De Interpretatione or On Interpretation ( Greek : Περὶ Ἑρμηνείας , Peri Hermeneias ) is the second text from Aristotle 's Organon and is among the earliest surviving philosophical works in the Western tradition to deal with the relationship between language and logic in a comprehensive, explicit, and formal way. The work is usually known by its Latin title.
36-626: [REDACTED] Look up interpretation or interpret in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Interpretation may refer to: Culture [ edit ] Aesthetic interpretation , an explanation of the meaning of a work of art Allegorical interpretation , an approach that assumes a text should not be interpreted literally Dramatic Interpretation , an event in speech and forensics competitions in which participants perform excerpts from plays Heritage interpretation , communication about
72-491: A codex in the Nag Hammadi library of early Christian Gnostic texts Interpretation of tongues , a supernatural ability to understand unknown languages See also [ edit ] Interpreter (disambiguation) Derivative (disambiguation) Imitation Mimicry Translation (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
108-432: A codex in the Nag Hammadi library of early Christian Gnostic texts Interpretation of tongues , a supernatural ability to understand unknown languages See also [ edit ] Interpreter (disambiguation) Derivative (disambiguation) Imitation Mimicry Translation (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
144-572: A concept in semiotics Religion [ edit ] Biblical interpretation , the study of the principles of interpretation concerning the books of the Bible Interpretation (Catholic canon law) , in the Catholic Church, rules for the exact interpretation and acceptation of words Interpretation (journal) , an academic journal that covers the field of Presbyterian biblical studies Interpretation of Knowledge ,
180-435: A concept in semiotics Religion [ edit ] Biblical interpretation , the study of the principles of interpretation concerning the books of the Bible Interpretation (Catholic canon law) , in the Catholic Church, rules for the exact interpretation and acceptation of words Interpretation (journal) , an academic journal that covers the field of Presbyterian biblical studies Interpretation of Knowledge ,
216-568: A dramatic art Law [ edit ] Authentic interpretation , the official interpretation of a statute issued by the statute's legislator Financial Accounting Standards Board Interpretations , part of the United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US GAAP) Interpretation Act , a stock short title used for legislation relating to interpretation of legislation Judicial interpretation , an interpretation of law by
252-451: A dramatic art Law [ edit ] Authentic interpretation , the official interpretation of a statute issued by the statute's legislator Financial Accounting Standards Board Interpretations , part of the United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US GAAP) Interpretation Act , a stock short title used for legislation relating to interpretation of legislation Judicial interpretation , an interpretation of law by
288-440: A judiciary Statutory interpretation , determining the meaning of legislation Math and computing [ edit ] Interpretation (model theory) , a technical notion that approximates the idea of representing a logical structure inside another structure Interpretation function , in mathematical logic a function that assigns functions and relations to the symbols of a signature Interpretations of quantum mechanics ,
324-440: A judiciary Statutory interpretation , determining the meaning of legislation Math and computing [ edit ] Interpretation (model theory) , a technical notion that approximates the idea of representing a logical structure inside another structure Interpretation function , in mathematical logic a function that assigns functions and relations to the symbols of a signature Interpretations of quantum mechanics ,
360-430: A negative (since it denies justice)? The logical square, also called square of opposition or square of Apuleius has its origin in the four marked sentences to be employed in syllogistic reasoning: Every man is white, the universal affirmative and its negation Not every man is white (or Some men are not white), the particular negative on the one hand, Some men are white, the particular affirmative and its negation No man
396-533: A sea battle. So, only if we can know whether or not there will be a sea battle tomorrow then can we know if there will be a sea battle). Chapter 1 . Aristotle defines words as symbols of 'affections of the soul' or mental experiences. Spoken and written symbols differ between languages, but the mental experiences are the same for all (so that the English word 'cat' and the French word 'chat' are different symbols, but
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#1732773358729432-488: A series of basic conclusions on the routine issues of classifying and defining basic linguistic forms, such as simple terms and propositions , nouns and verbs, negation , the quantity of simple propositions (primitive roots of the quantifiers in modern symbolic logic), investigations on the excluded middle (which to Aristotle is not applicable to future tense propositions—the problem of future contingents ), and on modal propositions . The first five chapters deal with
468-637: A set of statements which attempt to explain how quantum mechanics informs our understanding of nature Interpreted language , a programming language in which programs are directly executed by an interpreter Interpretability , a concept in mathematical logic Media [ edit ] Interpretation centre , an institution for dissemination of knowledge of natural or cultural heritage Interpretations: A 25th Anniversary Celebration , an album by The Carpenters Neuroscience [ edit ] Interpretation of dreams (disambiguation) Philosophy [ edit ] Interpretation (philosophy) ,
504-637: A set of statements which attempt to explain how quantum mechanics informs our understanding of nature Interpreted language , a programming language in which programs are directly executed by an interpreter Interpretability , a concept in mathematical logic Media [ edit ] Interpretation centre , an institution for dissemination of knowledge of natural or cultural heritage Interpretations: A 25th Anniversary Celebration , an album by The Carpenters Neuroscience [ edit ] Interpretation of dreams (disambiguation) Philosophy [ edit ] Interpretation (philosophy) ,
540-604: A single proposition, the nouns referring to the subjects combine to form a unity. Thus, 'two-footed domesticated animal' applies to a 'man', and the three predicates combine to form a unity. But in the term 'a white walking man' the three predicates do not combine to form a unity of this sort. Chapter 12 . This chapter considers the mutual relation of modal propositions: affirmations and denials which assert or deny possibility or contingency, impossibility or necessity. Chapter 13 . The relation between such propositions. Logical consequences follow from this arrangement. For example, from
576-454: A unity. A complex proposition is several propositions compounded together. Chapter 6 . An affirmation is an assertion of something, a denial an assertion denying something of something. (For example, 'a man is an animal' asserts 'animal' of 'man'. 'A stone is not an animal' denies 'animal' of stone'). Chapter 7 . Terms. Some terms are universal . A universal term is capable of being asserted of several subjects (for example 'moon'—even though
612-466: Is equivalent to the two simple propositions 'a man is white and a horse is white'. Chapter 9 . Of contradictory propositions about the past and present, one must be true, the other false. But when the subject is individual, and the proposition is future, this is not the case. For if so, nothing takes place by chance. For either the future proposition such as, 'A sea battle will take place,' corresponds with future reality, or its negation does, in which case
648-459: Is honest' and 'No man is honest' are false. But their contradictories, 'Some men are not honest' and 'Some men are honest,' are both true. Chapter 8 . An affirmation is single, if it expresses a single fact. For example, 'every man is mortal'. However, if a word has two meanings, for example if the word 'garment' meant 'man and horse', then 'the garment is white' would not be a single affirmation, for it would mean 'the man and horse are white', which
684-406: Is mortal,' are called contrary . A universal affirmative proposition ("Every man is mortal") and the non-universal denial of that proposition in a way ("Some men are not mortal") are called contradictories . Of contradictories, one must be true, the other false. Contraries cannot both be true, although they can both be false, and hence their contradictories are both true. For example, both 'Every man
720-435: Is white, the universal negative on the other. Robert Blanché published with Vrin his book Structures intellectuelles in 1966 and since then many scholars think that the logical square or square of opposition representing four values should be replaced by the logical hexagon which by representing six values is a more potent figure because it has the power to explain more things about logic and natural language. The study of
756-477: The Earth has one moon, it may have had more, and the noun 'moon' could have been said of them in exactly the same sense). Other terms are individual. An individual or singular term ('Plato') is not predicated (in the same) sense of more than one individual. A universal affirmative proposition, such as, 'Every man is mortal' and a universal negative proposition having the same subject and predicate, such as, 'No man
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#1732773358729792-426: The affirmations and denials that can be assigned when 'indefinite' terms such as 'unjust' are included. He makes a distinction that was to become important later, between the use of the verb 'is' as a mere copula or 'third element', as in the sentence 'a man is wise', and as a predicate signifying existence, as in 'a man is [i.e. exists]'. Chapter 11 . Some propositions appear to be simple, but are really composite. In
828-438: The assignment of meanings to various concepts, symbols, or objects under consideration Interpretation (logic) , an assignment of meaning to the symbols of a formal language De Interpretatione , a work by Aristotle Exegesis , a critical explanation or interpretation of a text Hermeneutics , the study of interpretation theory Semantics , the study of meaning in words, phrases, signs, and symbols Interpretant ,
864-438: The assignment of meanings to various concepts, symbols, or objects under consideration Interpretation (logic) , an assignment of meaning to the symbols of a formal language De Interpretatione , a work by Aristotle Exegesis , a critical explanation or interpretation of a text Hermeneutics , the study of interpretation theory Semantics , the study of meaning in words, phrases, signs, and symbols Interpretant ,
900-406: The discussion of the sea-battle . (If it is true that there will be a sea-battle tomorrow, then it is true today that there will be a sea-battle. Thus a sea-battle is apparently unavoidable, and thus necessary. Another interpretation would be: that we cannot know that which has not yet come to pass. In other words: if there is a sea battle tomorrow then it is true today that tomorrow there will be
936-550: The four propositions constituting the square is found in Chapter 7 and its appendix Chapter 8. Most important also is the immediately following Chapter 9 dealing with the problem of future contingents. This chapter and the subsequent ones are at the origin of modal logic . Aristotle's original Greek text, Περὶ Ἑρμηνείας ( Peri Hermeneias ) was translated into the Latin " De Interpretatione " by Marius Victorinus , at Rome, in
972-551: The 💕 [REDACTED] Look up interpretation or interpret in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Interpretation may refer to: Culture [ edit ] Aesthetic interpretation , an explanation of the meaning of a work of art Allegorical interpretation , an approach that assumes a text should not be interpreted literally Dramatic Interpretation , an event in speech and forensics competitions in which participants perform excerpts from plays Heritage interpretation , communication about
1008-413: The mental experience they stand for—the concept of a cat—is the same for English speakers and French speakers). Nouns and verbs on their own do not involve truth or falsity. Chapter 2 . A noun signifies the subject by convention, but without reference to time. Chapter 3 . A verb carries with it the notion of time. 'He was healthy' and 'he will be healthy' are tenses of a verb. An untensed verb indicates
1044-520: The nature and purpose of historical, natural, or cultural phenomena Interpretation (music) , the process of a performer deciding how to perform music that has been previously composed Language interpretation , the facilitation of dialogue between parties using different languages Literary theory , broad methods for interpreting literature, including historicism, feminism, structuralism, deconstruction Literary criticism , interpretation of particular works of literature Oral interpretation ,
1080-520: The nature and purpose of historical, natural, or cultural phenomena Interpretation (music) , the process of a performer deciding how to perform music that has been previously composed Language interpretation , the facilitation of dialogue between parties using different languages Literary theory , broad methods for interpreting literature, including historicism, feminism, structuralism, deconstruction Literary criticism , interpretation of particular works of literature Oral interpretation ,
1116-410: The present, the tenses of a verb indicate times outside the present. Chapter 4 . The sentence is an expression whose parts have meaning. The word 'cat' signifies something, but is not a sentence. Only when words are added to it do we have affirmation and negation. Chapter 5 . Every simple proposition contains a verb. A simple proposition indicates a single fact, and the conjunction of its parts gives
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1152-410: The proposition 'it is possible' it follows that it is contingent, that it is not impossible, or from the proposition 'it cannot be the case' there follows 'it is necessarily not the case'. Chapter 14 . Is there an affirmative proposition corresponding to every denial? For example, is the proposition 'every man is unjust' an affirmation (since it seems to affirm being unjust of every man) or is it merely
1188-402: The sea battle will take place with necessity, or not take place with necessity. But in reality, such an event might just as easily not happen as happen; the meaning of the word 'by chance' with regard to future events is that reality is so constituted that it may issue in either of two opposite possibilities. This is known as the problem of future contingents . Chapter 10 . Aristotle enumerates
1224-405: The terms that form propositions. Chapters 6 and 7 deal with the relationship between affirmative, negative, universal and particular propositions. These relationships are the basis of the well-known square of opposition . The distinction between universal and particular propositions is the basis of modern quantification theory . The last three chapters deal with modalities . Chapter 9 is famous for
1260-476: The title Interpretation . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interpretation&oldid=1167604946 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages interpretation From Misplaced Pages,
1296-535: The title Interpretation . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interpretation&oldid=1167604946 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages De Interpretatione The work begins by analyzing simple categoric propositions, and draws
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