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47-409: Threats to the general peace may range from minor civil unrest , large scale violence , or even an armed insurgency . Threats to internal security may be directed at either the state's citizens , or the organs and infrastructure of the state itself, and may range from petty crime , serious organized crime , political or industrial unrest, or even domestic terrorism . Foreign powers may also act as

94-538: A crowd turns violent, effectively becoming a "mob," it may execute physical attacks on people and property, such as by throwing homemade weapons like Molotov cocktails , firing small arms, and planting improvised explosive devices . A crowd may resort to throwing rocks , bricks, bottles, etc. If violence is pre-arranged, the crowd can hide their weapons or vandalism tools well before the crowd formation, catching law enforcement by surprise. Crowds may arm themselves with: A mob may erect barricades to impede, or prevent,

141-456: A crowd's mood, radicals can manipulate and weaponize a crowd, using skillful agitation to coax the crowd's capacity for violence and turn it into a vengeful mob , directing the crowd's aggression and resentment at the agitator's chosen target. Tactical agitators can leverage media, including social media , to connect with potential crowd members and incite them to break the law or provoke others, all without direct personal contact. Conversely,

188-519: A crowd. Mobbing Mobbing , as a sociological term, refers either to bullying in any context, or specifically to that within the workplace, especially when perpetrated by a group rather than an individual. Victims of workplace mobbing frequently suffer from: adjustment disorders , somatic symptoms, psychological trauma (e.g., trauma tremors or sudden onset selective mutism ), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or major depression . In mobbing targets with PTSD, Leymann notes that

235-412: A framework from which mobbing victims can respond to mobbing. Lack of such a framework may result in a situation where each instance of mobbing is treated on an individual basis with no recourse of prevention. It may also indicate that such behaviors are warranted and within the realm of acceptable behavior within an organization. Direct responses to grievances related to mobbing that are handled outside of

282-430: A group to emerge when no authoritative voice emerges, and the crowd becomes frustrated without direction. Panic, which is extremely and quickly contagious, also affects crowd behavior by influencing their ability to reason, lending to frantic, irrational behavior that can not only endanger the crowd, but also others. During civil disorder, panic can set in when a crowd member realizes – A goal of violent demonstrators

329-464: A skilled leader can calm or divert a crowd using strategic suggestions, commands, or appeals to reason, aiming to de-escalate a situation. Emotional contagion plays a significant role in crowd behaviour by fostering a sense of unity among its members. This unity can lead the crowd to adopt a mob mentality and engage in mob behaviour. Crowd members amplify each other's emotions, creating a heightened state of collective emotion. Ideas rapidly spread among

376-440: A threat to internal security, by either committing or sponsoring terrorism or rebellion , without actually declaring war . Governmental responsibility for internal security will generally rest with an interior ministry , as opposed to a defence ministry . Depending on the state, a state's internal security will be maintained by either the ordinary police or more militarised security forces (known as gendarmerie or, literally,

423-417: A threat to law enforcers because it is open to manipulation. This is because the behavior of a crowd is under the direction of the majority of its members. While its members are usually inclined to obey the law, emotional stimuli, and the feeling of fearlessness that arises from being in a crowd, can cause crowd members to indulge in impulses, act on aggressions, and unleash rage . When law enforcement limits

470-425: Is a deliberate attempt to force a person out of their workplace by humiliation , general harassment , emotional abuse and/or terror . Mobbing can be described as being "ganged up on." Mobbing is executed by a leader (who can be a manager, a co-worker, or a subordinate). The leader then rallies others into a systematic and frequent "mob-like" behaviour toward the victim. Mobbing as "downward bullying" by superiors

517-412: Is a form of group aggression innate to primates , and that those who engage in mobbing are not necessarily "evil" or "psychopathic", but responding in a predictable and patterned manner when someone in a position of leadership or influence communicates to the group that someone must go. For that reason, she indicated that anyone can and will engage in mobbing, and that once mobbing gets underway, just as in

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564-770: Is a single cause or a combination of causes; however, most are born from political grievances, economic disparities , social discord, but historically have been the result of long-standing oppression by a group of people towards another. Civil disorder arising from political grievances can include a range of events, from a simple protest to a mass civil disobedience. These events can be spontaneous, but can also be planned. These events can turn violent when agitators and law enforcers overreact. Civil disorder has in history arisen from economic disputes, political reasons (such as in opposition to oppressive or tyrannical government forces), religious opposition, racial oppression and social discord among various cases throughout history. Exploiting

611-502: Is also known as "bossing", and "upward bullying" by colleagues as "staffing", in some European countries, for instance, in German-speaking regions. Following on from the work of Heinemann, Elliot identifies mobbing as a common phenomenon in the form of group bullying at school. It involves "ganging up" on someone using tactics of rumor , innuendo , discrediting , isolating , intimidating , and above all, making it look as if

658-805: Is beginning to enter (STEM fields, fire fighting, military, nursing, teaching, and construction). Finally, she suggests that organizations where there are limited opportunities for advancement can be prone to mobbing because those who do advance are more likely to view challenges to their leadership as threats to their precarious positions. Harper further challenges the idea that workers are targeted for their exceptional competence. In some cases, she suggests, exceptional workers are mobbed because they are viewed as threatening to someone, but some workers who are mobbed are not necessarily good workers. Rather, Harper contends, some mobbing targets are outcasts or unproductive workers who cannot easily be terminated, and are thus treated inhumanely to push them out. While Harper emphasizes

705-543: Is heightened in which law enforcement agents are monolithic, across race and ethnicity, as law enforcement will become more susceptible to framing the disorder as a confrontation between "them" and "us." Actions by law enforcement agents, motivated by emotion and prejudice, is often used as evidence against their ill will toward a crowd, or a mob, with their behavior only further inflaming confrontation rather than reducing it. Under such situations, law enforcement agents are rarely held accountable for all their actions against

752-503: Is high among law enforcement agents, they may breach their feeling of restraint and commit acts, against people in the mob, that they normally would suppress. The emotional atmosphere can also make them highly susceptible to rumors and fear. Like mob members, law enforcement agents, acting as a group, can also lose their sense of individuality and develop a feeling of anonymity. Under emotional instability, individual prejudices, that any individual law enforcement agent may harbor against

799-728: Is to spur law enforcers to take action that can be exploited as acts of brutality in order to generate sympathy for their cause, and/or to anger and demoralize the opposition. Crowds can use a range of tactics to evade law enforcement or to promote disorder, from verbal assault to distracting law enforcers to building barricades. The more well-planned tactics occur, the more purposeful the disorder. For example, crowds may form human blockades to shut down roads, they may trespass on government property, they may try to force mass arrests, they may handcuff themselves to things or to each other, or they may lock arms, making it more difficult to separate them, or they might create confusion or diversions through

846-462: Is typically found in organizations where there is limited opportunity for employees to exit, whether through tenure systems or contracts that make it difficult to terminate an employee (such as universities or unionized organizations), and/or where finding comparable work in the same community makes it difficult for the employee to voluntarily leave (such as academic positions, religious institutions, or military). In these employments, efforts to eliminate

893-516: The Darwinian struggle to thrive (see animal mobbing behavior ). In his view, most humans are subject to similar innate impulses but capable of bringing them under rational control. Lorenz's explanation for his choice of the English word "mobbing" was omitted in the English translation by Marjorie Kerr Wilson. According to Kenneth Westhues , Lorenz chose the word "mobbing" because he remembered in

940-707: The internal troops ). Other specialized internal security agencies may exist to augment these main forces, such as border guards , special police units , or aspects of the state's intelligence agencies . In some states, internal security may be the primary responsibility of a secret police force. The level of authorized force used by agencies and forces responsible for maintaining internal security might range from unarmed police to fully armed paramilitary organizations, or employ some level of less-lethal weaponry in between. For violent situations, internal security forces may contain some element of military type equipment such as non-military armored vehicles . Depending on

987-742: The "mental effects were fully comparable with PTSD from war or prison camp experiences." Some patients may develop alcoholism or other substance abuse disorders. Family relationships routinely suffer and victims sometimes display acts of aggression towards strangers in the street. Workplace targets and witnesses may even develop brief psychotic episodes (see Occupational psychosis ) , generally with paranoid symptoms. Leymann estimated that 15% of suicides in Sweden could be directly attributed to workplace mobbing. Konrad Lorenz , in his book entitled On Aggression (1966), first described mobbing among birds and other animals, attributing it to instincts rooted in

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1034-465: The 1970s, the Swedish physician Peter-Paul Heinemann applied Lorenz's conceptualization to the collective aggression of children against a targeted child. In the 1980s, professor and practising psychologist Heinz Leymann applied the term to ganging up in the workplace. In 2011, anthropologist Janice Harper suggested that some anti-bullying approaches effectively constitute a form of mobbing by using

1081-615: The animal kingdom it will almost always continue and intensify as long as the target remains with the group. She subsequently published a book on the topic in which she explored animal behavior, organizational cultures and historical forms of group aggression, suggesting that mobbing is a form of group aggression on a continuum of structural violence with genocide as the most extreme form of mob aggression. Social networking sites and blogs have enabled anonymous groups to coordinate and attack other people. The victims of these groups can be targeted by various attacks and threats, sometimes causing

1128-868: The behavior or through quantifying what respondents believe encompasses mobbing behavior. These are referred to as "self-labeling" and "behavior experience" methods respectively. Limitations of some mobbing examination tools are: Common Tools used to measure mobbing behavior are: From an organizational perspective, it has been suggested that mobbing behavior can be curtailed by acknowledging behaviors as mobbing behaviors and that such behaviors result in harm and/or negative consequences. Precise definitions of such traits are critical due to ambiguity of unacceptable and acceptable behaviors potentially leading to unintentional mobbing behavior. Attenuation of mobbing behavior can further be enhanced by developing policies that explicitly address specific behaviors that are culturally accepted to result in harm or negative affect. This provides

1175-426: The collective attack by birds, the old German term hassen auf , which means "to hate after" or "to put a hate on" was applied and this emphasised "the depth of antipathy with which the attack is made" rather than the English word 'mobbing' which emphasised the collective aspect of the attack. Westhues also noted that the application of the term for human bullying behaviour has been criticised by several academics. In

1222-620: The crowd than its concern for law and authority, leading to unlawful and disruptive acts. Once the crowd engages in such acts, it effectively becomes a mob – a highly emotional, unreasonable, potentially violent crowd. Crowd behavior is the emotional needs, fears, and prejudices of the crowd members. It is driven by social factors such as the strength, or weakness, of leadership, moral perspective, or community uniformity, and also by psychological factors of suggestion e.g. imitation, anonymity, impersonality, emotional release, emotional contagion, panic, etc. During civil disorder, any crowd can be

1269-417: The cruelty and damaging consequences of mobbing, her organizational analysis focuses on the structural, rather than moral, nature of the organization. Moreover, she views the behavior itself, which she terms workplace aggression, as grounded in group psychology, rather than individual psychosis—even when the mobbing is initiated due to a leader's personal psychosis, the dynamics of group aggression will transform

1316-440: The effectiveness of law enforcement. For example, they may use grappling hooks , chains, rope, or vehicles to breach gates or fences. They may use sticks or poles to limit law enforcement's use of billy clubs and bayonets . They may overturn civilian vehicles to impede troops advancing to engage them or vandalize law enforcement vehicles to try to spark over-reaction from law enforcement or to incite further lawlessness from

1363-473: The full realization of these actions, the crowd will channel this hostility elsewhere, making the crowd a hostile and unpredictable threat to law enforcers. Crowds want to be directed, and can become frustrated by confusion and uncertainty; therefore, leadership can have a profound influence on the intensity and conduct of a crowd's behavior. The first person to authoritatively direct a crowd will likely be followed. Opportunity for radicals to take charge of

1410-414: The group and to bystanders and mass media . When emotional contagion prevails, raw emotion is high while self-discipline is low. Personal prejudices and unsatisfied desires – usually restrained – are unabashedly released. This incentivizes crowd membership, as the crowd provides cover for individuals to do things they want to do, but would not dare try to do alone. This incentive can become greater for

1457-543: The label "bully" to dehumanize, encouraging people to shun and avoid people labeled bullies, and in some cases sabotage their work or refuse to work with them, while almost always calling for their exclusion and termination from employment. Janice Harper followed her Huffington Post essay with a series of essays in both The Huffington Post and in her column "Beyond Bullying: Peacebuilding at Work, School and Home" in Psychology Today that argued that mobbing

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1504-460: The leader's bullying into group mobbing—two vastly distinct psychological and social phenomena. Shallcross, Ramsay and Barker consider workplace "mobbing" to be a generally unfamiliar term in some English speaking countries. Some researchers claim that mobbing is simply another name for bullying. Workplace mobbing can be considered as a " virus " or a " cancer " that spreads throughout the workplace via gossip , rumour and unfounded accusations . It

1551-475: The mob, in returning fire, any innocent casualties resulting from the chaos usually make law enforcement look undisciplined and oppressive. According to the U.S. Code , a person is engaged in civil disorder if he or she - (1) "...teaches or demonstrates to any other person the use, application, or making of any firearm or explosive or incendiary device , or technique capable of causing injury or death to persons, knowing or having reason to know or intending that

1598-421: The mob, or against individual participants of the mob, may influence the behavior of the law enforcement agent. Like the mob, these conditions make law enforcement actors more likely to imitate the behavior of each other, which can result in a chain of biased, excessive, or otherwise, dangerous, behavior in which law enforcement agents act upon mob agents as impersonal threats and not as human beings. Such action

1645-429: The mob. Mobs often employ fire, smoke, or hidden explosive devices e.g. strapped to animals, masked in cigarette lighters or toys, rigged to directed vehicles, etc. Not only can these devices be used to create confusion or diversion, but they can also be used to destroy property, mask looting of mob participants, or provide cover for mob participants firing weapons at law enforcement. If law enforcement engages with

1692-465: The movement of any article or commodity in commerce or the conduct or performance of any federally protected function. " Like mob participants, law enforcers are also susceptible to crowd behavior. Such tense confrontation can emotionally stimulate them, creating a highly emotional atmosphere all around. This emotional stimulation can become infectious throughout law enforcement agents, conflicting with their disciplined training. When emotional tension

1739-401: The nature of the specific state's form of government , enforcing internal security will generally not be carried out by a country's military forces, whose primary role is external defense, except in times of extreme unrest or other state of emergency , short of civil war . Often, military involvement in internal security is restricted to authorized military aid to the civil power as part of

1786-695: The organization of the state, internal security forces may have jurisdiction on national or federal levels. As the concept of internal security refers to the entity of the state and its citizens, persons who are threats to internal security may be designated as an enemy of the state or enemy of the people . Persons detained by internal security forces may either be dealt with by the normal criminal justice system, or for more serious crimes against internal security such as treason , they may face special measures such as secret trials . In times of extreme unrest, internal security actions may include measures such as internment (detention without trial). Depending on

1833-512: The principle of civilian control of the military . Military special forces units may in some cases be put under the temporary command of civilian powers, for special internal security situations such as counter terrorism operations. Civil disorder Civil disorder , also known as civil disturbance , civil unrest , civil strife , or turmoil , are situations when law enforcement struggle to maintain public order or tranquility. Any number of things may cause civil disorder, whether it

1880-461: The same will be unlawfully employed for use in, or in furtherance of, a civil disorder which may in any way or degree obstruct, delay, or adversely affect commerce or the movement of any article or commodity in commerce or the conduct or performance of any federally protected function;  or... (2) ...transports or manufactures for transportation in commerce any firearm, or explosive or incendiary device, knowing or having reason to know or intending that

1927-405: The same will be used unlawfully in furtherance of a civil disorder;  or... (3) ...commits or attempts to commit any act to obstruct, impede, or interfere with any fireman or law enforcement officer lawfully engaged in the lawful performance of his official duties incident to and during the commission of a civil disorder which in any way or degree obstructs, delays, or adversely affects commerce or

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1974-414: The sway of less objective and more post-modern scholarship; financial pressure; or having an aggressive superior. Other factors included envy , heresy and campus politics . Sociologists and authors have created checklists and other tools to identify mobbing behaviour. Common approaches to assessing mobbing behavior is through quantifying frequency of mobbing behavior based on a given definition of

2021-690: The target of disrespectful and harmful behavior. Through innuendo , rumors, and public discrediting, a hostile environment is created in which one individual gathers others to willingly, or unwillingly, participate in continuous malevolent actions to force a person out of the workplace." Adams and Field believe that mobbing is typically found in work environments that have poorly organised production or working methods and incapable or inattentive management and that mobbing victims are usually "exceptional individuals who demonstrated intelligence, competence, creativity, integrity, accomplishment and dedication". In contrast, Janice Harper suggests that workplace mobbing

2068-451: The targeted person is responsible ( victim blaming ). It is to be distinguished from normal conflicts (between pupils of similar standing and power), which are an integral part of everyday school life. Kenneth Westhues ' study of mobbing in academia found that vulnerability was increased by personal differences such as being a foreigner or of a different sex; by working in fields such as music or literature which have recently come under

2115-489: The use of rock throwing , arson , or terrorist acts, giving leeway to law enforcers to be forceful or excessive while trying to remove them. Also, sometimes, terrorist elements are involved. Most participants of civil disorder engage on foot. However, organized efforts can often implore the use vehicles and wireless communication . Participants have been known to use scanners to monitor police frequencies or transmitters to sabotage law enforcement communications. If

2162-400: The victims to use pseudonyms or go offline to avoid them. British anti-bullying researchers Andrea Adams and Tim Field have used the expression "workplace bullying" instead of what Leymann called "mobbing" in a workplace context. They identify mobbing as a particular type of bullying that is not as apparent as most, defining it as "an emotional assault. It begins when an individual becomes

2209-417: The worker will intensify to push the worker out against his or her will through shunning, sabotage, false accusations and a series of investigations and poor reviews. Another form of employment where workers are mobbed are those that require the use of uniforms or other markers of group inclusion (law enforcement, fire fighting, military), organizations where a single gender has predominated, but another gender

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