100-796: The Inco Superstack in Sudbury , Ontario , with a height of 381 metres (1,250 ft), is the tallest chimney in Canada and the Western Hemisphere , and the second-tallest freestanding chimney in the world after the Ekibastuz GRES-2 Power Station in Kazakhstan. It is also the second-tallest freestanding structure of any type in Canada, behind the CN Tower but ahead of First Canadian Place . As of 2023, it
200-420: A dichromate solution, turning the solution from orange to green (Cr (aq)). It can also reduce ferric ions to ferrous. Sulfur dioxide can react with certain 1,3- dienes in a cheletropic reaction to form cyclic sulfones . This reaction is exploited on an industrial scale for the synthesis of sulfolane , which is an important solvent in the petrochemical industry . Sulfur dioxide can bind to metal ions as
300-399: A ligand to form metal sulfur dioxide complexes , typically where the transition metal is in oxidation state 0 or +1. Many different bonding modes (geometries) are recognized, but in most cases, the ligand is monodentate, attached to the metal through sulfur, which can be either planar and pyramidal η . As a η -SO 2 (S-bonded planar) ligand sulfur dioxide functions as a Lewis base using
400-634: A city in 1930. The city recovered from the Great Depression much more quickly than almost any other city in North America due to increased demand for nickel in the 1930s. Sudbury was the fastest-growing city and one of the wealthiest cities in Canada for most of the decade. Many of the city's social problems in the Great Depression era were not caused by unemployment or poverty, but due to the difficulty in keeping up with all of
500-621: A high heat of evaporation , sulfur dioxide is a candidate material for refrigerants. Before the development of chlorofluorocarbons , sulfur dioxide was used as a refrigerant in home refrigerators . Sulfur dioxide content in naturally-released geothermal gasses is measured by the Icelandic Meteorological Office as an indicator of possible volcanic activity. In the United States, the Center for Science in
600-556: A large geological structure known as the Sudbury Basin , which are the remnants of a nearly two billion-year-old impact crater ; long thought to be the result of a meteorite collision, more recent analysis has suggested that the crater may in fact have been created by a comet . Sudbury's pentlandite , pyrite and pyrrhotite ores contain profitable amounts of many elements—primarily nickel and copper, but also platinum, palladium and other valuable metals. Local smelting of
700-416: A managed natural habitat for birds, and a hiking and nature trail near Coniston , which is named in honour of scientist Jane Goodall . Six provincial parks ( Chiniguchi River , Daisy Lake Uplands , Fairbank , Killarney Lakelands and Headwaters , Wanapitei and Windy Lake ) and two provincial conservation reserves (MacLennan Esker Forest and Tilton Forest) are also located partially or entirely within
800-550: A much more modest effect on the city's economy than the earlier action—unlike in 1978, the local rate of unemployment declined slightly during the 2009 strike. The ecology of the Sudbury region has recovered dramatically, helped by regreening programs and improved mining practices. The United Nations honoured twelve cities in the world, including Sudbury, with the Local Government Honours Award at
900-484: A much smaller chimney. In 2017, Vale announced plans to decommission the Superstack upon the construction of two smaller, more energy efficient stacks. On July 28, 2020, Vale updated that news, stating that the stack at its Copper Cliff Complex had been taken out of service. It would remain on "hot standby" for about two months while the replacement flue connections were tested but the stack would then be demolished over
1000-470: A natural satellite of Jupiter , is 90% sulfur dioxide and trace amounts are thought to also exist in the atmosphere of Jupiter . The James Webb Space Telescope has observed the presence of sulfur dioxide on the exoplanet WASP-39b , where it is formed through photochemistry in the planet's atmosphere. As an ice, it is thought to exist in abundance on the Galilean moons —as subliming ice or frost on
1100-470: A near-total loss of native vegetation in the area. Consequently, the terrain was made up of exposed rocky outcrops permanently stained charcoal black by the air pollution from the roasting yards. Acid rain added more staining, in a layer that penetrates up to 3 in (76 mm) into the once pink-grey granite . The construction of the Inco Superstack in 1972 dispersed sulphuric acid through
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#17327720832541200-681: A negative inotropic effect on cardiac output function, thus effectively lowering blood pressure and myocardial oxygen consumption. The vasodilating and bronchodilating effects of sulfur dioxide are mediated via ATP-dependent calcium channels and L-type ("dihydropyridine") calcium channels. Endogenous sulfur dioxide is also a potent antiinflammatory, antioxidant and cytoprotective agent. It lowers blood pressure and slows hypertensive remodeling of blood vessels, especially thickening of their intima. It also regulates lipid metabolism. Endogenous sulfur dioxide also diminishes myocardial damage, caused by isoproterenol adrenergic hyperstimulation, and strengthens
1300-462: A preservative for dried apricots, dried figs, and other dried fruits, owing to its antimicrobial properties and ability to prevent oxidation , and is called E 220 when used in this way in Europe. As a preservative, it maintains the colorful appearance of the fruit and prevents rotting . Historically, molasses was "sulfured" as a preservative and also to lighten its color. Treatment of dried fruit
1400-481: A production of Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet . Place des Arts , a new project to provide a community hub for the city's francophone cultural institutions including a 300-seat concert hall, a 120-seat theatre studio, an art gallery, a bistro, a gift boutique and bookstore, a children's arts center and 10,000 square feet of studio space for artists, began construction in the downtown core in 2019, and opened in 2022. Cinéfest Sudbury International Film Festival ,
1500-478: A program of musical performance with the creation of both murals and installation art projects throughout the downtown core, while PlaySmelter, a theatre festival devoted to theatrical and storytelling performances by local writers and actors, was launched in 2013, and is held at various venues in the city including the Sudbury Theatre Centre and Place des Arts. In music, the city is home to
1600-488: A tourist attraction; in September 2024, Vale announced an updated plan which will see the stack dismantled by 2029. In addition to further reducing sulphur dioxide emissions by 85 per cent, the decommissioning of the stack was expected to cut the complex's natural gas consumption in half. The Superstack was built by Inco Limited (and later purchased by Vale ) at an estimated cost of 25 million dollars. Construction on
1700-423: A winery due to the risk of cork taint , a mixture of SO 2 , water, and citric acid is commonly used to clean and sanitize equipment. Ozone (O 3 ) is now used extensively for sanitizing in wineries due to its efficacy, and because it does not affect the wine or most equipment. Sulfur dioxide is also a good reductant . In the presence of water, sulfur dioxide is able to decolorize substances. Specifically, it
1800-484: Is exothermic , and the combustion produces temperatures of 1,000–1,600 °C (1,830–2,910 °F). The significant amount of heat produced is recovered by steam generation that can subsequently be converted to electricity. The combustion of hydrogen sulfide and organosulfur compounds proceeds similarly. For example: The roasting of sulfide ores such as pyrite , sphalerite , and cinnabar (mercury sulfide) also releases SO 2 : A combination of these reactions
1900-534: Is 150 times more lead emission than would be permitted by a US EPA-regulated lead smelter producing 238,500 tonnes of lead. As a result of the excessive lead emissions from the Inco Superstack, the surrounding community of Copper Cliff was found to have levels of lead in soil tests at a level sufficient to cause harm to young children. Greater Sudbury Sudbury , officially the City of Greater Sudbury ,
2000-399: Is a bent molecule with C 2v symmetry point group . A valence bond theory approach considering just s and p orbitals would describe the bonding in terms of resonance between two resonance structures. The sulfur–oxygen bond has a bond order of 1.5. There is support for this simple approach that does not invoke d orbital participation. In terms of electron-counting formalism,
2100-401: Is a key component of the planet's global atmospheric sulfur cycle and contributes to global warming . It has been implicated as a key agent in the warming of early Mars , with estimates of concentrations in the lower atmosphere as high as 100 ppm, though it only exists in trace amounts. On both Venus and Mars, as on Earth, its primary source is thought to be volcanic. The atmosphere of Io ,
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#17327720832542200-402: Is a useful reducing bleach for papers and delicate materials such as clothes. This bleaching effect normally does not last very long. Oxygen in the atmosphere reoxidizes the reduced dyes, restoring the color. In municipal wastewater treatment, sulfur dioxide is used to treat chlorinated wastewater prior to release. Sulfur dioxide reduces free and combined chlorine to chloride . Sulfur dioxide
2300-715: Is also fictionalized as "Chinookville" in several books by American comedy writer Jack Douglas , and as "Complexity" in Tomson Highway 's musical play The (Post) Mistress . Noted writers who have lived in Sudbury include playwrights Jean-Marc Dalpé, Sandra Shamas and Brigitte Haentjens , poets Robert Dickson , Roger Nash , Gregory Scofield and Margaret Christakos , fiction writers Kelley Armstrong , Sean Costello , Sarah Selecky , Matthew Heiti and Jeffrey Round , poet Patrice Desbiens , journalist Mick Lowe and academics Richard E. Bennett , Michel Bock , Rand Dyck , Graeme S. Mount and Gary Kinsman . In 2010,
2400-589: Is also referred to as " Ville du Grand Sudbury " among Francophones . The Sudbury region was inhabited by the Ojibwe people of the Algonquin group for thousands of years prior to the founding of Sudbury after the discovery of nickel and copper ore in 1883 during the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway . Greater Sudbury was formed in 2001 by merging the cities and towns of
2500-410: Is an intermediate in the production of sulfuric acid, being converted to sulfur trioxide , and then to oleum , which is made into sulfuric acid. Sulfur dioxide for this purpose is made when sulfur combines with oxygen. The method of converting sulfur dioxide to sulfuric acid is called the contact process . Several million tons are produced annually for this purpose. Sulfur dioxide is sometimes used as
2600-632: Is celebrated with the Franco-Ontarian flag , recognized by the province as an official emblem, which was created in 1975 by a group of teachers at Laurentian University and after some controversy has flown at Tom Davies Square since 2006. The large francophone community plays a central role in developing and maintaining many of the cultural institutions of Sudbury including the Théâtre du Nouvel-Ontario , La Nuit sur l'étang , La Galerie du Nouvel-Ontario , Le Centre franco-ontarien de folklore and
2700-686: Is divided between the federal electoral districts of Sudbury and Nickel Belt in the House of Commons of Canada , and the provincial electoral districts of Sudbury and Nickel Belt in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario . The federal and provincial districts do not have identical boundaries despite using the same names; most notably, the Walden district of the city is located in Sudbury federally but in Nickel Belt provincially. The city
2800-484: Is fairly soluble in water, and by both IR and Raman spectroscopy; the hypothetical sulfurous acid , H 2 SO 3 , is not present to any extent. However, such solutions do show spectra of the hydrogen sulfite ion, HSO 3 , by reaction with water, and it is in fact the actual reducing agent present: In the beginning of the 20th century sulfur dioxide was used in Buenos Aires as a fumigant to kill rats that carried
2900-710: Is home to an IMAX theatre which screens a program of IMAX films, the Cavern at Science North hosts some gala screenings during Cinéfest and screens science documentaries during the year, and the Sudbury Indie Cinema Co-op programs a repertory cinema lineup of independent and international films as well as organizing both the Junction North and Queer North film festivals. In 2021 the Sudbury Indie Cinema Co-op also launched
3000-431: Is often used as a low-temperature solvent/diluent for superacids like magic acid (FSO 3 H/SbF 5 ), allowing for highly reactive species like tert -butyl cation to be observed spectroscopically at low temperature (though tertiary carbocations do react with SO 2 above about −30 °C, and even less reactive solvents like SO 2 ClF must be used at these higher temperatures). Being easily condensed and possessing
3100-748: Is produced biologically as an intermediate in both sulfate-reducing organisms and in sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, as well. The role of sulfur dioxide in mammalian biology is not yet well understood. Sulfur dioxide blocks nerve signals from the pulmonary stretch receptors and abolishes the Hering–Breuer inflation reflex . It is considered that endogenous sulfur dioxide plays a significant physiological role in regulating cardiac and blood vessel function, and aberrant or deficient sulfur dioxide metabolism can contribute to several different cardiovascular diseases, such as arterial hypertension , atherosclerosis , pulmonary arterial hypertension , and stenocardia . It
Inco Superstack - Misplaced Pages Continue
3200-433: Is produced by the combustion of elemental sulfur . Some sulfur dioxide is also produced by roasting pyrite and other sulfide ores in air. Sulfur dioxide is the product of the burning of sulfur or of burning materials that contain sulfur: To aid combustion, liquified sulfur (140–150 °C (284–302 °F) is sprayed through an atomizing nozzle to generate fine drops of sulfur with a large surface area. The reaction
3300-647: Is represented federally by Members of Parliament Viviane Lapointe and Marc Serré , both of the Liberal Party of Canada , and provincially by Jamie West and France Gélinas of the Ontario New Democratic Party . The provincial Ministry of Energy, Northern Development and Mines has its head office in the city. Both federal and provincial politics in the city tend to be dominated by the Liberal and New Democratic parties. Historically,
3400-516: Is responsible for the largest source of sulfur dioxide, volcanic eruptions. These events can release millions of tons of SO 2 . Sulfur dioxide can also be a byproduct in the manufacture of calcium silicate cement; CaSO 4 is heated with coke and sand in this process: Until the 1970s commercial quantities of sulfuric acid and cement were produced by this process in Whitehaven , England. Upon being mixed with shale or marl , and roasted,
3500-424: Is responsible for the odor of burnt matches. It is released naturally by volcanic activity and is produced as a by-product of copper extraction and the burning of sulfur - bearing fossil fuels. Sulfur dioxide is somewhat toxic to humans, although only when inhaled in relatively large quantities for a period of several minutes or more. It was known to medieval alchemists as "volatile spirit of sulfur". SO 2
3600-602: Is still an important compound in winemaking, and is measured in parts per million ( ppm ) in wine. It is present even in so-called unsulfurated wine at concentrations of up to 10 mg/L. It serves as an antibiotic and antioxidant , protecting wine from spoilage by bacteria and oxidation – a phenomenon that leads to the browning of the wine and a loss of cultivar specific flavors. Its antimicrobial action also helps minimize volatile acidity. Wines containing sulfur dioxide are typically labeled with "containing sulfites ". Sulfur dioxide exists in wine in free and bound forms, and
3700-468: Is the 51st-tallest freestanding structure in the world. The Superstack is located on top of the largest nickel smelting operation in the world at Vale 's Copper Cliff processing facility in the city of Greater Sudbury. In 2018, Vale announced that the stack would be decommissioned and dismantled, beginning in 2020. Two new, smaller stacks were constructed under the company's Clean Atmospheric Emissions Reduction Project. In July 2020, Vale announced that
3800-429: Is the active form, while at higher pH more SO 2 is found in the inactive sulfite and bisulfite forms. The molecular SO 2 is active as an antimicrobial and antioxidant, and this is also the form which may be perceived as a pungent odor at high levels. Wines with total SO 2 concentrations below 10 ppm do not require "contains sulfites" on the label by US and EU laws. The upper limit of total SO 2 allowed in wine in
3900-736: Is the francophone Théâtre du Nouvel-Ontario (TNO), one of seven organizations residing at the Place des Arts , where it also stages its performances. The Sudbury Theatre Centre , which was the city's only professional English-language theatre company, merged with YES Theatre in 2023, though the building which was previously home to the company retains its original name. Theatrical productions are also staged by several community theatre groups, as well as by high school drama students at Sudbury Secondary School , Lo-Ellen Park Secondary School , St. Charles College and École secondaire Macdonald-Cartier with its troupe Les Draveurs. Postsecondary institutions in
4000-614: Is the largest city in Northern Ontario by population, with a population of 166,004 at the 2021 Canadian Census . By land area, it is the largest in Ontario and the fifth largest in Canada . It is administratively a single-tier municipality and thus is not part of any district, county, or regional municipality . The City of Greater Sudbury is separate from, but entirely surrounded by the Sudbury District . The city
4100-410: Is used in the production of sulfuric acid. Sulfur dioxide dissolves in water to give " sulfurous acid ", which cannot be isolated and is instead an acidic solution of bisulfite , and possibly sulfite , ions. Sulfur dioxide is one of the few common acidic yet reducing gases. It turns moist litmus pink (being acidic), then white (due to its bleaching effect). It may be identified by bubbling it through
Inco Superstack - Misplaced Pages Continue
4200-943: The Northern Lights Festival Boréal and La Nuit sur l'étang festivals. Sudbury also hosts Northern Ontario's only Japanese cultural Festival, Japan Festival Sudbury. It started in 2019, went on hiatus for two years during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario , and returned to Sudbury's Bell Park Amphitheatre on July 16, 2022. Works of fiction themed or set primarily or partially in Sudbury or its former suburbs include Robert J. Sawyer 's The Neanderthal Parallax trilogy, Alistair MacLeod 's novel No Great Mischief , Paul Quarrington 's Logan in Overtime , Jean-Marc Dalpé 's play 1932, la ville du nickel and his short story collection Contes sudburois , and Chloé LaDuchesse 's L'Incendiare de Sudbury . The city
4300-672: The Prise de parole publishing company. The city hosted Les Jeux de la francophonie canadienne in 2011. The Sudbury Arts Council was established in 1974. Its mandate is to connect, communicate and celebrate the arts. It has an important role to provide a calendar of events and news about arts and culture activities. The city is home to two art galleries—the Art Gallery of Sudbury and La Galerie du Nouvel-Ontario . Both are dedicated primarily to Canadian art, especially artists from Northern Ontario. The city's only professional theatre company
4400-661: The Regional Municipality of Sudbury in 1973, was subsequently merged in 2001 into the single-tier city of Greater Sudbury. In 2006, both of the city's major mining companies, Canadian-based Inco and Falconbridge, were taken over by new owners: Inco was acquired by the Brazilian company CVRD (now renamed Vale ), while Falconbridge was purchased by the Swiss company Xstrata , which itself was purchased by Anglo–Swiss Glencore, forming Glencore Xstrata . Xstrata donated
4500-426: The Regional Municipality of Sudbury in 1973, which was subsequently merged in 2001 into the single-tier city of Greater Sudbury. In common usage, the city's urban core is still generally referred to as Sudbury , while the outlying former towns are still referred to by their old names and continue in some respects to maintain their own distinct community identities despite their lack of political independence. Each of
4600-591: The Second World War . The Frood Mine alone accounted for 40 percent of all the nickel used in Allied artillery production during the war. After the end of the war, Sudbury was in a good position to supply nickel to the United States government when it decided to stockpile non- Soviet supplies during the Cold War . The open coke beds used in the early to mid-20th century and logging for fuel resulted in
4700-778: The Sudbury Outdoor Adventure Reels Film Festival , devoted to wilderness and adventure films, following several years of the city hosting an annual stop on the Banff Mountain Film Festival 's touring circuit, and in 2022 they launched both the Sudbury's Tiny Underground Film Festival (STUFF) for underground and experimental films, and the Sudbury Indie Creature Kon for horror films. The city has hosted an annual Sudbury Pride festival since 1997. The Up Here Festival , launched in 2015, blends
4800-663: The Yersinia pestis bacterium, which causes bubonic plague. The application was successful, and the application of this method was extended to other areas in South America. In Buenos Aires, where these apparatuses were known as Sulfurozador , but later also in Rio de Janeiro, New Orleans and San Francisco, the sulfur dioxide treatment machines were brought into the streets to enable extensive disinfection campaigns, with effective results. Sulfur dioxide or its conjugate base bisulfite
4900-617: The proliferation rate of endothelial smooth muscle cells in blood vessels, via lowering the MAPK activity and activating adenylyl cyclase and protein kinase A . Smooth muscle cell proliferation is one of important mechanisms of hypertensive remodeling of blood vessels and their stenosis , so it is an important pathogenetic mechanism in arterial hypertension and atherosclerosis. Endogenous sulfur dioxide in low concentrations causes endothelium-dependent vasodilation . In higher concentrations it causes endothelium-independent vasodilation and has
5000-525: The 1992 Earth Summit to recognise the city's community-based environmental reclamation strategies. By 2010, the regreening programs had successfully rehabilitated 3,350 ha (8,300 acres) of land in the city; however, approximately 30,000 ha (74,000 acres) of land have yet to be rehabilitated. Various studies have confirmed that the provincial government's initial claims that the municipal amalgamation would result in cost savings and increased efficiencies have not borne out, and in fact administration of
5100-566: The Greater Sudbury area. In 1992, Inco and the city were given an award by the United Nations in honour of their environmental rehabilitation programmes. On November 3, 2014, Vale announced that they may decide to stop using the stack, following a $ 1 billion project to reduce emissions by 85% that negates the need for the stack. If no other use for it is found, Vale may decommission the superstack, demolish it, and replace it with
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#17327720832545200-570: The Liberals have been stronger in the Sudbury riding, with the New Democrats dominant in Nickel Belt, although both ridings have elected members of both parties at different times. Greater Sudbury Utilities Inc. (GSU) delivers utility services in the city's urban core. Its sole shareholder is the City of Greater Sudbury. The city of Sudbury and its suburban communities were reorganized into
5300-433: The Sudbury area as a prospector in 1901. He is credited with the original discovery of the ore body at Falconbridge . Rich deposits of nickel sulphide ore were discovered in the Sudbury Basin geological formation. The construction of the railway allowed exploitation of these mineral resources and shipment of the commodities to markets and ports, as well as large-scale lumber extraction. Mining began to replace lumber as
5400-408: The Superstack had been officially taken out of service, but would remain operational in standby mode for two more months as a backup in the event of a malfunction in the new system, following which the dismantling of the Superstack would begin. As of 2024, however, Vale has not yet announced the awarding of a demolition contract on the Superstack, and some have called for the stack to be left in place as
5500-504: The US is 350 ppm; in the EU it is 160 ppm for red wines and 210 ppm for white and rosé wines. In low concentrations, SO 2 is mostly undetectable in wine, but at free SO 2 concentrations over 50 ppm, SO 2 becomes evident in the smell and taste of wine. SO 2 is also a very important compound in winery sanitation. Wineries and equipment must be kept clean, and because bleach cannot be used in
5600-510: The action of aqueous base on sulfur dioxide: Sulfur dioxide is a mild but useful reducing agent . It is oxidized by halogens to give the sulfuryl halides, such as sulfuryl chloride : Sulfur dioxide is the oxidising agent in the Claus process , which is conducted on a large scale in oil refineries . Here, sulfur dioxide is reduced by hydrogen sulfide to give elemental sulfur: The sequential oxidation of sulfur dioxide followed by its hydration
5700-450: The air over a much wider area, reducing the acidity of local precipitation. This enabled the municipality, province and Inco and academics from Laurentian University to begin an environmental recovery program in the late 1970s, labelled a "regreening" effort. Lime was spread over the charred soil by hand and by aircraft. Seeds of wild grasses and other vegetation were also spread. As of 2010, 9.2 million new trees have been planted in
5800-469: The amalgamated city costs significantly more than the prior regional government structure did. Sudbury has 330 lakes over 10 ha (25 acres) in size within the city limits. The most prominent is Lake Wanapitei , the largest lake in the world completely contained within the boundaries of a single city. Ramsey Lake , a few kilometres south of downtown Sudbury, held the same record before the municipal amalgamation in 2001 brought Lake Wanapitei fully inside
5900-552: The area providing wood for the reconstruction of Chicago after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. While other logging areas in Northeastern Ontario were also involved in that effort, the emergence of mining-related processes in the following decade made it significantly harder for new trees to grow to full maturity in the Sudbury area than elsewhere. The resulting erosion exposed bedrock in many parts of
6000-406: The biology of some 7,000 lakes. Prior to Vale's purchase of Inco, a major construction effort by Inco in the early 1990s dramatically scrubbed waste gases before pumping them up the Superstack. These upgrades were completed in 1994 and emissions from then on have been much reduced. By comparison to the plume prior to installation, the plume now disperses quite rapidly and is often see-through even at
6100-480: The city boundaries. Greater Sudbury has a humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification : Dfb ). This region has warm and often humid summers with occasional short lasting periods of hot weather, with long, cold and snowy winters. It is situated north of the Great Lakes , making it prone to arctic air masses. Monthly precipitation is equal year round, with snow cover expected for up to six months of
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#17327720832546200-412: The city created the position of Poet Laureate , with Roger Nash being the first to occupy the role. Sulphur dioxide Selenium dioxide Tellurium dioxide Polonium dioxide Sulfur dioxide ( IUPAC -recommended spelling) or sulphur dioxide (traditional Commonwealth English ) is the chemical compound with the formula S O 2 . It is a colorless gas with a pungent smell that
6300-643: The city limits. Sudbury is divided into two main watersheds: to the east is the French River watershed which flows into Georgian Bay and to the west is the Spanish River watershed which flows into the North Channel of Lake Huron . Sudbury is built around many small, rocky mountains with exposed igneous rock of the Canadian (Precambrian) Shield . The ore deposits in Sudbury are part of
6400-631: The city no longer offer training in theatre, following the closures of Theatre programs at Thorneloe University in 2020 and Laurentian University in 2021, as well as the technical production programs at Collège Boréal and Cambrian College . In 2021, YES Theatre unveiled plans for the Refettorio, which would convert a vacant lot on Durham Street near the YMCA into an outdoor theatrical and musical performance space. The space opened in August 2023 with
6500-709: The city's primary annual film festival, has been staged in September each year since 1989. Two smaller specialist film festivals, the Junction North International Documentary Film Festival for documentary films and the Queer North Film Festival for LGBT -themed films, are also held each year. Mainstream commercial films are screened at the SilverCity theatre complex, which is also the primary venue for most Cinéfest screenings. Science North
6600-483: The city, which was charred in most places to a pitted, dark black appearance. There was not a complete lack of vegetation in the region as paper birch and wild blueberry patches thrived in the acidic soils. During the Apollo crewed lunar exploration program, NASA astronauts trained in Sudbury to become familiar with impact breccia and shatter cones , rare rock formations produced by large meteorite impacts. However,
6700-532: The city. Vale has begun to rehabilitate the slag heaps that surrounds their smelter in the Copper Cliff area with the planting of grass and trees, as well as the use of biosolids to stabilize and regreen tailings areas. In 1978, the workers of Sudbury's largest mining corporation, Inco (now Vale), embarked on a strike over production and employment cutbacks. The strike, which lasted for nine months, badly damaged Sudbury's economy. The city government
6800-421: The combinations are referred to as total SO 2 . Binding, for instance to the carbonyl group of acetaldehyde , varies with the wine in question. The free form exists in equilibrium between molecular SO 2 (as a dissolved gas) and bisulfite ion, which is in turn in equilibrium with sulfite ion. These equilibria depend on the pH of the wine. Lower pH shifts the equilibrium towards molecular (gaseous) SO 2 , which
6900-621: The date of its completion until the Ekibastuz GRES-2 chimney was constructed in 1987, it was the world's tallest smokestack. Between the years 1972–75 it was the tallest freestanding structure in Canada. Prior to the construction of the Superstack, the waste gases contributed to severe local ecological damage. The Copper Cliff smelter was already home to some of the world's tallest stacks, including two 500 ft (150 m) chimneys constructed in 1928-29 and 1936. However, these proved to be insufficient and compounded by open coke beds in
7000-539: The decades that followed, Sudbury's economy went through boom and bust cycles as world demand for nickel fluctuated. Demand was high during the First World War , when Sudbury-mined nickel was used extensively in the manufacturing of artillery in Sheffield , England. It bottomed out when the war ended and then rose again in the mid-1920s as peacetime uses for nickel began to develop. The town was reincorporated as
7100-433: The early to mid-20th century and logging for fuel, an inevitable near-total loss of native vegetation occurred. Of particular interest to geologists are the now exposed rocky outcrops, which have been permanently stained charcoal black, first by the pollution wafting over the decades from the roasting yards, then by the acid rain in a layer which penetrates up to three inches into the once pink-grey granite . The Superstack
7200-445: The former Regional Municipality of Sudbury with several previously unincorporated townships. Being located inland, the local climate is extremely seasonal, with average January lows of around −18 °C (0 °F) and average July highs of 25 °C (77 °F). The population resides in an urban core and many smaller communities scattered around 330 lakes and among hills of rock blackened by historical smelting activity. Sudbury
7300-466: The historic Edison Building , the onetime head office of Falconbridge, to the city in 2007 to serve as the new home of the municipal archives. On September 19, 2008, a fire destroyed the historic Sudbury Steelworkers Hall on Frood Road. A strike at Vale's operations, which began on July 13, 2009, was tentatively resolved in July 2010. The 2009 strike lasted longer than the devastating 1978 strike, but had
7400-420: The lone pair on S. SO 2 functions as a Lewis acids in its η -SO 2 (S-bonded pyramidal) bonding mode with metals and in its 1:1 adducts with Lewis bases such as dimethylacetamide and trimethyl amine . When bonding to Lewis bases the acid parameters of SO 2 are E A = 0.51 and E A = 1.56. The overarching, dominant use of sulfur dioxide is in the production of sulfuric acid . Sulfur dioxide
7500-559: The major retail, economic, health, and educational center for Northeastern Ontario. Sudbury is also home to a large Franco-Ontarian population, which influences its arts and culture. James Worthington, the superintendent of construction on the Northern Ontario segment of the railway, selected the name Sudbury after Sudbury, Suffolk , in England, which was the hometown of his wife Caroline Hitchcock. The city's official name
7600-421: The myocardial antioxidant defense reserve. Sulfur dioxide is a versatile inert solvent widely used for dissolving highly oxidizing salts. It is also used occasionally as a source of the sulfonyl group in organic synthesis . Treatment of aryl diazonium salts with sulfur dioxide and cuprous chloride yields the corresponding aryl sulfonyl chloride, for example: As a result of its very low Lewis basicity , it
7700-519: The new infrastructure demands created by rapid growth — for example, employed mineworkers sometimes ended up living in boarding houses or makeshift shanty towns , because demand for new housing was rising faster than supply. Between 1936 and 1941, the city was ordered into receivership by the Ontario Municipal Board . Another economic slowdown affected the city in 1937, but the city's fortunes rose again with wartime demands during
7800-410: The ore releases this sulphur into the atmosphere where it combines with water vapour to form sulphuric acid , contributing to acid rain . As a result, Sudbury has had a widespread reputation as a wasteland. In parts of the city, vegetation was devastated by acid rain and logging to provide fuel for early smelting techniques. To a lesser extent, the area's ecology was also impacted by lumber camps in
7900-651: The popular misconception that they were visiting Sudbury because it purportedly resembled the lifeless surface of the Moon persists. The city's Nickel District Conservation Authority operates a conservation area , the Lake Laurentian Conservation Area , in the city's south end. Other unique environmental projects in the city include the Fielding Bird Sanctuary, a protected area along Highway 17 near Lively that provides
8000-435: The primary industry as the area's transportation network was improved to include trams. These enabled workers to live in one community and work in another. Sudbury's economy was dominated by the mining industry for much of the 20th century. Two major mining companies were created: Inco in 1902 and Falconbridge in 1928. They became two of the city's major employers and two of the world's leading producers of nickel. Through
8100-474: The railway in 1883, blasting and excavation revealed high concentrations of nickel - copper ore at Murray Mine on the edge of the Sudbury Basin . This discovery brought the first waves of European settlers, who arrived not only to work at the mines, but also to build a service station for railway workers. Sudbury was incorporated as a town in 1893, and its first mayor was Joseph Étienne aka Stephen Fournier . The American inventor Thomas Edison visited
8200-589: The retreat of the last continental ice sheet. In 1850, local Ojibwe chiefs entered into an agreement with the British Crown to share a large tract of land, including what is now Sudbury, as part of the Robinson Huron Treaty . In exchange the Crown pledged to pay an annuity to First Nations people, which was originally set at $ 1.60 per treaty member and increased incrementally; its last increase
8300-464: The seven former municipalities in turn encompasses numerous smaller neighbourhoods. Amalgamated cities (2001 Canadian census population) include: Sudbury (85,354) and Valley East (22,374). Towns (2001 Canadian census population) include: Rayside-Balfour (15,046), Nickel Centre (12,672), Walden (10,101), Onaping Falls (4,887), and Capreol (3,486). The Wanup area, formerly an unincorporated settlement outside of Sudbury's old city limits,
8400-533: The stack site. Emissions reductions and increases in thermal efficiency have reached the point where natural draught is no longer sufficient to draw flue gas up the stack, necessitating the use of induced draught fans and/or reheating of the flue gas using natural gas burners. As well as SO 2 emissions, Inco's Superstack has had very high arsenic , nickel and lead emissions to the atmosphere. In 1998, Inco emitted 146.7 tonnes of lead from Copper Cliff while producing 238,500 tonnes of nickel-copper matte. This
8500-450: The structure was underway during the Sudbury tornado of August 20, 1970; the structure swayed heavily in the wind, but remained standing and suffered only minor damage. Six workers were on top of the construction platform when the storm hit, and all survived. The same day was the final day of construction on the stack, with the construction fully completed by the evening of August 21, 1970. The stack entered into full operation in 1972. From
8600-510: The sulfate liberated sulfur dioxide gas, used in sulfuric acid production, the reaction also produced calcium silicate, a precursor in cement production. On a laboratory scale, the action of hot concentrated sulfuric acid on copper turnings produces sulfur dioxide. Tin also reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid but it produces tin(II) sulfate which can later be pyrolyzed at 360 °C into tin dioxide and dry sulfur dioxide. The reverse reaction occurs upon acidification: Sulfites results by
8700-471: The sulfur atom has an oxidation state of +4 and a formal charge of +1. Sulfur dioxide is found on Earth and exists in very small concentrations in the atmosphere at about 15 ppb . On other planets, sulfur dioxide can be found in various concentrations, the most significant being the atmosphere of Venus , where it is the third-most abundant atmospheric gas at 150 ppm. There, it reacts with water to form clouds of Sulfurous acid (SO2 + H2O ⇌ HSO−3+ H+), and
8800-465: The sulphur dioxide plume formed a permanent, opaque, cloud-like formation running across the entire horizon as seen from a distance. Periodic inversions would cause the plume to fall into the city. Construction of the Superstack was followed by an environmental reclamation project which included rehabilitation of existing landscapes and selected water bodies such as Lake Ramsey . An ambitious regreening plan saw over three million new trees planted within
8900-565: The trailing hemisphere of Io , and in the crust and mantle of Europa , Ganymede , and Callisto , possibly also in liquid form and readily reacting with water. Sulfur dioxide is primarily produced for sulfuric acid manufacture (see contact process , but other processes predated that at least since 16th century ). In the United States in 1979, 23.6 million metric tons (26 million U.S. short tons) of sulfur dioxide were used in this way, compared with 150,000 metric tons (165,347 U.S. short tons) used for other purposes. Most sulfur dioxide
9000-486: The year. Although extreme weather events are rare, one of the worst tornadoes in Canadian history struck the city and its suburbs on August 20, 1970, killing six people, injuring two hundred, and causing more than C$ 17 million (equivalent to $ 132 million in 2023) in damages. The highest temperature ever recorded in Greater Sudbury was 41.1 °C (106.0 °F) on July 13, 1936. The lowest temperature ever recorded
9100-450: The years. While the Superstack lowered the ground-level pollution in the city, it has dispersed sulphur dioxide , and nitrogen dioxide gases over a much larger area. Though not the single source of lake acidification , it appears the heavily industrialized Ohio Valley has contributed to the ecological problem of lakes as far north as northern Ontario. Research from data gleaned up to the late 1980s demonstrated acid rain to have affected
9200-486: Was also annexed into the city in 2001, along with a large wilderness area on the northeastern shore of Lake Wanapitei . Sudbury's culture is influenced by the large Franco-Ontarian community consisting of approximately 40 percent of the city's population, particularly in the amalgamated municipalities of Valley East and Rayside-Balfour and historically in the Moulin-à-Fleur neighbourhood. The French culture
9300-456: Was built to disperse sulphur gases and other byproducts of the smelting process away from the city of Sudbury. It did this by placing the gases high in the air, where they normally blew right past the city on the prevailing winds . As a result, these gases could be detected in the atmosphere around Greater Sudbury in a 240 kilometres (150 mi) radius of the Inco plant. During the 1970s and 80s,
9400-439: Was changed to Greater Sudbury in 2001, when it was amalgamated with its suburban towns into the current city, on the grounds of ensuring that the merger did not erase the longstanding community identities of the outlying towns. In everyday usage, however, the city is still more commonly referred to as just Sudbury. The Sudbury region was inhabited by the Ojibwe people of the Algonquin group as early as 9,000 years ago following
9500-437: Was in 1874, leaving it fixed at $ 4. French Jesuits were the first to establish a European settlement when they set up a mission called Sainte-Anne-des-Pins, just before the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1883. The Sainte-Anne-des-Pins church played a prominent role in the development of Franco-Ontarian culture in the region. Coincidentally, Ste-Anne is the patron saint of miners. During construction of
9600-416: Was once a major lumber center and a world leader in nickel mining. Mining and related industries dominated the economy for much of the 20th century. The two major mining companies which shaped the history of Sudbury were Inco, now Vale Limited , which employed more than 25% of the population by the 1970s, and Falconbridge , now Glencore . Sudbury has since expanded from its resource-based economy to emerge as
9700-572: Was shown that in children with pulmonary arterial hypertension due to congenital heart diseases the level of homocysteine is higher and the level of endogenous sulfur dioxide is lower than in normal control children. Moreover, these biochemical parameters strongly correlated to the severity of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Authors considered homocysteine to be one of useful biochemical markers of disease severity and sulfur dioxide metabolism to be one of potential therapeutic targets in those patients. Endogenous sulfur dioxide also has been shown to lower
9800-533: Was spurred to launch a project to diversify the city's economy. A unique and visionary project, Science North was inaugurated in 1984 with two-snowflake styled buildings connected by a tunnel through the Canadian shield where the Creighton fault intersects the shores of Lake Ramsey . The city tried to attract new employers and industries through the 1980s and 1990s with mixed success. The city of Sudbury and its suburban communities, which were reorganized into
9900-467: Was usually done outdoors, by igniting sublimed sulfur and burning in an enclosed space with the fruits. Fruits may be sulfured by dipping them into an either sodium bisulfite , sodium sulfite or sodium metabisulfite . Sulfur dioxide was first used in winemaking by the Romans, when they discovered that burning sulfur candles inside empty wine vessels keeps them fresh and free from vinegar smell. It
10000-412: Was −48.3 °C (−54.9 °F) on December 29, 1933. From the city hall at Tom Davies Square , the city is headed by twelve council members and one mayor both elected every four years. The current mayor is Paul Lefebvre , who was elected in the 2022 municipal election . The 2011 operating budget for Greater Sudbury was C$ 471 million, and the city employs 2006 full-time workers. The city
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