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64-651: Known as Argentine Antarctica ( Spanish : Antártida Argentina ) the country claimed a sector as part of its national territory consisting of the Antarctic Peninsula and a triangular section extending to the South Pole , is delimited by the 25° West and 74° West meridians and the 60° South parallel. Administratively, Argentine Antarctica is a department of the province of Tierra del Fuego, Antarctica, and South Atlantic Islands . This sector overlaps with Chilean and British claims but, under

128-672: A wind turbine designed and built by Argentine government company CITEDEF was installed on Marambio Base On 2011, three heavy lift helicopters were deployed in the Base Marambio : two Mil Mi 17 helicopters (bought in the same year), and the remaining Chinook from the Argentine Air Force . According to the principles of its creation, the Instituto Antártico Argentino participates with its scientific, technical and administrative staff, in

192-601: A hero's welcome. In the meantime, the John Biscoe had returned from the Falklands with a military escort and completed rebuilding the British base. The Antarctic Treaty of 1959 now treats the continent as a laboratory open to all, and provides that "no acts or activities ... shall constitute a basis for asserting, supporting or denying a claim to territorial sovereignty." The base was the birthplace of Emilio Palma ,

256-638: A machine gun over the heads of a civil team of British Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey workers and forced them to withdraw to their ship, the John Biscoe . On 17 January 1953, at Deception Island , the Refugio Teniente Lasala (a hut and a tent) was opened by the staff of the Argentine ship ARA Chiriguano . On 15 February, 32 Royal Marines of the British frigate HMS Snipe , armed with Sten submachine guns, rifles, and tear gas, captured two Argentine sailors. The Argentine refuge and

320-632: A nearby uninhabited Chilean hut were destroyed. The Argentine sailors were delivered on a British vessel to South Georgia on 18 February. A British detachment stayed three months on the island while the frigate patrolled the waters until April. On 4 May 1955, the United Kingdom filed two lawsuits against Argentina and Chile respectively, in the International Court of Justice in The Hague to declare Argentine and Chilean claims on

384-615: A report and a flag on Deception Island . In January 1943, the crew of the British ship HMS Carnarvon Castle removed the evidence of the Argentine inauguration and planted the British flag . On 5 March of the same year, the Argentine vessel ARA 1° de Mayo removed the British flag. In 1946, the National Antarctic Commission set new limits for Argentine Antarctica between the Meridian 25° and 74° West (near

448-431: A structure divided into six areas: Argentine Antarctica 75°00′S 49°30′W  /  75.000°S 49.500°W  / -75.000; -49.500 Argentine Antarctica ( Spanish : Antártida Argentina or Sector Antártico Argentino ) is an area on Antarctica claimed by Argentina as part of its national territory . It consists of the Antarctic Peninsula and a triangular section extending to

512-525: A weather station installed by Scotsman William Speirs Bruce , in Laurie Island in the South Orkneys, where there had been a crew of six men making scientific observations. In it was a meteorological observatory, where he also worked. A post office was installed. On 22 February 1904, civilian (employee of the Argentine company official post and telegraph) Hugo Alberto Acuna noted the first time

576-463: A wide range of national and international programmes for a better understanding of the Antarctic. Scientists are trained and deployed on Argentine bases for researching on different fields of science, including Atmosphere , Biology , Oceanography , Weather , Chemistry , Ozone Layer , Global warming and CO 2 . IAA research projects cover different areas: To carry out these objectives,

640-658: A winter population of 165. Fort%C3%ADn Sargento Cabral Esperanza Base ( Spanish : Base Esperanza , 'Hope Base') is a permanent, all-year-round Argentine research station in Hope Bay , Trinity Peninsula (in Graham Land on the Antarctic Peninsula ). It is one of only two civilian settlements in Antarctica (the other being the Chilean Villa Las Estrellas ). The base's motto

704-740: Is Permanencia, un acto de sacrificio ('Permanence, an act of sacrifice'). Built in 1953, the base houses 56 inhabitants in winter, including 10 families and 2 school teachers. Provincial school #38 Presidente Raúl Ricardo Alfonsín (formerly named Julio Argentino Roca ) was founded in 1978 and acquired independent status in 1997. It maintains the furthest South Scout troop . The base has an Argentine civil register office where births and weddings are recorded. The base has tourist facilities that are visited by about 1,100 tourists each year. The LRA 36 Radio Nacional Arcángel San Gabriel radio station started transmitting in 1979 and currently broadcasts on 15476 kHz shortwave and 96.7 MHz FM. It

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768-539: Is Sobral, 1,450 km (901 mi) from Belgrano II. The bases are supplied by ships as well as by C-130 Hercules and DHC-6 Twin Otter aircraft. The Argentine Navy devotes resources to its annual Antarctic missions. In 2022/23, the auxiliary vessels Puerto Argentino and Estrecho San Carlos were tasked to the mission, along with the icebreaker Almirante Irízar . These vessels were supported by Argentine Navy Sea King helicopters . As of mid-2023, Argentina

832-686: Is active. The refuge is Administered by the Argentine Army and depends on Esperanza Base , which is responsible for maintenance and care. The two refuges are located on the Tabarin Peninsula on the eastern tip of the Trinity Peninsula on the Antarctic Peninsula 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) south of Esperanza.The refuges pay homage to Martín Miguel de Güemes , a military man who served an outstanding role in

896-539: Is one of the southernmost radio stations in the world and its range signal includes audio identification in multiple languages. The host of "Panorama Nacional" Marcelo Ayala told at the beginning of 2024 about his life experience and broadcast by LRA36 Radio Nacional Arcángel San Gabriel. A wind generator was installed in 2008, mounted by INVAP . The 43 buildings of the station have a combined space of 3,744 square metres (40,300 sq ft) covered; 18,000 litres (4,800 US gal) of fuel are used annually by

960-481: Is sparse and limited only to coastal areas. The flag of Tierra del Fuego, which includes Argentine Antarctica, was adopted in 1999 as the result of a competition. It is a diagonal bicolor flag of sky blue and orange with a white albatross dividing the flag diagonally and the Southern Cross constellation in the blue upper half. The orange represents the fire in the province's name, while the blue represents

1024-534: Is used in the area, as in Argentina. Argentina has six permanent Antarctic stations and seven summer stations. According to the Argentine national census, in October 2010, Argentine Antarctica had 230 inhabitants (including 9 families and 16 children) at six permanent bases: 75 at Marambio , 66 at Esperanza , 33 at Carlini , 20 at San Martín , 19 at Belgrano II , and 17 at Orcadas . Provisional results of

1088-423: Is −38.4 °C (−37.1 °F) on 18 July 1994. The temperature trend since 1948 is +0.0315 °C/yr (+0.0567 °F/yr) (annual), +0.0413 °C/yr (+0.0743 °F/yr) (winter) and +0.0300 °C/yr (+0.0540 °F/yr) (summer). A group of items or structures of historic significance at, or close to, the base have been designated a Historic Site or Monument (HSM 40), following a proposal by Argentina to

1152-724: The "Antarctic and Malvinas Division" was created under authority of the Argentine Ministry of Foreign Affairs . The first continental Argentine base in Antarctica, the Almirante Brown Naval detachment, was opened in 1951. The following year, the Esperanza Naval detachment (now Esperanza Base ) opened. On 1 February 1952, while building the Esperanza Base at Hope Bay, the first shooting war in Antarctica occurred when an Argentine team fired

1216-548: The Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting . These comprise a bust of General San Martin , a grotto with a statue of the Virgin of Lujan , a flagpole erected in 1955, and a cemetery with a stele commemorating Argentine expedition members who died in the area. Refuge General Martín Güemes is the name given to two shelters in Antarctica. The first one is covered by ice, the second one

1280-652: The Antarctic Treaty System , there are no attempts by Argentina or any other country to actually enforce territorial claims in Antarctica. José María Sobral , who is considered in Argentina the father of the Argentine Antarctica and a national hero, began exploration at the end of 1901. In 1903, the Argentine Navy corvette ARA Uruguay commanded by Captain de Corbeta (Lieutenant commander) Julián Irízar successfully rescued

1344-775: The British Antarctic Survey : ‘‘an internal campaign like this was never attempted before in Antarctic History‘‘. Marambio Base was founded in 1969, currently the most important Argentine base on the Antarctica. In 1975 the Esperanza Base was built, and in 1979 the General Belgrano II . In 1978, the first Antarctic baby, Emilio Palma , was born in the Fortín Sargento Cabral at the Esperanza Base . In 2002,

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1408-630: The Hercules and Trinidad , strong winds pushed them to parallel 65 ° South. Brown claimed to have sighted Antarctic land on the expedition, saying that it is the reason why Argentine cartography often calls the northernmost part of the Antarctic Peninsula Tierra de la Trinidad . On 10 June 1829, the government of the province of Buenos Aires issued a decree creating the Political-Military Command of

1472-473: The John Biscoe to rebuild its damaged base. Following the Argentine show of force, the British team returned to the Falkland Islands . Shortly afterwards, Argentina issued a diplomatic apology, saying there had been a misunderstanding and the military commander on the ground had exceeded his authority. Despite this initial outward show of deference, the party was later welcomed back to Argentina with

1536-641: The Köppen system . Mean monthly temperatures range from −10.8 °C (12.6 °F) in July, the coldest month, to 1.5 °C (34.7 °F) in January, the warmest month. During summer (December–February), the average high is between 3.8 and 4.3 °C (38.8 and 39.7 °F) while the average low is between −2.0 and −1.2 °C (28.4 and 29.8 °F). In winter, mean temperatures are around −10.2 °C (13.6 °F). A temperature of 17.5 °C (63.5 °F)

1600-470: The South Pole , delimited by the 25° West and 74° West meridians and the 60° South parallel. This region overlaps with British and Chilean claims in Antarctica. None of these claims have widespread international recognition. Argentina's Antarctic claim is based on its presence on a base on Laurie Island in the South Orkney Islands since 1904, along with the area's proximity to

1664-548: The Swedish expedition team of Otto Nordenskjöld . In 1904 the Argentine permanent presence in Antarctica began with the opening of Orcadas Base on Laurie Island . Argentina was the only nation to have an Antarctic base for 40 years until the British built a base on the same islands. On April 1, 1940, the first radio communication by radio hams was made between Orcadas Base (LSX) and Buenos Aires (LU 7 ET). On February 7, 1942, an amphibious Stearman aircraft embarked on

1728-463: The UK claims , 20°W to 80°W . Currently, there are no attempts by Argentina or any other country to enforce territorial claims in Antarctica. See List of Antarctic territorial claims . None of these claims have widespread international recognition. In 1978, the first Antarctic baby was born in the Fortín Sargento Cabral at the Esperanza Base. He was named Emilio Palma . María de las Nieves Delgado

1792-848: The flag of Argentina was officially raised on the Argentine Antarctic Sector. The observatory became the Orcadas Base, which is the oldest existing permanent human settlement in the Antarctic territory, an event commemorated in Argentina as the Day of the Argentine Antarctic . The Argentine corvette ARA Uruguay returned to Antarctica in 1905 to take staff from the South Orkney and travel to Deception Island and Wiencke Island in search of Jean-Baptiste Charcot , whose French Antarctic Expedition (1903–1905)

1856-489: The 1960s, Argentina, with its fleet, began conducting ecological tourist cruises to Antarctica. At the same time, the Argentine state-owned Aerolíneas Argentinas began passenger flights between Ushuaia and Sydney , landing at Marambio Base . Between the mid-1960s and the first half of the 1970s, Argentina launched rockets from its Antarctic bases. These rockets were designed and built in Argentina and possessed meteorological instrumentation and radiation sensors. Operación 90

1920-714: The 2022 Argentine national census indicate 130 inhabitants for Argentine Antarctica. Residents take part in general elections within Tierra del Fuego Province. In 1815, Guillermo Brown , an Irish -born Argentine Marine Commodore serving in the naval forces of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata , began a campaign to intercept the Spanish fleet in the Pacific Ocean . When they were crossing Cape Horn aboard

1984-724: The ARA 1 de Mayo cargo ship made the first Argentine flight over Antarctica. On December 13, 1947, an Argentine Naval Aviation Douglas DC-4 piloted by Comodoro Gregorio Portillo flew over the Antarctic Circle in a 15 hours and 30 minutes flight. On 17 April 1951, Hernán Pujato founds the Instituto Antartico Argentino , by Decree Nº 7338. In 1953 the San Martín Base started operations, and Jubany base opened two years later. In 1958

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2048-402: The Antarctic Peninsula experiences strong cold winds and blizzards. In the interior of the continent, the climate is colder and drier due to the higher latitude, altitude, and strong continental influences. Mean annual temperatures range from −10 to −20 °C (14 to −4 °F) in the Antarctic Peninsula to −30 to −50 °C (−22 to −58 °F) in the interior. Temperatures are always low in

2112-893: The Antarctic and sub-Antarctic areas invalid. On 15 July 1955, the Chilean Government rejected the jurisdiction of the Court in that case, and on 1 August, the Argentine Government did the same. On 1 December 1959, the Antarctic Treaty was signed by Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States, entering into force on 23 June 1961. In

2176-523: The Argentine Navy mounted an internal operation sending the icebreaker ARA Almirante Irizar to rescue the trapped supply vessel Magdalena Oldendorff . Even though Irízar failed to break the Oldendorff free, she managed to move it to a safe position and re-supply the ship with food, medicines and medical personnel until the ice melted and the ship could return to open sea. In 2003, under

2240-536: The Argentine war of independence. The first refuge 63°29′00″S 57°00′00″W  /  63.483333°S 57°W  / -63.483333; -57 was located on the north east coast of the Duse Bay of the Trinity Peninsula and opened on October 23, 1953. Jorge Edgar Leal  [ es ] , at that time head of the newly created Esperanza Base, participated in its construction, being one of

2304-700: The Decree Nº 207/2003 issued by the Executive Power of Argentina, the Instituto Antártico Argentino became a part of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs . On the 2009 summer campaign, the Argentine Air Force operated the Teniente Matienzo Base only with women for three months although there was an emergency link available with the Bell 212s helicopters stationed at Marambio Base On 2010

2368-547: The Esperanza Base was chosen to house Argentine families that spent their winters in Antarctica. The first director of the Argentine Antarctic Institute, general Hernán Pujato , was the forerunner of the installation of the Fortín Sargento Cabral . On 13 August 1954, he proposed that the Argentine government create homes near Esperanza Base to populate with families with a goal of strengthening Argentine rights in that part of Antarctica. After finishing

2432-563: The Falkland (Malvinas) Islands (see Louis Vernet ) including the islands adjacent to Cape Horn, which is situated in the territorial waters of Argentina and the Antarctic islands. The Argentine government joined the Swedish Antarctic Expedition on 10 October 1900. This expedition received support, and in exchange, offered the services of the Argentine Navy to deliver scientific data and zoological collections. On

2496-462: The Institute trains and prepares specialists who can perform in these areas. Research areas are decided on the basis of Antarctic issues that are discussed in international forums. Among the topics to which the research is devoted are: global warming, the thinning of the ozone layer and the study of how it is affected by the use of some gases such as CO 2 , fluorides, and bromides. The IAA has

2560-780: The International Bureau of the Universal Postal Union about their claims in Antarctica and other islands of the South Atlantic. In 1939, Argentina temporarily created the National Commission of the Antarctic by Decree No. 35821. On 30 April 1940, it became a permanent body by Decree No. 61852 in order to increase research in the area. In October 1941, the Instituto Geográfico Militar published maps showing

2624-628: The South American continent, and is subject to the Antarctic Treaty . Administratively, Argentine Antarctica is a department of the province of Tierra del Fuego, Antarctica, and South Atlantic Islands . The provincial authorities are based in Ushuaia . Argentine activities in Antarctica are coordinated by the Instituto Antártico Argentino (IAA) and Argentine Antarctic Program . The Argentine exploration of

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2688-678: The United States handed over the Ellsworth Station located in the Weddell Sea . In 1965 the Argentine military conducted a land military manoeuvre known as Operación 90 in order to reach the South Pole . In the winter of 1968 at the request by the British embassy in Buenos Aires , an Argentine Navy Douglas DC-4 successfully delivered medical supplies to the British base EFE where one of its members, James K. Portwirie,

2752-443: The collapse of the Antarctic ship . A hut was built on Snow Hill Island in 1902. The Argentine Navy took possession of the hut in 1954 and named it Refugio Suecia. It is now an Argentine historical monument and historical site as mentioned by the Antarctic Treaty . The 1902 expedition built another hut in Hope Bay, which is also an Antarctic monument under the control of Esperanza Station. On 2 January 1904, Argentina acquired

2816-425: The construction of the houses, the Fortín Sargento Cabral was established on 17 February 1978 with five houses. The first documented person born in Antarctica was the Argentine Emilio Palma at Esperanza Base in 1978. His baptism in the Catholic chapel on 7 January 1978 was the first documented baptism on the continent. On 18 December 2012, the Foreign & Commonwealth Office of the United Kingdom announced that

2880-414: The continent started early in the 20th century. José María Sobral was the first Argentine to set foot on Antarctica in 1902, where he spent two seasons with the Swedish Antarctic Expedition of Otto Nordenskiöld . Shortly afterward, in 1904, the Orcadas Permanent Base was established. Years later, other permanent and seasonal bases were constructed. The first Argentine expedition to reach the South Pole

2944-405: The extent of the future Argentine claim between the 25° W and 75° W. In January 1942 the Argentine Government, according to the sector theory , said their Antarctic rights were between the Meridian 25° and 68°24' West (near Punta Dúngeness ). On 8 November 1942, Argentina laid claim to Antarctic land when an expedition under the command of the captain Alberto J. Oddera placed a cylinder containing

3008-424: The far east of the South Sandwich Islands ). on 4 March 1948, Chile and Argentina signed a mutual agreement protecting and defending legal rights of the territorial Antarctic, mutually recognizing their claims. On 7 April 1948, Decree No. 9905 placed the administration of the Argentine Antarctic Sector with the maritime Governor of the National Territory of Tierra del Fuego. On 9 June 1948, by her Decree No. 17040,

3072-431: The first person to be born in Antarctica. There have been at least ten other children born at the base. Like the rest of the Antarctic Peninsula, the base has a polar climate characterized by strong winds that descend downwards from the Antarctic ice sheet . These winds can exceed 250 km/h (160 mph), leading to blowing snow and reduced visibility. The climate is classified as a polar tundra (ET) climate in

3136-403: The first refuges installed by the Army and the second in the continental Antarctica. The refuge was destroyed by the ice in 1960. The second refuge 63°30′14″S 57°07′25″W  /  63.503911°S 57.123603°W  / -63.503911; -57.123603 is active and is located in the Tabarin Peninsula and was inaugurated on September 15, 1959. It has capacity for six people, food for

3200-441: The four generators to produce electricity for the station. Research projects include: glaciology , seismology , oceanography , coastal ecology , biology , geology , and limnology . In the Hope Bay incident in 1952, this area was also the scene of the only shots fired in anger in Antarctica, when an Argentine shore party fired a machine gun over the heads of a Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey team unloading supplies from

3264-411: The north. The highest peaks are located at the south of the Antarctic Peninsula , which has islands and archipelagos nearby. The land is under an ice sheet . The climate of the region ranges from a subpolar climate in the north to a polar climate in the south. The region has an extremely cold climate, with mean temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F) with frost and snowfall occurring throughout

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3328-401: The region; during the polar night in winter, temperatures drop to −42 °C (−44 °F). In the warmest month, mean temperatures are usually below 0 °C (32 °F). Coastal areas have mean temperatures in the warmest month at around freezing. Precipitation mainly falls as snow. Due to the ice sheets and glaciers covering most of the region and the severity of the climate, the flora

3392-468: The sky and reflects the color of the national flag. Esperanza and Marambio are the largest Argentine bases, together holding 70 buildings, with a combined occupancy rate ranging from roughly 110 in winter to 250 in summer. Orcadas Base on the South Orkney Islands is the world's first Antarctic base, operating continuously since 1903. The southernmost Argentine permanent base is Belgrano II, at around 77 latitudinal degrees south. The southernmost summer base

3456-527: The southern part of the British Antarctic Territory (which included a portion of Argentine Antarctica) would be named Queen Elizabeth Land in honor of Queen Elizabeth II . Argentina opposed Britain's decision to rename the area. In 2013, the Argentine Defense Ministry announced that Petrel Base would become a permanent base by 2015. The base will have an airport and facilities to transfer passengers and cargo. The geographic structure of Argentine Antarctica shares some features with Patagonia , located to

3520-405: The transport ARA Guardia Nacional , under the command of the Lieutenant Alfredo P. Lamas, established an observatory in Grytviken in Cumberland Bay , renamed in Spanish Bahía Guardia Nacional . On 30 March 1927, the first radiotelegraph station in Antarctica was inaugurated on the South Orkney Islands. On 15 December 1927, the General Directorate of Post and Telegraph from Argentina informed

3584-429: The way through Buenos Aires , Lieutenant Jose Maria Sobral boarded the ship Antarctic on 21 December 1901. As no news of the expedition reached the Argentine government, it fulfilled its commitment to support the expedition by renovating the Corvette ARA Uruguay . It set out on 8 October 1903 under the command of Lieutenant Julián Irizar to find and rescue members of the expedition who had been sheltering following

3648-436: The year. In general, there are two different climatic zones found within the region: a glacial climate in the interior and an oceanic one in the Antarctic Peninsula and adjacent islands. The glacial climate found in the interior is dominated by continental ice sheets and glaciers , while in the Antarctic Peninsula and its adjacent islands, the climate is characterized by very strong winds, particularly in winter. In particular,

3712-508: Was believed to be lost. Because of the Argentine collaboration with his expedition, Charcot named an insular group as Argentine Islands . One of these islands was named Galindez Island in honor of the captain of the Corvette, Ismael Galíndez, and another was named Uruguay Island , in homage to the Argentine Corvette. The Argentine Government established two meteorological observatories on South Georgia Island and Wandel Island . Two attempted expeditions to Wandel Island failed. In June 1905,

3776-445: Was in discussions with Finland to build a new polar logistics vessel, the "ARC 133". The ship is to be a Polar 4 class vessel (year-round operation in thick first-year ice, which may include old ice inclusions) and is envisaged for completion by the latter 2020s. There are 64 other establishments in Argentine Antarctica. Argentina's claim to the Antarctic Peninsula overlaps with the Antarctic claims of Chile , 53°W to 90°W , and

3840-449: Was recorded on 24 March 2015. This reading was the highest temperature ever recorded on mainland Antarctica and its surrounding islands, until on 6 February 2020, a new high of 18.3 °C (64.9 °F) was recorded at the base, being the current record and considered by the World Meteorological Organization to be the highest temperature ever recorded for mainland Antarctica and its surrounding islands. The lowest temperature ever recorded

3904-472: Was the 1965 Operación 90 . The estimated area of Argentine Antarctica is 1,461,597 km (564,326 sq mi), of which 965,597 km (372,819 sq mi) is land. The ice of the glaciers over the territory's surface has an average thickness of 2 kilometres. Temperatures fall in a typical range from 0°C in summer to -60°C in winter, although in certain points the temperature may drop to as low as -82°C and may rise to 18°C. Time zone UTC-3

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3968-770: Was the first Antarctic girl, born on 27 March 1978 at Esperanza Base. By 1980, six more children were born at the base: Rubén Eduardo de Carli (21 September 1979), Francisco Javier Sosa (21 September 1979), Silvina Analía Arnouil (14 January 1980), José Manuel Valladares Solís (24 January 1980), Lucas Daniel Posse (4 February 1980) and María Sol Cosenza (3 May 1983). The base has an Argentine civil registry office where there have been births and weddings. In 1991, there were 142 permanent residents, including 19 minors. These residents are families that live in Antarctica or scientists that have lived there for more than two years. There were 121 men and 21 women that lived mostly near Esperanza and other bases. As of 1998–1999, Argentine Antarctica had

4032-439: Was the first Argentine ground expedition to the South Pole . It was conducted in 1965 by ten soldiers of the Argentine Army under then-Colonel Jorge Edgard Leal. The operation was named for the target 90 degree South latitude point (the geographic South Pole ). On 8 April 1970, the Governor of Tierra del Fuego issued Decree No. 149 creating four new departments, among them the Argentine Antarctic Sector Department. In 1977,

4096-405: Was through a medical emergency. However, after a few days, Portwirie's situation worsened, making a rescue necessary. An Argentine Air Force aircraft attempted to reach the base but crashed without casualties. On August 9, in the middle of the Antarctic winter, the Argentine Navy icebreaker ARA General San Martín was sent to rescue Portwirie. The operation was successful, gaining the thanks of

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