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23-640: IWS was formed by the Wool Boards of Australia , New Zealand and South Africa , and funded by levies on wool grown in those countries. Uruguay joined IWS in 1970. The IWS was the overseas extension of the Australian Wool Corporation and eventually was merged into it. In 1997, IWS changed its name to The Woolmark Company . Since 2007, the Woolmark Company has been a subsidiary of Australian Wool Innovation Limited (AWI),

46-433: A carboxylic acid group or the more reactive acyl halide derivative. The amine group and the carboxylic acid group can be on the same monomer, or the polymer can be constituted of two different bifunctional monomers, one with two amine groups, the other with two carboxylic acid or acid chloride groups. The condensation reaction is used to synthetically produce nylon polymers in industry. Nylons must specifically include

69-434: A nonprofit organization that conducts research, development and marketing along the global supply chain for Australian wool on behalf of approximately 60,000 woolgrowers that cooperatively fund the company. In 1936, in response to the surge in the production of artificial fibres, such as rayon (now polyester ), used in place of wool, woolgrowers in the three main woolgrowing countries, led by Australia, voted to impose

92-595: A 1963 competition won by Milanese Francesco Saroglia (most probably a pseudonym chosen by designer Franco Grignani ). The two main objectives were to position wool at the top of the textile market and to ensure that products bearing the Woolmark label were made from pure new wool and manufactured to the highest standards. It was such a success it eventually ranked with a large scallop shell or three-pointed-star in terms of consumer recognition and understanding. In 2011, British design magazine, Creative Review , declared

115-675: A 6 pence levy for each wool bale produced, with the funds going to research and promotion. (Germany alone produced 9,200 tons of these artificial fibres in 1934, 19,600 tons in 1935 and 45,000 tons in 1936. It had been estimated that the production for 1937 would be 90,000 tons.) On July 1 1937, they formed the International Wool Publicity and Research Secretariat , which was quickly renamed the International Wool Secretariat (IWS). Based in London,

138-576: A straight chain ( aliphatic ) monomer. The amide link is produced from an amine group (alternatively known as an amino group), and a carboxylic acid group. The hydroxyl from the carboxylic acid combines with a hydrogen from the amine, and gives rise to water, the elimination byproduct that is the namesake of the reaction. As an example of condensation reactions, consider that in living organisms, amino acids are condensed with one another by an enzyme to form amide linkages (known as peptides ). The resulting polyamides are known as proteins or polypeptides. In

161-401: Is the major consumer, accounting for 35% of polyamide (PA) consumption. Polymers of amino acids are known as polypeptides or proteins . According to the composition of their main chain, synthetic polyamides are classified as follows: All polyamides are made by the formation of an amide function to link two molecules of monomer together. The monomers can be amides themselves (usually in

184-707: The Board were funded by a levy on woolgrowers first instituted to finance wool promotion activities in 1936 and later supplemented by funding from the Australian Government. The objectives of the third Wool Board were: The Australian Wool Bureau existed between July 1953 and May 1963. The Australian Wool Commission (AWC), created in November 1970, was replaced in January 1973 by the Australian Wool Corporation (AWC). The International Wool Secretariat (IWS)

207-657: The IWS had offices in every major wool-producing country by the mid-1950s. In 1964, IWS developed and launched the Woolmark logo. In December 1993, the Australian Wool Corporation (formed in 1973) and the Wool Research and Development Corporation were merged to form the Australian Wool Research and Promotion Organisation (AWRAP). International Wool Secretariat (IWS) and Australian Wool Innovation Limited (AWI) were subsidiaries of AWRAP. In 1997, IWS’s name

230-549: The Wool Boards of New Zealand and South Africa decided to form an organisation to promote wool, to meet the growing challenge from synthetic fibres, which led to the formation in 1937 of the International Wool Secretariat . There have been other reorganisations of the management of the wool sector in Australia since. The functions of each of the three Boards varied, with third reincarnation having

253-487: The Woolmark number one of the top twenty logos of all time. In 1953, IWS launched the International Woolmark Prize, with winners including Yves Saint Laurent and Karl Lagerfeld . The award continues to recognise outstanding designers across the globe. It was later suspended. The International Woolmark Prize was relaunched in 2012 by IWS’s successor, The Woolmark Company (TWC). The objective of

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276-398: The amine group eliminates hydrogen chloride . The acid chloride route can be used as a laboratory synthesis to avoid heating and obtain an almost instantaneous reaction. The aromatic moiety itself does not participate in elimination reaction, but it does increase the rigidity and strength of the resulting material which leads to Kevlar's renowned strength. In the diagram below, an aramid

299-700: The award is to generate long-term demand for Australian Merino wool by increasing the knowledge of and lifetime loyalty to the fibre amongst the competition’s designers around the globe. The 2020 awards were made in February 2020 at the London Fashion Week . The Woolmark Company formed a partnership with Adidas and the Boston Athletic Association to design and manufacture the first Best in Class running shirts, which were given to

322-437: The diagram below, consider the amino-acids as single aliphatic monomers reacting with identical molecules to form a polyamide, focusing on solely the amine and acid groups. Ignore the substituent R groups – under the assumption the difference between the R groups are negligible: For fully aromatic polyamides or aramids e.g. Kevlar , the more reactive acyl chloride is used as a monomer. The polymerization reaction with

345-431: The form of a cyclic lactam such as caprolactam ), α,ω-amino acids or a stoichiometric mixture of a diamine and a diacid. Both these kinds of precursors give a homopolymer. Polyamides are easily copolymerized, and thus many mixtures of monomers are possible which can in turn lead to many copolymers. Additionally many nylon polymers are miscible with one another allowing the creation of blends. Production of polymers requires

368-448: The main task being the liquidation of the wool stockpile arising from the failed Australian Wool Reserve Price Scheme . In December 1993, the Australian Wool Corporation and WRDC were merged to form the Australian Wool Research and Promotion Organisation (AWRAP). AWRAP had two subsidiaries: IWS and Australian Wool Innovation Limited (AWI). In 1997, the name of IWS was changed to The Woolmark Company. Australian Wool Services Limited (AWS)

391-450: The repeated joining of two groups to form an amide linkage. In this case this specifically involves amide bonds, and the two groups involved are an amine group, and a terminal carbonyl component of a functional group . These react to produce a carbon-nitrogen bond, creating a singular amide linkage. This process involves the elimination of other atoms previously part of the functional groups. The carbonyl-component may be part of either

414-489: The top twenty 2018 Boston Marathon finishers in each age group. The shirts were made of 75% merino wool and 25% polyamide (nylon). Australian Wool Board The Australian Wool Board was an Australian Government statutory board that existed in its first phase between May 1936 and January 1945; in its second phase between June 1945 and June 1953; and in its third and final phase, between May 1963 and December 1972. The first Wool Board, in 1936, together with

437-485: The widest powers that included the promotion of the use of wool and wool products in Australia and other countries; the power to inquire into, and from time to time report upon the methods of marketing wool and any other matters connected with the marketing of wool; and such other functions as were conferred on the Board by the Australian Government or as approved by the Minister for Primary Industries . The activities of

460-619: Was an overseas extension of Wool Corporation and was merged into it. IWS had established the Woolmark trade mark in 1964 and owned it. In 1991, the functions of the AWC were divided between three newly established entities: the Australian Wool Realisation Commission (AWRC), the Australian Wool Corporation [II] and the Wool Research and Development Corporation (WRDC). AWRC continued to operate until 2002, with

483-560: Was changed to The Woolmark Company Pty Ltd (TWC). In 2001, Australian Wool Services Limited (AWS) was formed to resolve 36 legacy issues stretching back more than 80 years through previous administrations, including AWRAP and its two subsidiaries. AWI was de-merged from AWS in 2002 and TWC was sold by AWS to AWI in 2007. What remained of AWS became Graziers’ Investment Company Limited (GIC), which went into liquidation in October 2017, with A$ 20 million in its bank account. As at March 2020, GIC

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506-456: Was close to finalising the liquidation. The Woolmark logo was developed by the IWS, then under the control of two Australians, William (Archer) Gunn (1914-2003) who was chairman and William Vines (1916-2011) as managing director. A certification mark used on pure wool products that met the standard of quality set by IWS. The logo was launched in August 1964 after it had been selected following

529-750: Was formed in 2001, and succeeded AWRAP. AWI was de-merged from AWS in 2002 and The Woolmark Company was sold by AWS to AWI in 2007. Polyamide A polyamide is a polymer with repeating units linked by amide bonds. Polyamides occur both naturally and artificially. Examples of naturally occurring polyamides are proteins , such as wool and silk . Artificially made polyamides can be made through step-growth polymerization or solid-phase synthesis yielding materials such as nylons , aramids , and sodium polyaspartate . Synthetic polyamides are commonly used in textiles, automotive industry, carpets, kitchen utensils and sportswear due to their high durability and strength. The transportation manufacturing industry

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