employ NNTP. A later improvement

44-505: A "secure, hardened replacement" for the Unix utility NTP . Raymond has written numerous open-source tools, including cvs-fast-export, a tool for exporting CVS repositories to Git fast-import streams, and "reposurgeon", a tool for exporting SVN repositories. Raymond coined an aphorism he dubbed Linus's law , inspired by Linus Torvalds : "Given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow". It first appeared in his book The Cathedral and

66-429: A 2007 mailing list post that as a matter of policy, the development team preferred more incremental changes. ) Raymond's 2003 book The Art of Unix Programming discusses user tools for programming and other tasks. Some versions of NetHack still include Raymond's guide. He has also contributed code and content to the free software video game The Battle for Wesnoth . Raymond is the main developer of NTPsec ,

88-538: A Microsoft document expressing worry about the quality of rival open-source software. He named this document, together with others subsequently leaked, " The Halloween Documents ". Between 2000 and 2002, he created Configuration Menu Language 2 (CML2), a source code configuration system; while originally intended for the Linux operating system , it was rejected by kernel developers. (Raymond attributed this rejection to "kernel list politics", but Linus Torvalds said in

110-613: A program and sell it, it's neither my business nor anyone else's but his customer's what the terms of sale are." In the same essay he said that the "logic of the system" puts developers into "dysfunctional roles", with bad code the result. Raymond is a member of the Libertarian Party and a gun rights advocate. He has endorsed the open source firearms organization Defense Distributed , calling them "friends of freedom" and writing "I approve of any development that makes it more difficult for governments and criminals to monopolize

132-946: Is an American software developer , open-source software advocate, and author of the 1997 essay and 1999 book The Cathedral and the Bazaar . He wrote a guidebook for the Roguelike game NetHack . In the 1990s, he edited and updated the Jargon File , published as The New Hacker's Dictionary . Raymond was born in Boston, Massachusetts in 1957, and lived in Venezuela as a child. His family moved to Pennsylvania in 1971. He developed cerebral palsy at birth; his weakened physical condition motivated him to go into computing. Raymond began his programming career writing proprietary software , between 1980 and 1985. In 1990, noting that

154-482: The Jargon File had not been maintained since about 1983, he adopted it, but not without criticism; Paul Dourish maintains an archived original version of the Jargon File, because, he says, Raymond's updates "essentially destroyed what held it together." In 1996, Raymond took over development of the open-source email software "popclient", renaming it to Fetchmail . Soon after this experience, in 1997, he wrote

176-594: The Open Source Initiative (OSI) in 1998, taking on the self-appointed role of ambassador of open source to the press, business and public. He remains active in OSI, but stepped down as president of the initiative in February 2005. In early March 2020, he was removed from two Open Source Initiative mailing lists due to posts that violated the OSI's Code of Conduct. In 1998, Raymond received and published

198-629: The 1970s and got AIDS as a consequence", and that "Police who react to a random black male behaving suspiciously who might be in the critical age range as though he is an near-imminent lethal threat, are being rational, not racist." A progressive campaign, "The Great Slate", was successful in raising funds for candidates in part by asking for contributions from tech workers in return for not posting similar quotes by Raymond. Matasano Security employee and Great Slate fundraiser Thomas Ptacek said, "I've been torturing Twitter with lurid Eric S. Raymond quotes for years. Every time I do, 20 people beg me to stop." It

220-633: The A News format. A further refinement in 1983 with News B2.10 was a move to e-mail -compatible headers, to ease message transfers with the ARPAnet . A history database was introduced, allowing articles to be placed in separate directories by newsgroup , improving retrieval speeds and easing the development of separate newsreader programs such as rn . Support was provided for expiring old articles, and control messages (special articles that can automatically cause articles to be erased, or newsgroups to be added or removed) were added. News B2.10 introduced

242-521: The Bazaar . Raymond has refused to speculate on whether the "bazaar" development model could be applied to works such as books and music, saying that he does not want to "weaken the winning argument for open-sourcing software by tying it to a potential loser". Raymond has had a number of public disputes with other figures in the free software movement . As head of the Open Source Initiative, he argued that advocates should focus on

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264-419: The earlier innxmit processed them in batches. This combination allows articles to be received and redistributed with virtually no latency, and has substantially changed the nature of Usenet interaction by reducing the time for messages to be posted, read across the network and answered, from hours or days, to seconds or minutes. A similar earlier program, called nntplink, provided a comparable function, but it

286-625: The essay " The Cathedral and the Bazaar ", detailing his thoughts on open-source software development and why it should be done as openly as possible (the "bazaar" approach). The essay was based in part on his experience in developing Fetchmail. He first presented his thesis at the annual Linux Kongress on May 27, 1997. He later expanded the essay into a book, The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary , in 1999. The essay has been widely cited. The internal white paper by Frank Hecker that led to

308-468: The groups at the periods, reducing directory sizes and ameliorating the uniqueness problem. B2.10 contained limited support for moderated newsgroups, with posters needing to manually mail in submissions to an intermediate party who would post articles on their behalf. Moderated groups needed to be prefixed with "mod." In 1986, version B2.11 allowed moderated newsgroups to appear in any hierarchy, and it transparently mailed out moderated group submissions using

330-405: The hierarchical article storage format carried into C News and InterNetNews , and still commonly seen in many newsreaders and cache programs. Before B2.10, all groups were stored beneath a single parent directory, impairing performance when the group list became large, and requiring that the first 14 characters be unique among all groups due to an old Unix limitation. The hierarchical layout split

352-506: The normal posting software. The last B News patch set was released in 1989, after which Rick Adams declared the product obsolete. About 1989, Eric S. Raymond attempted a rewrite of B News, known alternately as Teenage Mutant Ninja Netnews and News 3.0. A rough version of the software was released and drew attention from around the network, but the project was abandoned shortly thereafter. Eric S. Raymond Eric Steven Raymond (born December 4, 1957), often referred to as ESR ,

374-481: The potential for better products. The "very seductive" moral and ethical rhetoric of Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation fails, he said, "not because his principles are wrong, but because that kind of language ... simply does not persuade anybody". In a 2008 essay, he defended programmers' right to issue work under proprietary licenses: "I think that if a programmer wants to write

396-459: The release of the Mozilla (then Netscape ) source code in 1998 cited The Cathedral and the Bazaar as "independent validation" of ideas proposed by Eric Hahn and Jamie Zawinski . Hahn would later describe the 1999 book as "clearly influential". From the late 1990s onward, due in part to the popularity of his essay, Raymond became a prominent voice in the open source movement. He co-founded

418-575: The use of force. As 3D printers become less expensive and more ubiquitous, this could be a major step in the right direction." In 2015, Raymond accused the Ada Initiative and other women in tech groups of attempting to entrap male open source leaders and accuse them of rape, saying "Try to avoid even being alone, ever, because there is a chance that a 'women in tech' advocacy group is going to try to collect your scalp." Raymond has claimed that "Gays experimented with unfettered promiscuity in

440-611: Was produced independently. INN is under active development as of 2020. The package is maintained by volunteers, and development is hosted by the Internet Systems Consortium . The current maintainer of INN is Russ Allbery and the ISC. B News B News was a Usenet news server developed at the University of California, Berkeley by Matt Glickman and Mary Ann Horton as a replacement for A News . It

462-517: Was the Cyclical News Filesystem (CNFS), which sequentially stores articles in large on-disk buffers. This method, implemented by Scott Fritchie, greatly increased performance by eliminating the operating system overhead needed to deal with thousands of individual article files. James Brister's innfeed program was also added to the package. Like innd , innfeed operates continuously to feed articles out to other servers, while

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484-451: Was used on Unix systems from 1981 into the 1990s and is the reference implementation for the de facto Usenet standard described in RFC   850 and RFC   1036 . Releases from 2.10.2 were maintained by UUNET founder Rick Adams . B News introduced numerous changes from its predecessor. Articles used an extensible format with named headers, first by using labeled equivalents to

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