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65-516: IAF accreditation body members accredit certification or validation and verification bodies that issue certificates or statements attesting that an organization is complying with a specified standard . Accreditation is an essential ingredient for competitiveness, access to new markets, productivity improvement, innovation of new products and environmental protection, as well as the health and safety of populations. An efficient and effective quality and standards infrastructure, underpinned by accreditation,

130-525: A 1998 album by jazz guitarist Grant Green first released in Japan in 1980 as Remembering Standards (Into It. Over It. album) Standards, Vol. 1 , a 1983 album by jazz pianist Keith Jarrett Standards, Vol. 2 , a 1985 album by jazz pianist Keith Jarrett Standards (Lee Morgan album) , a 1998 album by jazz trumpeter Lee Morgan released on the Blue Note label Standards (Tortoise album) ,

195-602: A 2008 album by Take 6 The Standards , a 2013 studio album by Gloria Estefan Songs [ edit ] "Standard" (The View song) , a song by the View "Standards", a song by the Jam from the album This Is the Modern World Periodicals [ edit ] Standard (magazine) , a defunct Serbian magazine Der Standard , an Austrian newspaper Dunoon Observer and Argyllshire Standard ,

260-529: A Scottish newspaper London Evening Standard , a London newspaper often referred to as "The Standard" Mornington Standard , newspaper of Frankston, Victoria Standard (Frankston) , a later name The Port Melbourne Standard newspaper of Port Melbourne, Victoria The Standard (Port Melbourne) an earlier name Standard (Thailand) , a defunct weekly newspaper published in Thailand St. Catharines Standard ,

325-625: A St. Catharines, Ontario, newspaper Toronto Standard online newspaper, also an historical (1848–1849) paper The Standard (Hong Kong) , a business newspaper in Hong Kong The Standard (Kenya) , a Kenyan newspaper The Standard (Zimbabwe) , a weekly newspaper in Zimbabwe The Weekly Standard , an American neoconservative magazine, sometimes abbreviated as The Standard Television [ edit ] The Standard (TV series) ,

390-406: A broader range of actors involved in the policy space that includes civil society organizations , the media , intellectuals , think tanks or policy research institutes , corporations, lobbyists , etc. Policies are typically promulgated through official written documents. Policy documents often come with the endorsement or signature of the executive powers within an organization to legitimize

455-496: A complex combination of multiple levels and diverse types of organizations drawn from the public, private, and voluntary sectors that have overlapping realms of responsibility and functional capacities". Key components of policies include command-and-control measures, enabling measures, monitoring, incentives and disincentives. Science-based policy, related to the more narrow concept of evidence-based policy , may have also become more important. A review about worldwide pollution as

520-432: A fairly successful public regulatory policy is that of a highway speed limit. Constituent policies are less concerned with the allocation of resources or regulation of behavior, and more focused on representing the preferences and values of the public. These policies involve addressing public concerns and issues that may not have direct economic or regulatory implications. They often reflect the broader values and beliefs of

585-416: A global provider of air conditioning systems and services, bath and kitchen products, and vehicle control systems Chevron Corporation , an American multinational energy corporation that is also called Standard in sixteen U.S. states Standard Bank , one of South Africa's largest financial operators Standard Fruit Company , an American company Standard Glass and Paint Company Building , listed on

650-543: A high level of recognition Pop standards , particularly the songs comprising the Great American Songbook Albums [ edit ] Standard (Scandal album) , the fifth studio album by Japanese pop rock band, Scandal Standard (Witness album) , a gospel music album by Witness Standards (Sonny Clark album) , 1998 Standards (Lloyd Cole album) , a 2013 rock album by Lloyd Cole released Standards (Grant Green album) ,

715-527: A naval term describing the weight and status of a warship Standard language , a particular variety of a language accepted as the institutionalized norm in a community Standard solution , in chemistry, a solution of known concentration Standard of care , the degree of prudence and caution required of an individual who is under a duty of care Technical standard , an established norm or requirement about technical systems International standard , standards suitable for worldwide use Open standard ,

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780-408: A policy whose reach extends further than the problem it was originally crafted to address. Additionally, unpredictable results may arise from selective or idiosyncratic enforcement of policy. The intended effects of a policy vary widely according to the organization and the context in which they are made. Broadly, policies are typically instituted to avoid some negative effect that has been noticed in

845-444: A policy. It can also be referred to as a "stages model" or "stages heuristic". It is thus a rule of thumb rather than the actual reality of how policy is created, but has been influential in how political scientists looked at policy in general. It was developed as a theory from Harold Lasswell 's work. It is called the policy cycle as the final stage (evaluation) often leads back to the first stage (problem definition), thus restarting

910-537: A rap trio formed by Nas , Common and Q-Tip Musical terms and concepts [ edit ] Standard (music) , the most popular and enduring songs from a particular genre or style Adult standards , a radio format that includes pop standards Jazz standards , musical compositions which are an important part of the musical repertoire of jazz musicians, in that they are widely known, performed, and recorded by jazz musicians, and widely known by listeners List of blues standards , blues songs that have attained

975-406: A rate so high that citizens are deterred from earning the money that is taxed. The policy formulation process theoretically includes an attempt to assess as many areas of potential policy impact as possible, to lessen the chances that a given policy will have unexpected or unintended consequences. In political science , the policy cycle is a tool commonly used for analyzing the development of

1040-564: A restaurant complex in central Copenhagen, Denmark The Standard, East Village , a hotel in New York City The Standard, High Line , a hotel in New York City Computing and technology [ edit ] Standards (software) Standard cell , a voltage reference, or a building block for electronic integrated circuits Plants and plant husbandry [ edit ] Standard (tree) ,

1105-487: A sequence set in motion a chain of causally linked reactions and counter-reactions which trigger subsequent development". This is a concept separate to policy sequencing in that the latter may require actions from a multitude of parties at different stages for progress of the sequence, rather than an initial "shock", force-exertion or catalysis of chains of events. In the modern highly interconnected world, polycentric governance has become ever more important – such "requires

1170-810: A sequential order. The use of such frameworks may make complex polycentric governance for the achievement of goals such as climate change mitigation and stoppage of deforestation more easily achievable or more effective, fair, efficient, legitimate and rapidly implemented. Contemporary ways of policy-making or decision-making may depend on exogenously-driven shocks that "undermine institutionally entrenched policy equilibria" and may not always be functional in terms of sufficiently preventing and solving problems, especially when unpopular policies, regulation of influential entities with vested interests, international coordination and non-reactive strategic long-term thinking and management are needed. In that sense, "reactive sequencing" refers to "the notion that early events in

1235-509: A springboard for awareness-raising actions and to promote accreditation to governments, the public and private sectors, and, more generally, citizens. It also provides national organisations the opportunity to organize activities related to the theme of the day. World accreditation days since 2009 standard Standard may refer to: Symbols [ edit ] Colours, standards and guidons , kinds of military signs Standard (emblem) ,

1300-555: A standard for next generation sequencing De facto standard , product or system with market dominance Gold standard , a monetary system based on gold; also used metaphorically for the best of several options, against which the others are measured Internet Standard , a specification ratified as an open standard by the Internet Engineering Task Force Learning standards , standards applied to education content Standard displacement ,

1365-463: A standard that is publicly available Standard operating procedure , a step-by-step instruction to achieve a desired result Standardization , the process of establishing technical standards Standards organization , an entity primarily concerned with maintaining standards Standard-gauge railway (SGR) Mathematics [ edit ] Standard algorithms , long-taught methods of computation such as long division Standard deviation ,

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1430-471: A statistical measure of variation Standard score , a statistics term Standard part function , used to define the derivative of a function Standard Young tableaux , a type of combinatorial object Standardized rate , a statistical measure of any rates in a population Military [ edit ] Standard-type battleships produced by the U.S. Navy Standard Missile Standard operating procedure , an established method of accomplishing

1495-424: A task United States Military Standard , a specification used to help achieve standardization objectives by the U.S. Department of Defense Places [ edit ] United States [ edit ] Standard, Illinois , a village Arts, entertainment, and media [ edit ] Music [ edit ] Groups [ edit ] The Standard (band) , an American indie rock band The Standard,

1560-634: A television series Sports [ edit ] FK Standard Sumgayit , a former Azeri association football team Standard Liège , a Belgian association football team that is often abbreviated as Standard Vehicles [ edit ] Automotive [ edit ] Standard (1904 automobile) (1904–1906), an American automobile Standard (1911 automobile) (1911–1912), a German automobile Standard (1912 automobile) (1912–1923), an American automobile manufactured in Butler, Pennsylvania Standard (Indian automobile) (1957–1987), mostly based on

1625-485: A type of a large symbol or emblem used for identification Norms, conventions or requirements [ edit ] Further information: Canon (basic principle) Standard (metrology) , an object that bears a defined relationship to a unit of measure used for calibration of measuring devices Standard (timber unit) , an obsolete measure of timber used in trade Breed standard (also called bench standard), in animal fancy and animal husbandry BioCompute Standard ,

1690-824: A type of fruit tree form Coppice with standards , the retention of some mature trees in a wood mainly of trees which are coppiced Other uses [ edit ] Standard (typeface) Standard (warez) , rules for unauthorized public release of copyrighted material Standard (mail collar) , also called a pizaine, a chain mail collar often worn with plate armor See also [ edit ] [REDACTED] Wikiquote has quotations related to Standard . Canon (disambiguation) Industry standard (disambiguation) National standards (disambiguation) Standardbred , an American horse breed best known for its ability in harness racing Standart (disambiguation) STD (disambiguation) The Standard (disambiguation) Usual (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

1755-439: Is heuristic and iterative . It is intentionally normative and not meant to be diagnostic or predictive . Policy cycles are typically characterized as adopting a classical approach, and tend to describe processes from the perspective of policy decision makers. Accordingly, some post-positivist academics challenge cyclical models as unresponsive and unrealistic, preferring systemic and more complex models. They consider

1820-433: Is a critical element in promoting and sustaining economic development as well as environmental and social well-being, as it provides confidence in metrology, standardization, and conformity assessment (which comprises testing, calibration, inspection, and certification). IAF has prepared an informative brochure which provides general information about IAF, its activities, membership and programs. The primary purpose of IAF

1885-566: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Policy Policy is a deliberate system of guidelines to guide decisions and achieve rational outcomes. A policy is a statement of intent and is implemented as a procedure or protocol. Policies are generally adopted by a governance body within an organization. Policies can assist in both subjective and objective decision making . Policies used in subjective decision-making usually assist senior management with decisions that must be based on

1950-735: Is done. The State of California provides an example of benefit-seeking policy. In recent years, the numbers of hybrid cars in California has increased dramatically, in part because of policy changes in Federal law that provided USD $ 1,500 in tax credits (since phased out) and enabled the use of high-occupancy vehicle lanes to drivers of hybrid vehicles. In this case, the organization (state and/or federal government) created an effect (increased ownership and use of hybrid vehicles) through policy (tax breaks, highway lanes). Policies frequently have side effects or unintended consequences . Because

2015-420: Is justified in claiming that a specific policy is evidence-based if, and only if, three conditions are met. First, the individual or organization possesses comparative evidence about the effects of the specific policy in comparison to the effects of at least one alternative policy. Second, the specific policy is supported by this evidence according to at least one of the individual's or organization's preferences in

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2080-417: Is key to a country’s growth, as well as being essential in creating a safer, cleaner, and more equitable and well-integrated world. Accreditation provides confidence in the quality, safety, and environmental credentials of goods, services, and processes. It is required for the effective operation of domestic markets, and its international recognition is important to enable access to foreign markets. Accreditation

2145-424: Is strongly aligned to key projects of UNIDO and UNECE , which promote the adoption of accreditation to facilitate trade, provide employment opportunities, and to facilitate exports and foreign direct investment. Maintaining strategic partnerships and technical cooperation, together with the use of standards and compliance related activities, forms an important part of UNIDO’s approach. The relationship between UNIDO,

2210-528: Is the Members in a General Meeting. General Meetings make decisions and lay down policy in the name of the members. The Board is responsible for legal actions to be carried out on behalf of the members, for developing broad policy directions for IAF and for ensuring that the day-to-day work of the IAF is carried out in accordance with policies approved by members. The terms of reference, tasks and duties as defined by

2275-590: Is two-fold. Firstly, to ensure that its accreditation body members only accredit bodies that are competent to do the work they undertake and are not subject to conflicts of interest . The second purpose of the IAF is to maintain a mutual recognition arrangement , known as the IAF Multilateral Recognition Arrangement (MLA), between its accreditation body members which reduces risk to business and its customers by ensuring that an accredited certificate may be relied upon anywhere in

2340-426: The intent of the organization, whether government, business, professional, or voluntary. Policy is intended to affect the "real" world, by guiding the decisions that are made. Whether they are formally written or not, most organizations have identified policies. Policies may be classified in many different ways. The following is a sample of several different types of policies broken down by their effect on members of

2405-868: The British Standard cars Standard (Italian automobile) (1906–1908), an Italian automobile manufactured by the Fabbrica Automobili Standard of Torino Standard Electric (automobile) (1911-1915) an American electric automobile manufactured in Jackson, Michigan Standard Motor Company (1903–1963), an English car and aircraft manufacturer Standard Motor Products , a manufacturer and distributor of aftermarket automotive parts Standard Six (1909–1910), an American automobile manufactured in St Louis, Missouri Standard Steam Car (1920–1921), an American steam car manufactured by

2470-625: The Bylaws and the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) remain unchanged for the members at a General Meeting, the Board of Directors and the Secretary. The Executive Committee is responsible to the Board of Directors for the day-to-day work of IAF on the basis of decisions made by the Members and directions by the Board of Directors. The operations of all IAF Committees and Subordinate Groups, including

2535-612: The Executive Committee, are subject to the IAF General Procedures. The International Accreditation Forum is a global association of accreditation bodies, conformity assessment body associations, Regional Accreditation Groups, and industry associations, including scheme owners. An official list is available online. The IAF and ILAC, the global associations for accreditation, established World Accreditation Day to take place each year on June 9 to act as

2600-564: The IAF and ILAC aims to enhance the impact of industrial development on economic growth and achieving the SDGs. IAF launched IAF CertSearch so accredited management systems certifications from around the world can be validated. IAF CertSearch is a global database where users can search and validate the status of accredited certification issued by a certification body which has been accredited by an IAF signatory member accreditation body. IAF CertSearch also provides organisations with information about

2665-707: The National Register of Historic Places in Polk County, Iowa Standard Hotel , a hotel chain originating in Los Angeles Standard Insurance Company , an American insurance and financial company Standard Oil (1863–1911), a large integrated oil producing, transporting, refining, and marketing organization Standard Steel Casting Company , an American company Standard Talking Machine Company , an early twentieth century record label The Standard, Copenhagen ,

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2730-638: The Standard Engineering Company of St Louis, Missouri Standard Superior , and automotive manufacturer, e.g., of the Standard automobile (1933–1935, 1950–1954), produced from 1933 to 1935 by Standard Fahrzeugfabrik of Ludwigsburg, Germany Standard transmission , a type of transmission used in motor vehicles Aviation [ edit ] FAI Standard Class , for glider competition Prue Standard , glider Other businesses [ edit ] American Standard Companies ,

2795-477: The accredited network, which includes a list of all accreditation bodies and certification bodies across the globe. • Organisations seeking to become certified can browse a list of accredited certification bodies here . • Organisations seeking accreditation can browse a list of accreditation bodies here . • Organisations seeking to trade with a certified company can browse companies on the voluntary trade marketplace here . The highest level of authority in IAF

2860-493: The basis of the impact they will have. Policies can be understood as political, managerial , financial, and administrative mechanisms arranged to reach explicit goals. In public corporate finance, a critical accounting policy is a policy for a firm/company or an industry that is considered to have a notably high subjective element, and that has a material impact on the financial statements . It has been argued that policies ought to be evidence-based. An individual or organization

2925-414: The behavior and practices of individuals, organizations, or industries. These policies are intended to address issues related to public safety, consumer protection, and environmental conservation. Regulatory policies involve government intervention in the form of laws, regulations, and oversight. Examples include environmental regulations, labor laws, and safety standards for food and drugs. Another example of

2990-537: The cost of production, by increasing productivity and enabling firms to be more competitive in domestic and foreign markets. More information can be found on Business Benefits . For consumers, it ensures public health and safety as well as environmental and consumer protection. Accreditation is closely linked to the United Nations goals of promotion of sustainable development, to protection of human rights, and advancing economic prosperity. The work of ILAC and IAF

3055-504: The cycle. Harold Lasswell 's popular model of the policy cycle divided the process into seven distinct stages, asking questions of both how and why public policies should be made. With the stages ranging from (1) intelligence, (2) promotion, (3) prescription, (4) invocation, (5) application, (6) termination and (7) appraisal, this process inherently attempts to combine policy implementation to formulated policy goals. One version by James E. Anderson, in his Public Policy-Making (1974) has

3120-424: The decision making or legislative stage. When the term policy is used, it may also refer to: The actions an organization actually takes may often vary significantly from its stated policy. This difference is sometimes caused by political compromise over policy, while in other situations it is caused by lack of policy implementation and enforcement. Implementing policy may have unexpected results, stemming from

3185-467: The environments that policies seek to influence or manipulate are typically complex adaptive systems (e.g. governments, societies, large companies), making a policy change can have counterintuitive results. For example, a government may make a policy decision to raise taxes, in hopes of increasing overall tax revenue. Depending on the size of the tax increase, this may have the overall effect of reducing tax revenue by causing capital flight or by creating

3250-436: The following stages: Anderson's version of the stages model is the most common and widely recognized out of the models. However, it could also be seen as flawed. According to Paul A. Sabatier, the model has "outlived its usefulness" and should be replaced. The model's issues have led to a paradoxical situation in which current research and updated versions of the model continue to rely on the framework created by Anderson. But

3315-480: The fourth album by the American post-rock band Tortoise Standards (Ken Vandermark album) , 1995 Standards (Seal album) , a 2017 album by Seal Standards (Bernie Worrell album) , solo album by former Parliament-Funkadelic keyboardist Bernie Worrell Standards , music album by Blaggards The Standard (Tommy Flanagan album) , a 1980 album by The Super Jazz Trio The Standard (Take 6 album) ,

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3380-456: The framework of global dynamics. Policies or policy-elements can be designed and proposed by a multitude of actors or collaborating actor-networks in various ways. Alternative options as well as organisations and decision-makers that would be responsible for enacting these policies – or explaining their rejection – can be identified. "Policy sequencing" is a concept that integrates mixes of existing or hypothetical policies and arranges them in

3445-437: The given policy area. Third, the individual or organization can provide a sound account for this support by explaining the evidence and preferences that lay the foundation for the claim. Policies are dynamic; they are not just static lists of goals or laws. Policy blueprints have to be implemented, often with unexpected results. Social policies are what happens 'on the ground' when they are implemented, as well as what happens at

3510-417: The law can compel or prohibit behaviors (e.g. a law requiring the payment of taxes on income), policy merely guides actions toward those that are most likely to achieve the desired outcome. Policy or policy study may also refer to the process of making important organizational decisions, including the identification of different alternatives such as programs or spending priorities, and choosing among them on

3575-432: The organization, or to seek some positive benefit. A meta-analysis of policy studies concluded that international treaties that aim to foster global cooperation have mostly failed to produce their intended effects in addressing global challenges , and sometimes may have led to unintended harmful or net negative effects. The study suggests enforcement mechanisms are the "only modifiable treaty design choice" with

3640-570: The organization. Distributive policies involve government allocation of resources, services, or benefits to specific groups or individuals in society. The primary characteristic of distributive policies is that they aim to provide goods or services to a targeted group without significantly reducing the availability or benefits for other groups. These policies are often designed to promote economic or social equity. Examples include subsidies for farmers, social welfare programs, and funding for public education. Regulatory policies aim to control or regulate

3705-641: The policy and demonstrate that it is considered in force. Such documents often have standard formats that are particular to the organization issuing the policy. While such formats differ in form, policy documents usually contain certain standard components including: Some policies may contain additional sections, including: The American political scientist Theodore J. Lowi proposed four types of policy, namely distributive , redistributive , regulatory and constituent in his article "Four Systems of Policy, Politics and Choice" and in "American Business, Public Policy, Case Studies and Political Theory". Policy addresses

3770-410: The potential to improve the effectiveness . Corporate purchasing policies provide an example of how organizations attempt to avoid negative effects. Many large companies have policies that all purchases above a certain value must be performed through a purchasing process. By requiring this standard purchasing process through policy, the organization can limit waste and standardize the way purchasing

3835-403: The public (influenced via media and education as well as by cultural identity ), contemporary economics (such as what is beneficial or a burden in the long- and near-term within it) and a general state of international competition (often the focus of geopolitics ). Broadly, considerations include political competition with other parties and social stability as well as national interests within

3900-870: The relative merits of a number of factors, and as a result, are often hard to test objectively, e.g. work–life balance policy. Moreover, governments and other institutions have policies in the form of laws, regulations, procedures, administrative actions, incentives and voluntary practices. Frequently, resource allocations mirror policy decisions. Policy is a blueprint of the organizational activities which are repetitive/routine in nature. In contrast, policies to assist in objective decision-making are usually operational in nature and can be objectively tested, e.g. password policy. The term may apply to government, public sector organizations and groups, as well as individuals, Presidential executive orders , corporate privacy policies , and parliamentary rules of order are all examples of policy. Policy differs from rules or law . While

3965-413: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Standard . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard&oldid=1253477000 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

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4030-843: The society. Constituent policies can include symbolic gestures, such as resolutions recognizing historical events or designating official state symbols. Constituent policies also deal with fiscal policy in some circumstances. Redistributive policies involve the transfer of resources or benefits from one group to another, typically from the wealthy or privileged to the less advantaged. These policies seek to reduce economic or social inequality by taking from those with more and providing for those with less. Progressive taxation, welfare programs, and financial assistance to low-income households are examples of redistributive policies. In contemporary systems of market-oriented economics and of homogeneous voting of delegates and decisions , policy mixes are usually introduced depending on factors that include popularity in

4095-550: The very concept of the stages model has been discredited, which attacks the cycle's status as a heuristic. Due to these problems, alternative and newer versions of the model have aimed to create a more comprehensive view of the policy cycle. An eight step policy cycle is developed in detail in The Australian Policy Handbook by Peter Bridgman and Glyn Davis : (now with Catherine Althaus in its 4th and 5th editions) The Althaus, Bridgman & Davis model

4160-600: The world, thus eliminating the need for suppliers of products or services to be certified in each country where they sell their products or services. According to the World Bank , accreditation and the wider quality infrastructure, serve the needs of governments, businesses, and consumers. For governments, it provides a mechanism to support relevant trade and industrial policies and ensures enforcement of mandatory technical regulations. Further information can be found on Public Sector Assurance . For businesses, it helps limit

4225-480: The world. The MLA contributes to the freedom of world trade by eliminating technical barriers to trade. IAF works to find the most effective way of achieving a single system that will allow companies with an accredited conformity assessment certificate or statement in one part of the world, to have that certificate or statement recognized elsewhere in the world. The objective of the MLA is that it will cover all countries in

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