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37-478: The International Cloud Atlas or simply the Cloud Atlas , is a cloud atlas that was first published in 1896 and has remained in print since. Its initial purposes included aiding the training of meteorologists and promoting more consistent use of vocabulary describing clouds , which were both important for early weather forecasting . The first edition featured color plates of color photographs, then still

74-413: A long period of development of the field of meteorology and the classification of clouds. In the late 19th century, Clement Ley and Ralph Abercromby contributed to building a classification for clouds.. Ley's book, Cloudland , was influential among meteorologists, while Abercromby wrote scientific papers on the subject, stressing that clouds are the same everywhere in the world (a novel observation at

111-497: A new chapter describing clouds from above, as from aircraft . Also, the former classification of hydrometeors was replaced by a classification of meteors , in which the hydrometeors are one group: The 2017 edition of the International Cloud Atlas has added 12 new cloud formations – one new species, five new supplemental features, one new accessory cloud type, and five new special clouds. The 2017 edition of

148-862: A very new technology, but noted for being expensive. Numerous later editions have been published. Publication of the first edition was arranged by Hugo Hildebrand Hildebrandsson , Albert Riggenbach , and Léon Teisserenc de Bort , members of the Clouds Commission of the International Meteorological Committee aka International Meteorological Organization (now the World Meteorological Organization ). It consists of color plates of clouds, and text in English, French, and German. Consequently, it had separate title pages in each language and

185-761: Is a discussion of what characteristics of clouds such a classification might take into account. Cloud atlas Throughout the 19th century, nomenclatures and classifications of cloud types were developed, followed late in the century by cloud atlases. The first nomenclature of clouds in English was published by Luke Howard in 1802. It followed a similar effort in French by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck in 1801. Howard's nomenclature defined four fundamental types of clouds: cirrus or thread-cloud, cumulus or heap-cloud, stratus or flat cloud (level sheet), and nimbus or rain-cloud (see List of cloud types ). There followed

222-411: Is known also by its alternate titles Atlas international des nuages and Internationaler Wolkenatlas . These were selected by the Clouds Commission, which also included Julius von Hann , Henrik Mohn , and Abbott Lawrence Rotch . The first edition featured printed color plates, rather than hand-colored plates. Most of the plates were color photographs , but also some paintings. A cirrus cloud

259-602: Is not a cloud atlas. The author, the American meteorologist Alexander George McAdie , then director of the Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory , advocated a classification of clouds that was not typological but rather predictive: a classification that did not merely describe what was before the observer. As McAdie put it, when we look at a cloud we want to know, not what it resembles, but whether it portends fair or foul weather. The book

296-547: Is the reason for the appearance of the present artistic little volume." It copied the International Cloud Atlas , except that it substituted color lithographs. The International Cloud Atlas was revised numerous times in response to requirements of its principal user community, meteorologists. Nonetheless, it was not sufficient for all users, and consequently a number of other cloud atlases and critiques have been published. A 1901 popular German book about

333-642: Is to "protect persons and property in premises and adjacent areas occupied by or under the control of the Government Printing Office". Officers are authorized to bear and use arms in the performance of their duties, make arrests for violations of Federal and state law (and that of Washington, D.C. ), and enforce the regulations of the Public Printer, including requiring the removal from GPO premises of individuals who violate such regulations. Officers have concurrent jurisdiction with

370-773: The Congressional Record , the Federal Register , Public Papers of the Presidents , the U.S. Code , and other materials. Security and law enforcement for GPO facilities is provided by the Government Publishing Office Police . The force is part of the GPO's Security Services Division , and in 2003 it had 53 officers. Officers are appointed under Title 44 USC § 317 by the Public Printer (or their delegate). Their duty

407-640: The Washington Times published a three-part story about the outsourcing of electronic passports to overseas companies, including one in Thailand that was subject to Chinese espionage. GPO designs, prints, encodes, and personalizes Trusted Traveler Program cards ( NEXUS , SENTRI and FAST) for the Department of Homeland Security , Customs and Border Protection (CBP). GPO publishes the U.S. Government Publishing Office Style Manual . Among

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444-632: The Specola Vaticana (Rome, 1893), and the Rev. W. Clement Ley's Cloudland (London, 1894). International Cloud Atlas has been published in multiple editions since 1896, including 1911, 1932, 1939, 1956, 1975, 1987 and 2017. The 1932 edition was titled International Atlas of Clouds and of States of the Sky . It was published in Catalan ( Atles Internacional dels Núvols i dels Estats del cel ) besides

481-887: The United States Government Printing Office , is an agency of the legislative branch of the United States Federal government . The office produces and distributes information products and services for all three branches of the Federal Government, including U.S. passports for the Department of State as well as the official publications of the Supreme Court , the Congress , the Executive Office of

518-457: The 1980s; along with the gradual replacement of paper with electronic document distribution, this has led to a steady decline in the number of staff at the agency. For its entire history, the GPO has occupied the corner of North Capitol Street NW and H Street NW in the District of Columbia. The large red brick building that houses the GPO was erected in 1903 and is unusual in being one of

555-839: The Cataloging and Indexing Program and the Publication Sales Program, as well as operation of the Federal Citizen Information Center in Pueblo, Colorado . Adelaide Hasse was the founder of the Superintendent of Documents classification system. The GPO first used 100 percent recycled paper for the Congressional Record and Federal Register from 1991 to 1997, under Public Printers Robert Houk and Michael DiMario. The GPO resumed using recycled paper in 2009. In March 2011,

592-569: The Clouds Commission of the International Meteorological Committee . It consists of color plates of clouds, mostly photographs but some paintings, and text in French, English, and German. The plates were selected from among 300 of the best color photographs of clouds provided by members of the commission. The atlas has remained in print since then, in multiple editions. United States Government Publishing Office The United States Government Publishing Office ( USGPO or GPO ), formerly

629-640: The GPO Electronic Information Access Enhancement Act, which enabled GPO to put Government information online for the first time. One year later, GPO began putting Government information online for the public to access. In 2009, GPO replaced its GPO Access website with the Federal Digital System, or FDsys. In 2016, GPO launched GovInfo , a mobile-friendly website for the public to access Government information. GovInfo makes available at no charge

666-520: The GPO issued a new illustrated official history covering the agency's 150 years of "Keeping America Informed". With demand for print publications falling and a move underway to digital document production and preservation, the name of the GPO was officially changed to "Government Publishing Office" in a provision of an omnibus government funding bill passed by Congress in December 2014. Following signature of this legislation by President Barack Obama ,

703-493: The President , executive departments , and independent agencies . An act of Congress changed the office's name to its current form in 2014. The Government Printing Office was created by congressional joint resolution (12  Stat.   117 ) on June 23, 1860. It began operations March 4, 1861, with 350 employees and reached a peak employment of 8,500 in 1972. The agency began transformation to computer technology in

740-690: The United States Code . The Director (formerly the Public Printer ), who serves as the head of the GPO, is appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate . The Director selects a Superintendent of Documents. The Superintendent of Documents (SuDocs) is in charge of the dissemination of information at the GPO. This is accomplished through the Federal Depository Library Program (FDLP),

777-466: The atlas is available online. Its additions comprised the following: Particular phenomena were given official cloud names by the WMO in 2017: One reviewer of the 1896 edition noted that "The illustrations are beautifully colored, and quite apart from its great value to meteorology, the 'Cloud Atlas' is well worth owning for the beauty of the illustrations alone." The following year, a derivative cloud atlas

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814-401: The contrast. Other researchers achieved similar results using mirrors or lake surfaces, and selectively photographing in certain parts of the sky. Many subsequent editions of International Cloud Atlas were published, including editions in 1906 and 1911. Several other cloud atlases appeared, including in 1908 M. J. Vincent's Atlas des Nuages (known in English as Vincent's Cloud Atlas), which

851-506: The cover that contains the same information that is printed in the passport: name, date and place of birth, sex, dates of passport issuance and expiration, passport number, and photo of the bearer. GPO produces the blank e-Passport, while the Department of State receives and adjudicates applications and issues individual passports. GPO ceased production of legacy passports in May 2007, shifting production entirely to e-passports. In March 2008,

888-545: The few large, red brick government structures in a city where most government buildings are mostly marble and granite. (The Smithsonian Castle and the Pension Building, now the National Building Museum , are other exceptions.) An additional structure was attached to its north in later years. The activities of the GPO are defined in the public printing and documents chapters of Title 44 of

925-542: The name change took place on December 17, 2014. By law, the Public Printer heads the GPO. The position of Public Printer traces its roots back to Benjamin Franklin and the period before the American Revolution, when he served as "publick printer", whose job was to produce official government documents for Pennsylvania and other colonies. When the agency was renamed in December 2014 the title "Public Printer"

962-488: The publication of translated editions. It was translated into Polish in 1959 ( Międzynarodowy atlas chmur; atlas skrócony ) and Norwegian in 1958 ( Internasjonalt skyatlas 1956 ). A Dutch translation was published in 1967 ( Wolkenatlas. Bewerkt naar de Internationale verkorte wolkenatlas van de Meteorologische Wereldorganisatie ). The 1975 edition was published in two volumes 12 years apart: Volume I (text) in 1975 and Volume II (plates) in 1987. Its innovations included

999-446: The same general kinds everywhere in the world. Abercromby and Hildebrandsson developed a new classification of clouds that was published in an earlier atlas, the 1890 Cloud Atlas by Hugo Hildebrand Hildebrandsson, Wladimir Köppen , and Georg von Neumayer . Other, similar works published prior to this were M. Weilbach's Nordeuropas Sky-former (Copenhagen, 1881), M. Singer's Wolkentafeln (Munich, 1892), Classificazione delle nubi by

1036-549: The three International Meteorological Organization official languages (English, French and German) because Mr. Rafel Patxot , a member of the scientific committee that collaborated with the Meteorological Service of Catalonia , sponsored the whole publication. The 1939 edition modified the title to International Atlas of Clouds and Types of Skies . The 1956 edition was the first published in two volumes, separating text and plates. This lowered costs and facilitated

1073-597: The time) . Abercromby also collaborated with Hugo Hildebrand Hildebrandsson to propose a detailed classification of clouds, which was adopted in Hildebrandsson's 1890 Cloud Atlas . In 1891 the International Meteorological Conference at Munich recommended the general adoption of Abercromby and Hildebrandsson's classification system. The year 1896 was declared International Year of Clouds. The first International Cloud Atlas

1110-633: The venerable series are Foreign Relations of the United States for the Department of State (since 1861), and Public Papers of the Presidents , covering the administrations of Presidents Herbert Hoover onward (except Franklin D. Roosevelt , whose papers were privately printed). GPO published the Statistical Abstract of the United States for the Census Bureau from 1878 to 2012. In 1993, President Bill Clinton signed

1147-493: The weather reproduced photographs from the International Cloud Atlas , and one reviewer of the 1901 book judged these reproductions to be its best feature. Atlas photographique des Nuages , a 1912 cloud atlas of grayscale photographs, was praised for its sharp photographs but criticized for not following the International Cloud Classification. The 1923 book, A Cloud Atlas , despite its title

International Cloud Atlas - Misplaced Pages Continue

1184-508: Was also changed to "Director". Davita Vance-Cooks was therefore the first "Director" of the GPO. Superintendent : Public Printers : The GPO contracts out much of the Federal government's printing but prints the official journals of government in-house, GPO has been producing U.S. passports since the 1920s. The United States Department of State began issuing e-passports in 2006. The e-Passport includes an electronic chip embedded in

1221-459: Was based on the 1906 International Cloud Atlas , but with additions, and it classified the clouds into three group by height of the cloud base above ground: lower, middle, upper. The 1890 Cloud Atlas is the first known cloud atlas and book of this title, by Hildebrandsson, Wladimir Köppen , and Georg von Neumayer . It was an expensive quarto book of chromolithographs reproducing 10 color oil paintings and 12 photographs for comparison, and

1258-407: Was designed to explore the advantages and disadvantages of photography for the scientific illustration of cloud forms. Its printing was limited but as a proof of concept it was a great success, leading directly to the International Cloud Atlas . The first International Cloud Atlas was published in 1896. This was prepared by Hildebrandsson, Riggenbach, and Leon Teisserenc de Bort , members of

1295-428: Was published in 1896, to coincide with another International Meteorological Conference. It was a political and technical triumph, and an immediate de facto standard . The scientific photography of clouds required several technical advances, including faster films (shorter exposures), color, and sufficient contrast between cloud and sky. Albert Riggenbach used a Nicol prism to filter polarized light, thereby increasing

1332-577: Was published in the United States through the Government Printing Office , titled Illustrative cloud forms for the guidance of observers in the classification of clouds . A reviewer noted "We are not sure that it is desirable that there should be several cloud atlases in existence concurrently; but, probably, administrative difficulties would be raised if in any country copies of the International Cloud Atlas were purchased sufficient in number to supply an entire navy. This, probably,

1369-423: Was the first type of cloud illustrated, from a color photograph. At the time, color photography was new, complicated, and expensive. Consequently, the Clouds Commission was unable to obtain suitable color photographs of all the cloud types, and they selected paintings to use as substitutes. The first edition was inspired in part by the observation of the English meteorologist Ralph Abercromby that clouds were of

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