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84-596: The IHPVA was founded in 1976 (48 years ago)  ( 1976 ) in the USA and was for many years an association of individual members with the publications Human Power and HPV News . In 1997 (27 years ago)  ( 1997 ) , the IHPVA was reorganised into an international association with national organisations as members and an American association which adopted the name Human Powered Vehicle Association HPVA. Due to conflicts regarding record keeping and copyrights,

168-520: A "side task" to this research work. The Information Sciences Institute was funded by the U.S. Department of Defense , as was SRI International 's Network Information Center, which also performed some assigned name functions. As the Internet grew and expanded globally, the U.S. Department of Commerce initiated a process to establish a new organization to perform the IANA functions. On January 30, 1998,

252-501: A 49.9% interest to Saudi Arabian Sheik Waleed bin Ibrahim Al Ibrahim , a brother of Waleed bin Ibrahim Al Ibrahim and a brother-in-law of King Fahd ; the investment soon turned sour. After a protracted and aggressive lawsuit, Lurie lost his entire interest in 1993 in the development to Abdul Aziz. Marina del Rey falls within unincorporated Los Angeles County and is southeast of Venice and north of Playa del Rey , near

336-512: A bottom-up, consensus-driven, democratic manner." However, the attempts that ICANN has made to establish an organizational structure that would allow wide input from the global Internet community did not produce results amenable to the current Board. As a result, the At-Large constituency and direct election of board members by the global Internet community were soon abandoned. ICANN holds periodic public meetings rotated between continents for

420-434: A consultative role on the future governance of the Internet. ICANN's Government Advisory Committee is currently established to provide advice to ICANN regarding public policy issues and has participation by many of the world's governments. Some have attempted to argue that ICANN was never given the authority to decide policy, e.g., choose new TLDs or exclude other interested parties who refuse to pay ICANN's US$ 185,000 fee but

504-599: A crucial role in the conflict over VeriSign 's "wild card" DNS service Site Finder . After an open letter from ICANN issuing an ultimatum to VeriSign, later endorsed by the Internet Architecture Board , the company voluntarily ended the service on October 4, 2003. After this action, VeriSign filed a lawsuit against ICANN on February 27, 2004, claiming that ICANN had exceeded its authority. By this lawsuit, VeriSign sought to reduce ambiguity about ICANN's authority. The antitrust component of VeriSign's claim

588-734: A division of the Department of Small Craft Harbors. The Harbor Patrol was merged into the Sheriff's Department with sworn Harbor Patrol officers becoming Deputy Sheriffs. The Los Angeles County Fire Department (LACFD) serves Marina del Rey and is based at Station #110, a part of Battalion 1, at 4433 Admiralty Way. The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services has an office in Marina del Rey. The Marina Expressway , California State Route 90, terminates at Lincoln Boulevard ( California State Route 1 ) in northeastern Marina del Rey and links

672-584: A federal project. After seven years of legislative wrangling, Public Law 87-402 renamed the Playa Del Rey Inlet and Harbor as Marina del Rey, implicitly enshrining the authorization of the project into law. Groundbreaking began shortly afterward, during the early years of the Kennedy administration . With construction almost complete, the marina was put in danger in 1962–1963 by a winter storm. The storm caused millions of dollars in damage to both

756-587: A fee for some domain name registrations, renewals and transfers (initially US$ 0.20 for all domains within a country-code top-level domain, and US$ 0.25 for all others). The Council of European National Top Level Domain Registries (CENTR), which represents the Internet registries of 39 countries, rejected the increase, accusing ICANN of a lack of financial prudence and criticizing what it describes as ICANN's "unrealistic political and operational targets". Despite

840-702: A globally and functionally representative board of directors. ICANN was formed in response to this policy. ICANN managed the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) under contract to the United States Department of Commerce (DOC) and pursuant to an agreement with the IETF . ICANN was incorporated in California on September 30, 1998, with entrepreneur and philanthropist Esther Dyson as founding chairwoman. It

924-552: A height of about 170 feet (52 m), 20 floors and can house a maximum of about 2,500 people (800 condominiums) which is almost 30% of the population of Marina del Rey. AHR is located across Admiralty Way from the harbor and is a bright green-aquamarine color. It was built in 2003. AHR, or specifically The Cove, was the main location in the film Skyline (2010). The specially-designed harbor has many kinds of moorings with significant cement pilings for pleasure craft and large boats, including Catalina Island multi-passenger ferry boats,

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1008-666: A key tool of investigative journalists interested in determining who was disseminating information on the Internet. The use of whois by journalists is not included in the list of permissible purposes in the initial report. Proposals have been made to internationalize ICANN's monitoring responsibilities (currently the responsibility of the US), to transform it into an international organization (under international law ), and to "establish an intergovernmental mechanism enabling governments, on an equal footing, to carry out their role and responsibilities in international public policy issues pertaining to

1092-565: A large whale watching boat as well as a pelagic seabird watching boat, commercial fishing boats, harbor cruise ships, a US Coast Guard cutter ship, LA County Fire Department and Sheriff Department boats, and is surrounded by high-rise condos, hotels, apartments, shops, and restaurants. The area also includes the University of Southern California Information Sciences Institute , the UCLA Marina Aquatic Center , and

1176-454: A motto of "One World. One Internet." on annual reports beginning in 2010, on less formal publications, as well as their official website. ICANN was officially incorporated in the state of California on September 30, 1998. Originally headquartered in Marina del Rey in the same building as the University of Southern California 's Information Sciences Institute (ISI), its offices are now in

1260-867: A nautical collection to serve small boaters in the area. The Abbot Kinney Memorial Branch of the Los Angeles Public Library is in Venice. Marina del Rey is managed by the Los Angeles County Department of Beaches and Harbors . All of the area's land is owned by the County of Los Angeles, which issues long-term leases. Marina del Rey is in the Second District of the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors , represented by Holly Mitchell . In

1344-778: A new political organization operating as a component of the United Nations to provide policy recommendations for the consideration of technical organizations such as ICANN and international bodies such as the ITU. Subsequent to public criticisms, the Indian government backed away from the proposal. Marina del Rey Marina del Rey ( Spanish for "Marina of the King") is an unincorporated seaside community in Los Angeles County, California , with an eponymous harbor that

1428-592: A policy was drafted in close cooperation with the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), and the result has now become known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). This policy essentially attempts to provide a mechanism for rapid, cheap and reasonable resolution of domain name conflicts, avoiding the traditional court system for disputes by allowing cases to be brought to one of

1512-604: A set of bodies that arbitrate domain name disputes. According to ICANN policy, domain registrants must agree to be bound by the UDRP—they cannot get a domain name without agreeing to this. Examination of the UDRP decision patterns has caused some to conclude that compulsory domain name arbitration is less likely to give a fair hearing to domain name owners asserting defenses under the First Amendment and other laws, compared to

1596-493: A square mile (2.2 km ) is land and 0.6 square miles (1.6 km ) is water (40.91%). One of the highest and tallest building complexes in Marina del Rey (though it is technically just across the border, in the City of Los Angeles) is the high-rise condominium complex known as “The Admiralty High-Rise” or simply AHR. AHR is a large condominium complex of three buildings: The Azzura condos, The Regatta condos, and The Cove. AHR has

1680-521: Is 90292. The 2010 United States Census reported that Marina del Rey had a population of 8,866, of whom 80% are White (75% Non-Hispanic White), 8% Asian , 8% Hispanic or Latino , and 5% African American . Marina del Rey had a median household income of $ 95,248, with 9.9% of the population living below the federal poverty line. The County of Los Angeles Public Library operates the Lloyd Taber-Marina del Rey Library. The library has

1764-547: Is a public-benefit nonprofit corporation "organized under the California Nonprofit Public Benefit Corporation Law for charitable and public purposes." ICANN was established in California due to the presence of Postel, who was a founder of ICANN and was set to be its first Chief Technology Officer prior to his unexpected death. ICANN formerly operated from the same Marina del Rey building where Postel formerly worked, which

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1848-495: Is a major boating and water recreation destination of the Greater Los Angeles area. The port is North America's largest man-made small-craft harbor and is home to approximately 5,000 boats. The area is a popular tourism destination for both land and water activities such as paddle board and kayak rentals, dining cruises, and yacht charters. Land activities include bicycling on several bicycle paths, walking paths along

1932-489: Is also allowed in gTLDs. ICANN began accepting applications for new gTLDS on January 12, 2012. The initial price to apply for a new gTLD was set at $ 185,000 and the annual renewal fee is $ 25,000. During December 2011, the Federal Trade Commission stated ICANN had long failed to provide safeguards that protect consumers from online swindlers . Following the 2013 NSA spying scandal , ICANN endorsed

2016-689: Is home to an office of the Information Sciences Institute at the University of Southern California . However, ICANN's headquarters is now located in the nearby Playa Vista neighborhood of Los Angeles . Per its original by-laws , primary responsibility for policy formation in ICANN was to be delegated to three supporting organizations (Address Supporting Organization, Domain Name Supporting Organization, and Protocol Supporting Organization), each of which

2100-888: Is illegal, in violation of either the Constitution or federal statutes . On June 10, 2024, it was announced that Kurt Erik Lindqvist, who has been CEO of the London Internet Exchange since 2019, was to become the new president and CEO of ICANN on December 5, 2024. On March 18, 2002, publicly elected At-Large Representative for North America board member Karl Auerbach sued ICANN in the Superior Court of Los Angeles County , California, to gain access to ICANN's accounting records without restriction. Judge Dzintra Janavs ruled in Auerbach's favor on July 29, 2002. During September and October 2003, ICANN played

2184-494: Is owned by Los Angeles County and managed by the Department of Beaches and Harbors (DBH), but the waters are environmentally regulated by the state and the federal governments through their many agencies and departments with overlapping oversight. The Los Angeles Times in a 1997 editorial called the harbor "perhaps the county's most valuable resource." The population was 11,373 at the 2020 census. For statistical purposes,

2268-692: The Address Supporting Organization (ASO) deals with policy making on IP addresses. ICANN also relies on some advisory committees and other advisory mechanisms to receive advice on the interests and needs of stakeholders that do not directly participate in the Supporting Organizations. These include the Governmental Advisory Committee (GAC), which is composed of representatives of a large number of national governments from all over

2352-616: The African Union Commission . In addition the following organizations are GAC Observers: As the operator of the IANA domain name functions , ICANN is responsible for the DNSSEC management of the root zone. While day-to-day operations are managed by ICANN and Verisign , the trust is rooted in a group of Trusted Community Representatives. The members of this group must not be affiliated with ICANN, but are instead members of

2436-774: The California State Legislature , Marina del Rey is in the 24th Senate District , represented by Democrat Ben Allen , and in the 61st Assembly District , represented by Democrat Tina McKinnor . In the United States House of Representatives , Marina del Rey is in California's 36th congressional district , represented by Democrat Ted Lieu . Marina del Rey is in the Los Angeles Unified School District , although there are no schools in

2520-565: The ICANN 's ombudsman but was unsuccessful and in 2009 (15 years ago)  ( 2009 ) renamed itself to World Human Powered Vehicle Association (WHPVA) . Today's IHPVA is an association of individuals from all over the world and has affiliate associations in North America. The affiliates are: The IHPVA maintains speed and distance records for various times and distances for land, water and air vehicles. The current hour record

2604-668: The Internet , ensuring the Internet's stable and secure operation. ICANN performs the actual technical maintenance work of the Central Internet Address pools and DNS root zone registries pursuant to the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) function contract. The contract regarding the IANA stewardship functions between ICANN and the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) of

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2688-615: The Internet Protocol address spaces for IPv4 and IPv6 , and the assignment of address blocks to regional Internet registries . ICANN also maintains registries of Internet Protocol identifiers. ICANN's primary principles of operation have been described as helping preserve the operational stability of the Internet; promoting competition; achieving broad representation of the global Internet community; and developing policies appropriate to its mission through bottom-up , consensus-based processes. The organization has often included

2772-552: The Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors , referred to the area as mud flats , but the area would today more properly be referred to as an estuary and wetland . Port Ballona was made by Louis Mesmer and Moye Wicks and then sold to Moses Sherman . Sherman purchased 1,000 acres (400 ha) of land around the Ballona lagoon and Port Ballona in 1902 under the name the Beach Land Company . Sherman and Clark renamed

2856-623: The Loyola Marymount University boathouse. The Polynesian double-hulled canoe Hōkūleʻa docked in Marina del Rey in October 2023 as part of a four-year circumnavigation of the Pacific. The community is served by the 3-mile-long (4.8 km) Marina Freeway (State Route 90), which links Marina del Rey directly to Interstate 405 and nearby Culver City . The area codes of Marina del Rey are 310 and 424. Its ZIP code

2940-565: The Montevideo Statement , although no direct connection between these could be proven. On October 1, 2016, ICANN ended its contract with the United States Department of Commerce National Telecommunications and Information Administration ( NTIA ) and entered the private sector. The European Union 's General Data Protection Regulation (active since May 25, 2018) has had an impact on ICANN's operations, which had to be fixed via some last minute changes. From its founding to

3024-570: The National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA), an agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce, issued for comment, "A Proposal to Improve the Technical Management of Internet Names and Addresses." The proposed rule making, or "Green Paper", was published in the Federal Register on February 20, 1998, providing opportunity for public comment. NTIA received more than 650 comments as of March 23, 1998, when

3108-508: The Playa Vista neighborhood of Los Angeles. Before the establishment of ICANN, the IANA function of administering registries of Internet protocol identifiers (including the distributing top-level domains and IP addresses) was performed by Jon Postel , a computer science researcher who had been involved in the creation of ARPANET , first at UCLA and then at USC-ISI. In 1997 Postel testified before Congress that this had come about as

3192-480: The United States Census Bureau has defined Marina del Rey as a census-designated place (CDP). The census definition of the area may not precisely correspond to local understanding of the area with the same name; for example, the 90292 ZIP code includes all of Marina del Rey and portions of neighboring Los Angeles, such as Del Rey , and has a population of 21,576, more than double that of

3276-632: The United States Department of Commerce ended on October 1, 2016, formally transitioning the functions to the global multistakeholder community. Much of its work has concerned the Internet's global Domain Name System (DNS), including policy development for internationalization of the DNS, introduction of new generic top-level domains (TLDs), and the operation of root name servers . The numbering facilities ICANN manages include

3360-473: The Waiting List Service of VeriSign. On May 17, 2004, ICANN published a proposed budget for the year 2004–05. It included proposals to increase the openness and professionalism of its operations, and increased its proposed spending from US$ 8.27 million to $ 15.83 million. The increase was to be funded by the introduction of new top-level domains , charges to domain registries , and

3444-643: The Ballona Development Company in 1888 to develop the area, but three years later the company went bankrupt. The area became frequented by duck hunters, including their hunting club, as well as by birdwatchers of the Los Angeles Audubon Society and the southern chapter of the Cooper Ornithological Club. Burton W. Chace , a former councilman of the City of Long Beach who later became a member of

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3528-507: The CDP. Many residents of the 90292 ZIP code consider themselves to live in Marina del Rey even if they in fact live outside the official boundaries of the CDP. Prior to its development as a small-craft harbor, the land occupied by Marina del Rey was a salt marsh fed by fresh water from Ballona Creek . The area was frequented by the Tongva , who used plank boats, known as te'aats , to traverse

3612-628: The DOC reiterated an earlier statement that it has "no plans to transition management of the authoritative root zone file to ICANN". The letter also stresses the separate roles of the IANA and VeriSign . On September 30, 2009, ICANN signed an agreement with the DOC (known as the "Affirmation of Commitments") that confirmed ICANN's commitment to a multistakeholder governance model , but did not remove it from DOC oversight and control. The Affirmation of Commitments, which aimed to create international oversight, ran into criticism. On March 10, 2016, ICANN and

3696-426: The DOC signed a historic, culminating agreement to finally remove ICANN and IANA from the control and oversight of the DOC. On October 1, 2016, ICANN was freed from U.S. government oversight. Since its creation, ICANN has been the subject of criticism and controversy. In 2000, professor Michael Froomkin of the University of Miami School of Law argued that ICANN's relationship with the U.S. Department of Commerce

3780-531: The HPVA left the IHPVA in 2004. In 2008 (16 years ago)  ( 2008 ) , the HPVA renamed itself to IHPVA while the IHPVA of this time decided to keep its name, resulting in a brief period with two organisations of the same name. In a hostile takeover, the American IHPVA also seized control of the domain name ihpva.org away from the international IHPVA. This tried to regain its domain by appealing to

3864-478: The Internet". One controversial proposal, resulting from a September 2011 summit between India, Brazil, and South Africa (IBSA), would seek to move Internet governance into a "UN Committee on Internet-Related Policy" (UN-CIRP). The action was a reaction to a perception that the principles of the 2005 Tunis Agenda for the Information Society have not been met. The statement proposed the creation of

3948-520: The Marina del Rey Harbor concept lost out to San Pedro as a commercial harbor and development funding went to the Port of Los Angeles instead. In 1949, the US Army Corps of Engineers submitted an elaborate $ 23 million plan for a marina with mooring space for over 8,000 small-craft boats. In 1954, President Eisenhower signed Public Law 83-780, authorizing the study of the creation of the Marina as

4032-566: The Registrar Accreditation Agreement (RAA). The main point of the KnujOn research was to demonstrate the relationships between compliance failure, illicit product traffic, and spam. The report demonstrated that out of 900 ICANN accredited registrars, fewer than 20 held 90% of the web domains advertised in spam. These same registrars were also most frequently cited by KnujOn as failing to resolve complaints made through

4116-600: The Technical Liaison Group (TLG), which is composed of representatives of other international technical organizations that focus, at least in part, on the Internet. The Governmental Advisory Committee has representatives from 179 states and 38 Observer organizations, including the Holy See , Cook Islands , Niue , Taiwan , Hong Kong , Bermuda , Montserrat , the European Commission and

4200-494: The United States government renewed the contract with ICANN for performance of the IANA function for an additional one to five years. The context of ICANN's relationship with the U.S. government was clarified on September 29, 2006, when ICANN signed a new memorandum of understanding with the United States Department of Commerce (DOC). This document gave the DOC oversight over some of the ICANN operations. In July 2008,

4284-707: The Whois Data Problem Reporting System (WDPRS). On June 26, 2008, the ICANN Board started a new process of TLD naming policy to take a "significant step forward on the introduction of new generic top-level domains." This program envisioned the availability of many new or already proposed domains, as well a new application and implementation process. On October 1, 2008, ICANN issued breach notices against Joker and Beijing Innovative Linkage Technology Ltd. after further researching reports and complaints issued by KnujOn. These notices gave

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4368-430: The area proper. Students from Marina del Rey attend either Anchorage Street Elementary (now Westside Global Awareness Magnet School) or Coeur d'Alene Avenue Elementary School , Marina del Rey Middle School, and Venice High School . The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department (LASD) has a substation in Marina del Rey. Prior to 1985, maritime and land law enforcement was provided by the Los Angeles County Harbor Patrol,

4452-403: The area with Culver City . A water shuttle service , the WaterBus, operates on select days, typically weekends and holidays, during the summer months. Bus shuttle services operate on the roads within the marina and between the nearby sites of Playa Vista , and the Venice Pier. Washington Boulevard bounds the Marina to the northwest, the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, Ballona Creek to

4536-425: The broader DNS community, volunteering to become a Trusted Community Representative. The role of the representatives are primarily to take part in regular key ceremonies at a physical location, organized by ICANN, and to safeguard the key materials in between. In the Memorandum of understanding that set up the relationship between ICANN and the U.S. government, ICANN was given a mandate requiring that it operate "in

4620-453: The comment period closed. The Green Paper proposed certain actions designed to privatize the management of Internet names and addresses in a manner that allows for the development of competition and facilitates global participation in Internet management. The Green Paper proposed for discussion a variety of issues relating to DNS management including private sector creation of a new not-for-profit corporation (the "new corporation") managed by

4704-402: The criticism, the registry agreement for the top-level domains jobs and travel includes a US$ 2 fee on every domain the licensed companies sell or renew. After a second round of negotiations during 2004, the TLDs eu , asia , travel , jobs , mobi , and cat were introduced during 2005. On February 28, 2006, ICANN's board approved a settlement with VeriSign in

4788-417: The east side, Bali Way ends at Lincoln Boulevard, Fiji Way ends at the Marina Freeway and Mindanao Way turns into Short Avenue in Los Angeles after crossing Alla Road. Admiralty Way lies north of the harbor and forms an arc that intersects the roads that lead to either Washington Boulevard or Lincoln Boulevard. The suburban area (adjacent to Marina del Rey in the city of Los Angeles) bounded by Admiralty Way to

4872-658: The federal courts of appeal in particular. In 2013, the initial report of ICANN's Expert Working Group has recommended that the present form of Whois , a utility that allows anyone to know who has registered a domain name on the Internet, should be "abandoned". It recommends it be replaced with a system that keeps most registration information secret (or "gated") from most Internet users, and only discloses information for "permissible purposes". ICANN's list of permissible purposes includes domain name research, domain name sale and purchase, regulatory enforcement, personal data protection, legal actions, and abuse mitigation. Whois has been

4956-445: The harbor and port development and sold 60-year leaseholds to willing developers. Real estate developer Abraham M. Lurie was the single largest leaseholder responsible for the building of three hotels, two apartment complexes, 1,000 boat slips, and several shopping centers, offices, restaurants; his holdings also included the last undeveloped piece of waterfront land in Marina del Rey. He eventually ran into cash flow problems and sold

5040-475: The land " Del Rey ." Port Ballona was then renamed Playa Del Rey . The port was serviced by the California Central Railway opened in September 1887, this line later became the Santa Fe Railway , that later became the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad . The rail line ran from the port to Redondo junction . A street car tram line was made to the Port by the Redondo and Hermosa Beach Railroad company, that had incorporated on February 21, 1901. This company

5124-573: The last batch of its remaining IPv4 addresses to the world's five regional Internet registries, the organizations that manage IP addresses in different regions. These registries began assigning the final IPv4 addresses within their regions until they ran out completely. On June 20, 2011, the ICANN board voted to end most restrictions on the names of generic top-level domains (gTLD). Companies and organizations became able to choose essentially arbitrary top-level Internet domain names. The use of non-Latin characters (such as Cyrillic, Arabic, Chinese, etc.)

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5208-434: The lawsuit resulting from SiteFinder that involved allowing VeriSign (the registry) to raise its registration fees by up to 7% a year. This was criticised by a few members of the U.S. House of Representatives ' Small Business Committee . During February 2007, ICANN began procedures to end accreditation of one of their registrars, RegisterFly amid charges and lawsuits involving fraud, and criticism of ICANN's management of

5292-413: The marina and the few small boats anchored there. A plan was put into effect to build a breakwater at the mouth of the marina, and the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors appropriated $ 2.1 million to build it. On April 10, 1965, Marina del Rey was formally dedicated. The total cost of the marina was $ 36.25 million for land, construction, and initial operation. Los Angeles County then solicited bids for

5376-405: The modern Internet: Examples of Internet services: The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ( ICANN / ˈ aɪ k æ n / EYE -kan ) is a global multistakeholder group and nonprofit organization headquartered in the United States responsible for coordinating the maintenance and procedures of several databases related to the namespaces and numerical spaces of

5460-440: The mouth of Ballona Creek . The harbor and port is located four miles (6.4 km) north of Los Angeles International Airport . The harbor and the unincorporated residential and business community of Marina del Rey is bounded on all sides by the city of Los Angeles . The beach-style homes, on the inner portion of the coastal strand and the beach (see photo), west of the harbor, are within the city limits of Los Angeles, but share

5544-435: The policies under ICANN's purview; an at-large seat filled by an at-large organization; and the president / CEO, appointed by the board. There are currently three supporting organizations: the Generic Names Supporting Organization (GNSO) deals with policy making on generic top-level domains (gTLDs); the Country Code Names Supporting Organization (ccNSO) deals with policy making on country-code top-level domains (ccTLDs);

5628-440: The present, ICANN has been formally organized as a nonprofit corporation "for charitable and public purposes" under the California Nonprofit Public Benefit Corporation Law. It is managed by a 16-member board of directors composed of eight members selected by a nominating committee on which all the constituencies of ICANN are represented; six representatives of its Supporting Organizations, sub-groups that deal with specific sections of

5712-467: The public. During the early 2000s, there had been speculation that the United Nations might assume control of ICANN, followed by a negative reaction from the U.S. government and worries about a division of the Internet. The World Summit on the Information Society in Tunisia in November 2005 agreed not to get involved in the day-to-day and technical operations of ICANN. However it also agreed to establish an international Internet Governance Forum , with

5796-478: The purpose of encouraging global participation in its processes. Resolutions of the ICANN Board, preliminary reports, and minutes of the meetings are published on the ICANN website, sometimes in real-time. However, there are criticisms from ICANN constituencies including the Noncommercial Users Constituency (NCUC) and the At-Large Advisory Committee (ALAC) that there is not enough public disclosure and that too many discussions and decisions take place out of sight of

5880-440: The registrars 15 days to fix their Whois investigation efforts. In 2010, ICANN approved a major review of its policies with respect to accountability , transparency, and public participation by the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard University . This external review was an assistance of the work of ICANN's Accountability and Transparency Review team. On February 3, 2011, ICANN announced that it had distributed

5964-444: The same ZIP code as Marina del Rey. The name of this coastal strand (surrounding an estuarine inlet known as the Ballona Lagoon Marine Preserve ) is the Marina Peninsula . The city street, Via Dolce, forms the boundary between Los Angeles and the unincorporated area of Los Angeles County known as Marina del Rey. According to the United States Census Bureau , Marina del Rey has an area of 1.5 square miles (3.9 km ). Nine-tenths of

6048-499: The situation. ICANN has been the subject of criticism as a result of its handling of RegisterFly, and the harm caused to thousands of clients as a result of what has been termed ICANN's "laissez faire attitude toward customer allegations of fraud". On May 23, 2008, ICANN issued enforcement notices against ten accredited registrars and announced this through a press release entitled "'Worst Spam Offenders' Notified by ICANN, Compliance system working to correct Whois and other issues." This

6132-510: The southeast, Lincoln Boulevard to the northeast, and Admiralty Way along Yvonne B. Burke Park to the north. Marina del Rey separates into two distinct regions, the harbor area and the suburban area (just outside its boundaries). The harbor area has eight basins separated by six strips of land, each of which has at least one street on it. From the northeastern end of the Marina, going clockwise, these streets are: Bali Way, Mindanao Way (with west terminus at Burton Chace Park ), Fiji Way (bordering

6216-453: The southeastern edge of the Marina), Bora Bora Way, Tahiti Way, Marquesas Way, Panay Way, and Palawan Way. Panay Way, Marquesas Way, Tahiti Way, and Bora Bora Way are all on the western side of the Marina and all terminate at Via Marina, which in turn terminates at Washington Boulevard. Palawan Way is also on the west side, but it terminates directly to Washington Boulevard east of Via Marina. On

6300-564: The structure and composition of the Domain Name Supporting Organization. In March 1999, the ICANN Board, based in part on the DNSO proposals received, decided instead on an alternate construction for the DNSO which delineated specific constituencies bodies within ICANN itself, thus adding primary responsibility for DNS policy development to ICANN's existing duties of oversight and coordination. On July 26, 2006,

6384-438: The waterfront, and birdwatching (birding). Wildlife watching opportunities include California sea lions and harbor seals . Dolphins and whales occasionally visit the deeper waters of the harbor. This Westside locale is approximately 4 miles (6.4 km) south of Santa Monica , 4 miles (6.4 km) north of Los Angeles International Airport , and 12.5 miles (20.1 km) west-southwest of Downtown Los Angeles . The harbor

6468-466: The waters and to paddle out to the Channel Islands . Fishing and shellfish harvesting were common. The village of Guashna was a major regional trade center between villages on the islands and the mainland. With the increasing arrival of European settlers, Moye C. Wicks thought in the mid-19th century of turning the estuary and the wetland of Playa del Rey into a commercial port. He formed

6552-795: The world; the At-Large Advisory Committee (ALAC), which is composed of individual Internet users from around the world selected by each of the Regional At-Large Organizations (RALO) and Nominating Committee; the Root Server System Advisory Committee, which provides advice on the operation of the DNS root server system; the Security and Stability Advisory Committee (SSAC), which is composed of Internet experts who study security issues pertaining to ICANN's mandate; and

6636-537: Was achieved by Sam Wittingham with a total Distance of 90.60 km (56.29 mi) in 2009. Its recordbase has forked from the WHPVA in 2009, who currently recognizes Francesco Russo's 2016 claim of 92.43 km (57.43 mi) as the hour record. ICANN Early research and development: Merging the networks and creating the Internet: Commercialization, privatization, broader access leads to

6720-485: Was dismissed during August 2004. VeriSign's challenge that ICANN overstepped its contractual rights is currently outstanding. A proposed settlement already approved by ICANN's board would resolve VeriSign's challenge to ICANN in exchange for the right to increase pricing on .com domains. At the meeting of ICANN in Rome, which took place from March 2 to 6, 2004, ICANN agreed to ask approval of the U.S. Department of Commerce for

6804-482: Was largely in response to a report issued by KnujOn , called "The 10 Worst Registrars" in terms of spam advertised junk product sites and compliance failure. The mention of the word " spam " in the title of the ICANN memo is somewhat misleading since ICANN does not address issues of spam or email abuse. Website content and usage are not within ICANN's mandate. However, the KnujOn report details how various registrars have not complied with their contractual obligations under

6888-573: Was part of the Los Angeles Pacific Railroad owned by Sherman. The tram line opened December 1902 departed downtown at 4th and Broadway. In 1916, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers revisited the idea of a commercial harbor, but declared it economically impractical. In 1936 the U.S. Congress ordered a re-evaluation of that determination, and the Army Corps of Engineers returned with a more favorable determination; however,

6972-438: Was to be a technical caretaker. Critics suggest that ICANN should not be allowed to impose business rules on market participants and that all TLDs should be added on a first-come, first-served basis and the market should be the arbiter of who succeeds and who does not. One task that ICANN was asked to do was to address the issue of domain name ownership resolution for generic top-level domains (gTLDs). ICANN's attempt at such

7056-516: Was to develop and recommend substantive policies and procedures for the management of the identifiers within their respective scope. They were also required to be financially independent from ICANN. As expected, the regional Internet registries and the IETF agreed to serve as the Address Supporting Organization and Protocol Supporting Organization respectively, and ICANN issued a call for interested parties to propose

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