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27-537: The municipality of Indaparapeo is located in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt in northeast Michoacán at an elevation between 1,900 and 2,900 metres (6,200–9,500 ft). It borders the municipalities of Zinapécuaro to the north, Queréndaro to the east, Tzitzio to the south, Charo to the southwest, and Álvaro Obregón to the northwest. The municipality covers an area of 176.985 square kilometres (68.334 sq mi) and comprises 0.30% of

54-680: A companion of the Pico de Orizaba (4,580 metres (15,030 ft)). The mountains are home to the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pine-oak forests , one of the Mesoamerican pine-oak forests sub- ecoregions . The Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt has many endemic species, including the Transvolcanic jay ( Aphelocoma ultramarina ). Volcanic ash make soils in the region very fertile, which (especially coupled with elevation making tropical climate milder) has led to high human population densities in

81-563: A complex array of what could be multiple factors affecting the deformation of the belt. It exhibits many volcanic features, not limited to large stratovolcanoes, including monogenetic volcano cones, shield volcanoes , lava dome complexes, and major calderas . Prior to the formation of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, an older, but related volcanic belt, the Sierra Madre Occidental occupied

108-459: A majority of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt but smaller volumes of intraplate-like lavas, potassium rich rocks, and adakites are associated with the area. Middle Miocene adakitic (more felsic) rocks are found furthest from the trench and along the volcanic front of the central Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt during the Pliocene - Quaternary . It has been suggested that slab melting contributed to

135-560: A now active Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. By the Middle Miocene, the transition from the silicic to more mafic compositions was complete, and can be considered the beginning of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. Due to the orthogonal orientation of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt in relation to the trend of Mexican tectonic provinces, its Pre- Cretaceous basement is highly heterogeneous. The Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt east of 101°W rests upon Precambrian terranes, assembled into

162-543: Is also a distinct physiographic province of the larger Sierra Madre System physiographic division. The Sierra de Ajusco-Chichinauhtzin also forms part of the Belt. The highest point, also the highest point in Mexico, is Pico de Orizaba (5,636 metres (18,491 ft)) also known as Citlaltépetl, located at 19°01′N 97°16′W  /  19.017°N 97.267°W  / 19.017; -97.267 . This, and several of

189-858: Is bordered by the North American Plate (NAM) and the Caribbean Plate to the northeast, the Pacific Plate to the west, and to the south by the Nazca Plate. The Cocos and Rivera are relatively young oceanic plates (25 and 10 Ma) that are subducting along the Middle American Trench at different convergence rates (Rivera = ~30 mm/yr and the Cocos = ~ 50–90 mm/yr). Commonly found subduction related rocks such as calc-alkaline rocks volumetrically occupy

216-667: The North American Plate along the northern end of the Middle America Trench formed the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. The Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt is a unique volcanic belt; it is not parallel to the Middle American Trench, and many of the main stratovolcanoes are positioned obliquely to the general position of the arc. In addition to the physiographic complexities, igneous compositions vary—dominant subduction-related products contrast with intraplate geo-chemical signatures. The many intriguing aspects of

243-569: The Pacific Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico between 18°30'N and 21°30'N, resting on the southern edge of the North American Plate . This approximately 1000 kilometer long, 90–230 km broad structure is an east–west, active, continental volcanic arc ; encompassing an area of approximately 160,000 km . Over several million years, the subduction of the Rivera and Cocos plates beneath

270-612: The Transvolcanic Belt and locally as the Sierra Nevada ( Snowy Mountain Range ), is an active volcanic belt that covers central-southern Mexico . Several of its highest peaks have snow all year long, and during clear weather, they are visible to a large percentage of those who live on the many high plateaus from which these volcanoes rise. The Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt spans across Central-Southern Mexico from

297-664: The EMZ, linked by large tectonic events. One at 30 My, potentially linked to the collision of India and Asia at 35 My, and a second at 6 My, potentially linked to the collision of the Ontong Java Plateau with the Melanesian arc at 10 My. While the petrology of leaky transform faults has not been studied extensively, some detailed petrologic work has been done on the Siqueiros transform fault in

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324-640: The Oaxaquia microcontinent and on the Paleozoic Mixteco terrane . West of 101°W, the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt resides on top of the Guerro composite terrane—a make up of Jurassic to Cretaceous marine marginal arcs, which are built on Triassic –Early Jurassic siliclastic turbidites . Assemblage of these basement rocks results with a thickness of 50–55 km east of 101°W and 35–40 km west of 101°W. The subducting plates originated from

351-576: The adakitic imprint on the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, prompted by the prolonged flat subduction of the Cocos Plate. Flat slab subduction can commonly be explained by oceanic plateau subduction and a fast overriding plate. Central Mexico's flat subduction is not evident. The Trans-Mexican Volcanic belt's flat slab is confined between ~101°W and 96°W; this region may be explained by thicker continental crust . Existence of thick strong crust combined with decreasing fluid input contributed to narrowing

378-651: The area. Resuming in the Eocene , post- Laramide deformation, subduction related volcanism formed the Sierra Madre Occidental silic volcanic arc at a paleo-subduction zone off the coast of Baja California , before the peninsula rifted away. From the Late Eocene to the Middle Miocene , counterclockwise rotation of the volcanic arc transitioned the once active Sierra Madre Occidental to

405-544: The asthenospheric wedge, increasing viscosity and suction forces, which led to flat subduction—preventing the oceanic plate from entering the mantle. From the west, the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt runs from Colima and Jalisco east through northern Michoacán , southern Guanajuato , southern Querétaro , México State , southern Hidalgo , the Distrito Federal , northern Morelos , Puebla , and Tlaxcala , to central Veracruz . The Mexican Plateau lies to

432-400: The belt have spurred several hypotheses based on a typical subduction scenario: intra-plate leaky transform faults , mantle plumes , continental rifting , and jump of the eastward Pacific Rise. These features are partially related to the reactivation of early fault systems during the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt's evolution. The main brittle fault system's geometry, kinematics, and age define

459-407: The belt that now sometimes strain the environment. Leaky transform fault A leaky transform fault is a transform fault with volcanic activity along a significant portion of its length producing new crust . In addition to the regular strike-slip motion observed at transform boundaries, an oblique extensional component is present, resulting in motion of the plates that is not parallel to

486-662: The breakup of the Farallon Plate at approximately 23 Ma, which created two plates at equatorial latitudes, the Cocos Plate and southern Nazca Plate . The Rivera Plate was the last fragment detached from the Cocos Plate, becoming a microplate at around 10 Ma. This small plate is bounded by the Rivera fracture zone, the East Pacific Rise , the Tamayo fracture zone, and the Middle American Trench. The larger Cocos Plate

513-629: The municipality is María Teresa Pérez Romero. In the 2010 Mexican Census, the municipality of Indaparapeo recorded a population of 16,427 inhabitants living in 3791 households. The 2015 Intercensal Survey estimated a population of 16,990 inhabitants in Indaparapeo. There are 39 localities in the municipality, of which two are classified as urban: Important economic activities in Indaparapeo include agriculture and brickmaking. Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt The Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt ( Spanish : Eje Volcánico Transversal ), also known as

540-564: The municipality range between 18 and 20 °C (64–68 °F), and average annual precipitation ranges between 700 and 1,200 millimetres (28–47 in). In the Purépecha language , Indaparapeo has been translated to mean "place of games" or "place of victory in combat"; the latter would appear to be a reference to the Tarascans defeating the Aztecs . Prior to Spanish contact, Indaparapeo

567-565: The new Euler Pole. The Western Limassol Forest Complex, an ophiolite assemblage on the island of Cyprus dated to the Late Cretaceous , is believed to have come from a leaky, left-lateral transform fault about 10 km (6.2 mi) wide. Structural deformation of dykes in the ophiolite complex indicate injection into a shearing environment; they trend N–S but are cut by E-W trending shear zones . These intrusions are likely syn-tectonic, as they both pass through and are cut by

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594-721: The north, bounded by the Sierra Madre Occidental to the west and Sierra Madre Oriental to the east. The Cofre de Perote and Pico de Orizaba volcanoes, in Puebla and Veracruz, mark the meeting of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt with the Sierra Madre Oriental. To the south, the basin of the Balsas River lies between the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and the Sierra Madre del Sur . This area

621-484: The other high peaks, are active or dormant volcanoes . Other notable volcanoes in the range include (from west to east) Nevado de Colima (4,339 metres (14,236 ft)), Parícutin (2,774 metres (9,101 ft)), Nevado de Toluca (4,577 metres (15,016 ft)), Popocatépetl (5,452 metres (17,887 ft)), Iztaccíhuatl (5,286 metres (17,343 ft)), Matlalcueitl (4,461 metres (14,636 ft)) Cofre de Perote (4,282 metres (14,049 ft)) and Sierra Negra ,

648-466: The plate boundary. This opens the fault, allowing melt to break through and cool on the ocean floor, producing new crust. This extensional component can come from a slight shift in the position of a plate's Euler Pole . In order to accommodate oblique motion along the plate boundary, these leaky transform faults can break up into a series of small transforms linked by short segments of spreading ridges. These new transforms will follow small circles centred on

675-642: The shear zones. The Emerald Fracture Zone (EMZ), located on the boundary of the Antarctic and Pacific plates to the south of New Zealand , is an ideal location to study extensional transform faults. The EMZ is proximal to the Euler Pole for Antarctic plate rotation about the Pacific, producing large effects on the boundary between the two plates as the pole migrated and relative plate velocities changed. Two main plate boundary reorganizations are evident in

702-615: The state's area. As of 2009, the land in Indaparapeo consists of farmland (41%), temperate forest (41%), grassland (9%), rainforest (5%), and urban areas (3%). About 95% of the entire municipality is located in the Lerma River basin, while the southernmost part is drained by the Purungueo River , a tributary of the Cutzamala River . Indaparapeo has a temperate climate with rain in the summer. Average temperatures in

729-732: Was inhabited by the Matlatzinca people , who were allies of the Tarascans. Indaparapeo was one of the 61 municipalities initially created in Michoacán in 1831. Its original extent has been reduced by the creation of several municipalities from its territory, namely Queréndaro in 1921, Álvaro Obregón in 1930 and Tzitzio in 1936. The municipal government comprises a president, a councillor ( Spanish : síndico ), and seven trustees ( regidores ), four elected by relative majority and three by proportional representation . The current president of

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