21-583: Lorem ipsum ( / ˌ l ɔː . r ə m ˈ ɪ p . s ə m / LOR -əm IP -səm ) is a dummy or placeholder text commonly used in graphic design, publishing, and web development to fill empty spaces in a layout that do not yet have content. Lorem ipsum is typically a corrupted version of De finibus bonorum et malorum , a 1st-century BC text by the Roman statesman and philosopher Cicero , with words altered, added, and removed to make it nonsensical and improper Latin . The first two words themselves are
42-426: A disti nctio. Nam liber o tempor e, cum soluta nobis est elige ndi optio, cumque nihil impedit, quo minus id, quod maxim e placeat facer e possim us, omnis volupt as assumenda est, omnis dolor repellend[a] us. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet, ut et voluptates repudiandae sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur
63-930: A inci[di]dunt, ut labore et dolore magna m aliqua m quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minim a veniam, quis nostru m [d] exercitation em ullam co rporis suscipit labori o s am, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commod i consequat ur? [D] Q uis aute m vel eum i[r]ure reprehenderit, qui in ea voluptate velit esse , quam nihil molestiae c onsequatur, vel illum , qui dolore m eu m fugiat , quo voluptas nulla pariatur ? [33] At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus, qui blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti, quos dolores et quas molestias exceptur i sint, obcaecat i cupiditat e non pro v ident , similique sunt in culpa , qui officia deserunt mollit ia anim i, id est laborum et dolorum fuga . Et harum qui de m re r u[d] um facilis est e[r] t expedit
84-1203: A truncation of dolorem ipsum ("pain itself"). Versions of the Lorem ipsum text have been used in typesetting at least since the 1960s, when it was popularized by advertisements for Letraset transfer sheets. Lorem ipsum was introduced to the digital world in the mid-1980s, when Aldus employed it in graphic and word-processing templates for its desktop publishing program PageMaker . Other popular word processors , including Pages and Microsoft Word , have since adopted Lorem ipsum , as have many LaTeX packages, web content managers such as Joomla! and WordPress , and CSS libraries such as Semantic UI. A common form of Lorem ipsum reads: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. The Lorem ipsum text
105-903: A 1994 letter to the editor of Before & After magazine, contesting the editor's earlier claim that Lorem ipsum held no meaning. The relevant section of Cicero as printed in the source is reproduced below with fragments used in Lorem ipsum highlighted. Letters in brackets were added to Lorem ipsum and were not present in the source text: [32] Sed ut perspiciatis, unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam eaque ipsa, quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae dicta sunt, explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem, quia voluptas sit, aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos, qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt, neque porro quisquam est, qui do lorem ipsum , quia dolor sit amet consectetur adipisci[ng] v elit, sed quia non numquam [do] eius mod i tempor
126-434: A complete account of the system, and expound the actual teachings of the great explorer of the truth, the master-builder of human happiness. No one rejects, dislikes or avoids pleasure itself, because it is pleasure, but because those who do not know how to pursue pleasure rationally encounter consequences that are extremely painful. Nor again is there anyone who loves or pursues or desires to obtain pain of itself, because it
147-622: A free hour, when our power of choice is untrammeled and when nothing prevents our being able to do what we like best, every pleasure is to be welcomed and every pain avoided. But in certain circumstances and owing to the claims of duty or the obligations of business it will frequently occur that pleasures have to be repudiated and annoyances accepted. The wise man therefore always holds in these matters to this principle of selection: he rejects pleasures to secure other greater pleasures, or else he endures pains to avoid worse pains. De finibus bonorum et malorum De finibus bonorum et malorum ("On
168-414: A sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. What follows is H. Rackham 's translation, as printed in the 1914 Loeb edition, with words at least partially represented in Lorem ipsum highlighted: [32] But I must explain to you how all this mistaken idea of reprobating pleasure and extolling pain arose. To do so, I will give you
189-480: Is derived from sections 1.10.32 and 1.10.33 of Cicero 's De finibus bonorum et malorum . The physical source may have been the 1914 Loeb Classical Library edition of De finibus , where the Latin text, presented on the left-hand (even) pages, breaks off on page 34 with " Neque porro quisquam est qui do- " and continues on page 36 with " lorem ipsum ... ", suggesting that the galley type of that page
210-451: Is pain, but occasionally circumstances occur in which toil and pain can procure him some great pleasure. To take a trivial example, which of us ever undertakes laborious physical exercise, except to obtain some advantage from it? But who has any right to find fault with a man who chooses to enjoy a pleasure that has no annoying consequences, or one who avoids a pain that produces no resultant pleasure? [33] On
231-473: Is structured so that each philosophical system is described in its own book, and then disputed in the following book (with exception of Antiochus' view which is both explained and disputed in book five). The book was developed in the summer of the year 45 BC, and was written over the course of about one and a half months. Together with the Tusculanae Quaestiones written shortly afterwards and
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#1732791468990252-518: The Academica , De finibus bonorum et malorum is one of the most extensive philosophical works of Cicero. Cicero dedicated the book to Marcus Junius Brutus . The first two books are a dialogue set at Cicero's country home in Cumae between himself and a young Epicurean named Lucius Torquatus , while another young Roman named Gaius Triarius listens on. In the first book, the interlocutors present
273-526: The article wizard to submit a draft for review, or request a new article . Search for " Harris Rackham " in existing articles. Look for pages within Misplaced Pages that link to this title . Other reasons this message may be displayed: If a page was recently created here, it may not be visible yet because of a delay in updating the database; wait a few minutes or try the purge function . Titles on Misplaced Pages are case sensitive except for
294-459: The Epicurean theory of hedonism , which holds that pleasure in the form of aponia (absence of pain) is regarded as the highest good. In the second book, Cicero criticizes this view, attacking the Epicurean definition of pleasure and arguing that it is inconsistent to hold pleasure as the absence of pain as the final good, since these are not one single good, but rather two distinct goods. In
315-501: The ends of good and evil") is a Socratic dialogue by the Roman orator, politician, and Academic Skeptic philosopher Marcus Tullius Cicero . It consists of three dialogues, over five books, in which Cicero discusses the philosophical views of Epicureanism , Stoicism , and the Platonism of Antiochus of Ascalon (whose hybrid system mingled Stoicism with an " Old Academy " tradition of Platonism and Aristotelianism ). The treatise
336-613: The exclusion of other goods entailed by Stoic doctrine. In the last book Cicero presents in the form of a dialogue between himself and several friends the theory of eudaimonia taught by Antiochus of Ascalon , which treats Aristotelianism as a subgroup of Platonism . This theory includes both virtue and external goods as the highest good. At the end of the book, Cicero criticized logical inconsistencies of this teaching, but more briefly and only addressing details, not broader principles. Cicero then declares that he follows this school of thought, albeit not without reservations, while respecting
357-905: The 💕 Look for Harris Rackham on one of Misplaced Pages's sister projects : [REDACTED] Wiktionary (dictionary) [REDACTED] Wikibooks (textbooks) [REDACTED] Wikiquote (quotations) [REDACTED] Wikisource (library) [REDACTED] Wikiversity (learning resources) [REDACTED] Commons (media) [REDACTED] Wikivoyage (travel guide) [REDACTED] Wikinews (news source) [REDACTED] Wikidata (linked database) [REDACTED] Wikispecies (species directory) Misplaced Pages does not have an article with this exact name. Please search for Harris Rackham in Misplaced Pages to check for alternative titles or spellings. You need to log in or create an account and be autoconfirmed to create new articles. Alternatively, you can use
378-474: The next two books Stoic ethics are discussed. In the third book Cicero's interlocutor, Marcus Porcius Cato , presents Stoic doctrine. Here Cicero introduces the technical terms used by the Stoics into Latin . The highest and only good of the Stoics is virtue (moral good). In the fourth book, Cicero casts doubt on this dogma , arguing a supposed natural state (the "cradle argument"), as well as issues regarding
399-457: The other hand, we denounce with righteous indignation and dislike men who are so beguiled and demoralized by the charms of pleasure of the moment, so blinded by desire, that they cannot foresee the pain and trouble that are bound to ensue; and equal blame belongs to those who fail in their duty through weakness of will, which is the same as saying through shrinking from toil and pain. These cases are perfectly simple and easy to distinguish. In
420-423: The valuable aspects of the teachings presented in the previous books. In graphic design , Lorem ipsum , a commonly used placeholder text , is based on De finibus . The placeholder text is taken from parts of the first book's discourse on Epicureanism . Words of the original text have been altered, added, and removed in Lorem ipsum , rendering it nonsensical as Latin . Harris Rackham From Misplaced Pages,
441-401: Was mixed up to make the dummy text seen today. The discovery of the text's origin is attributed to Richard McClintock, a Latin scholar at Hampden–Sydney College . McClintock connected Lorem ipsum to Cicero's writing sometime before 1982 while searching for instances of the Latin word consectetur , which was rarely used in classical literature. McClintock first published his discovery in
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