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19-467: Former parties Former parties Former parties The Communist Party of Israel , commonly known by its Hebrew abbreviation Maki ( Hebrew : מק״י ), is a far-left communist political party in Israel that forms part of the political alliance known as Hadash . It was originally known as Rakah ( רק"ח ), an acronym for Reshima Komunistit Hadasha ("New Communist List"), after breaking away from

38-710: A new party, Rakah, which the Soviet Union recognised as the "official" Communist Party. Shlomo Sand and Mahmoud Darwish were also Rakah activists. The Eurocommunist faction, led by Sneh, remained in Maki. It was reported in the Soviet media that the Mikunis–Sneh group defected to the bourgeois-nationalist camp. The 1965 Israeli legislative election saw Rakah party win three seats, comprehensively beating Maki as it slumped to just one. Rakah's opposition to Zionism and

57-544: A numeric value, embedding an acrostic may give an additional layer of meaning to these works. One purpose of acrostics was as a mnemonic or a way for an author to weave his name as a signature, or some other spiritual thought, into his work, at a time when much was memorized. Examples of prayers which contain acrostics include: Geresh Geresh ( ׳ ‎ in Hebrew : גֶּרֶשׁ ‎ or גֵּרֶשׁ ‎ [ˈɡeʁeʃ] , or medieval [ˈɡeːɾeːʃ] )

76-562: A single letter to indicate that the letter represents a Hebrew numeral . For example: ק׳ represents 100. A multi-digit Hebrew numeral is indicated by the Gershayim ⟨״⟩ . As a note of cantillation in the reading of the Torah , the Geresh is printed above the accented letter: ב֜ ‎. The Geresh Muqdam (lit. 'a Geresh made earlier'), a variant cantillation mark,

95-504: Is a sign in Hebrew writing. It has two meanings. As a diacritic , the Geresh is written immediately after (left of) the letter it modifies. It indicates three sounds native to speakers of modern Hebrew that are common in loan words and slang : [dʒ] as in j u dg e , [ʒ] as in mea s ure and [tʃ] as in ch ur ch . In transliteration of Arabic , it indicates Arabic phonemes which are usually allophones in modern Hebrew: [ɣ]

114-464: Is distinguished from [r] and [ħ] is distinguished from [χ] . Finally, it indicates other sounds foreign to the phonology of modern Hebrew speakers and used exclusively for the transliteration of foreign words: [ð] as in th en , [θ] as in th in , [sˤ] ; and, in some transliteration systems, also [tˤ] , [dˤ] and [ðˤ] . It may be compared to the usage of a following h in various Latin digraphs to form other consonant sounds not supported by

133-478: Is mainly used in technical writing and regarded nonstandard by the Hebrew Academy. Often (and especially when they describe a noun), Hebrew acronyms are pronounced by the insertion of a vowel sound (usually [a] ) between the letters. These vowels often appear in transliterations to other scripts. Examples include Shas ( ש״ס ), Tanakh ( תנ״ך ) and Shabak ( שב״כ ). There are exceptions to

152-481: Is placed between the last two letters of the non-inflected form of the acronym (e.g. "report" in singular is דו״ח , hence the plural דו״חות ). Acronyms can be formed from strings of single initial letters, e.g. פזצט״א pazátsta (for פול, זחל, צפה, טווח, אש ), or multiple initial letters, e.g. ארה״ק (for ארץ הקודש , the Holy Land) or ראשל״צ ráshlats (for ראשון לציון , Rishon LeZion ). If

171-593: The Israeli Black Panthers to form Hadash . After the original Maki had disappeared after merging into Ratz in 1981, members of Rakah decided to change the party's name to Maki in 1989. The party remains the leading force in Hadash, and owns the Al-Ittihad newspaper. Hebrew abbreviations Acronyms in Hebrew use a special punctuation mark called gershayim ( ״ ‎ ). This mark

190-682: The Middle Ages . Several important rabbis are referred to with acronyms of their names. For example, R abbi Sh lomo ben Y itzchak is known as Rashi ( רש״י ), R abbi M oshe b en M aimon ( Maimonides ) is commonly known as Rambam ( רמב״ם ), R abbi M oshe b en N ahman ( Nahmanides ) is likewise known as the Ramban ( רמב״ן ), and B aal Sh em T ov is called the Besht ( בעש״ט ). A number of such acronyms differ only in their last letter. They all begin with Mahara- , as an acronym of

209-473: The Six-Day War meant that they were excluded from the national unity governments of the sixth Knesset . In the 1969 Israeli legislative election Rakah again won three seats. During the 1973 Israeli legislative election Rakah saw a rise in support as the party picked up four seats. Before the 1977 elections the party joined with some other small left-wing and Arab parties, including some members of

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228-528: The United Nations ); ביל״ו Bilu ; לח״י Lehi . (An exception is בית״ר , Beitar , pronounced beytar .) Hebrew numbers (e.g. year numbers in the Hebrew calendar ) are written the same way as acronyms, with gershayim before the last character, but pronounced as separate letter names. For example, ה׳תשע״ה (5775  AM , or 2014–2015  CE ) is pronounced hei-tav-shin-ayin-hei . Acronyms have been widely used in Hebrew since at least

247-542: The acronym is read as is, then the spelling should be with a final form letter. If, on the other hand, the acronym is read as the complete phrase or read as the individual letters, then it should be spelled with a medial form letter. In practice, this rule is often ignored, and the acronyms spelled either way. Abbreviations that are truncations of a single word, consisting of the first letter or first several letters of that word (as opposed to acronyms formed from initials or truncations of more than one word) are denoted using

266-586: The basic Latin alphabet, such as "sh", "th", etc. There are six additional letters in the Arabic alphabet . They are Ṯāʾ , Ḫāʾ , Ḏāl , Ḍād , Ẓāʾ , and Ghayn . Also, some letters have different sounds in Arabic phonology and modern Hebrew phonology , such as Jīm . Some words or suffixes of Yiddish origin or pronunciation are marked with a geresh, e.g. the diminutive suffix לֶ׳ה – -le , e.g. יענקל׳ה – Yankale (as in Yankale Bodo ), or

285-545: The original Maki in the 1960s. Rakah was formed on 1 September 1965 due to internal disagreements in Maki , the original Communist Party of Israel, which was split between a largely Jewish and Zionist faction led by Moshe Sneh that was critical of the Soviet Union's anti-Zionist stance, and a largely Arab faction that was increasingly anti-Zionist . As a result, the pro-Arab/pro-Soviet faction (including Emile Habibi , Tawfik Toubi and Meir Vilner ) left Maki to form

304-511: The punctuation mark geresh ( ׳ ‎ ) by placing the sign after the last letter of the abbreviation (e.g. "Ms.": גב׳ ). However, in practice, single and double quotes are often used instead of the special punctuation marks (for which most keyboards do not have keys), with the single quote used both in acronyms and abbreviations. In Modern Hebrew, periods are sometimes used to mark an abbreviation (e.g., ת.ז. for תעודת זהות , "ID card", or ת.ד. for תא דואר , "P.O.B.") this notation

323-506: The use of "a", such as Etzel ( אצ״ל ). When one of the letters is vav or yud , these may be read as vowels ("u"/"o" and "i") instead: דו״ח ( duakh / dokh = דין וחשבון , judgement and account); אדמו״ר ( admor = אדוננו מורנו ורבנו , Hasidic rebbe); שו״ת ( shut = שאלות ותשובות , questions and answers); סכו״ם ( sakum = סכין כף ומזלג , knife spoon and fork); תפו״ז ( tapuz = תפוח זהב , orange, lit. golden apple); או״ם ( um = האומות המאוחדות ,

342-541: The words חבר׳ה – [ˈχevre] , 'guys' (which is the Yiddish pronunciation of Hebrew חברה [χevˈra] 'company'), or תכל׳ס – [ˈtaχles] , 'bottom-line'. The geresh is used as a punctuation mark in initialisms and to denote numerals . In initialisms , the Geresh is written after the last letter of the initialism. For example: the title גְּבֶרֶת (literally "lady") is abbreviated גב׳ , equivalent to English "Mrs" and "Ms". A Geresh can be appended after (left of)

361-520: The words מורנו הרב רבי ... ( Morenu Ha-Rav rabi ... , "Our teacher the Rabbi ..."). The usage of Hebrew acronyms extends to liturgical groupings: the word Tanakh ( תנ״ך ) is an acronym for T orah (Five Books of Moses), N evi'im (Book of Prophets), and K etuvim (Hagiographa). Most often, though, one will find use of acronyms as acrostics , in both prayer, poetry (see Piyyut ), and kabbalistic works. Because each Hebrew letter also has

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