36-763: The Iveco S-Way is a heavy-duty truck manufactured by the Italian vehicle manufacturer Iveco . It was introduced in 2019 as a successor to the Iveco Stralis and is currently assembled in Madrid , Spain. In November 2022, the S-Way was launched in South America, produced at the Iveco Sete Lagoas plant. The S-Way debuted on 2 July 2019 with a new cabin and digital technologies. The Iveco X-Way
72-530: A European driving licence include (among others) B for general motor vehicles, C for large goods vehicles, D for large passenger vehicles (buses), and are limited by the Gross Vehicle Weight Rating and number of passenger seats. The general categories are further divided as follows: For the "trailer" categories, a separate driving test is generally required (e.g., "C", and "CE" require separate tests). The classifications used on
108-649: A heavy goods vehicle (i.e. any vehicle other than those used for passenger transport) with a GVWR of over 7,500 kg (16,500 lb) must obtain a class C licence. Anyone looking to drive any vehicle with a GVWR of up to 3,500–7,500 kg (7,700–16,500 lb) must obtain a class C1 licence. Anyone with a class C licence can drive class C1 vehicles. In the United States, three important GVWR limitations are 6,000, 8,500, and 26,000 pounds [lb] (2,722, 3,856, and 11,793 kg). Vehicles over 6,000 lb are restricted from some city roadways, although it
144-468: A 1-ton Dodge Van or a 1 ⁄ 2 -ton GMC Suburban), medium duty trucks (e.g. the 1 1 ⁄ 2 -ton Ford F-550 ) and some military vehicles, like the ubiquitous deuce-and-a-half . Some pickup trucks may be marketed as heavy duty (eg Ram Heavy Duty ), super duty (eg Ford Super Duty ) or simply "HD". This is not to be confused with the truck classification of class 7 and 8 being heavy duty. The Class 8 truck gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR)
180-430: A CDL for any vehicle with three or more axles that has a gross vehicle weight rating of over 6,000 pounds. When light-duty trucks were first produced in the United States, they were rated by their payload capacity in tons : 1 ⁄ 2 (1000 pounds), 3 ⁄ 4 (1500 pounds) and 1-ton (2000 pounds). Ford had introduced the "One-Tonner" in 1938 to their line of trucks. The "Three-quarter-tonner" appeared in
216-433: A CDL for these vehicles under their discretion. A CDL is also required to operate any vehicle that transports at least 16 passengers (including the driver) or hazardous materials requiring placards under federal and state law regardless of the weight of the vehicle. States may extend CDL requirements for additional vehicles, for example, New York requires a CDL to operate a stretched limousine and California requires
252-426: A motorcycle excludes some or all of the following: gasoline (or other fuel), engine oil, coolant, brake fluid, or battery . There is no standardized way to test the dry weight of a motorcycle. Inconsistencies will almost always be found between a motorcycle manufacturer's published dry weight and motorcycle press and media outlet's published dry weight. This is due to different testing techniques, differences in what
288-530: A separate system of emissions classifications for trucks. The United States Census Bureau also assigned classifications in its Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey (VIUS) (formerly Truck Inventory and Use Survey (TIUS)). United States federal law requires drivers to have a commercial driver's license (CDL) to operate heavy-duty vehicles (Class 7 and 8) in commerce, with the exception of emergency vehicles and vehicles strictly used for recreational and/or agricultural purposes, though it allows states to require
324-432: A vehicle is influenced by passengers, cargo, even fuel level, so a number of terms are used to express the weight of a vehicle in a designated state. Gross combined weight rating (GCWR) refers to the total mass of a vehicle including all trailers. GVWR and GCWR are used to specify weight limitations and restrictions. Gross trailer weight rating specifies the maximum weight of a trailer and the gross axle weight rating specifies
360-570: A vehicle is rated to tow by the manufacturer. In the United States and Canada, the static tongue load, the weight of the trailer as measured at the trailer coupling, is generally recommended to be 10–15% of the GTWR. In the United States and Canada, there are four main weight classes of trailer hitches as defined by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE): The gross combined weight rating or gross combination weight rating (GCWR), also referred to as
396-552: Is a light construction truck based on the S-Way. In the past, the X-Way was equipped with the Stralis cab, but from Q4 2020 the S-Way cab is used instead. In November 2019, Nikola Motor Company and Iveco presented the jointly developed Nikola Tre electric truck, with a power of 644 hp (480 kW), a maximum torque of 1,800 N⋅m (1,300 lbf⋅ft), a battery of 720 kWh and an autonomy of up to 400 km (250 mi). It
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#1732797801671432-484: Is a vehicle with a GVWR exceeding 33,000 lb (14,969 kg). These include tractor trailer tractors, single-unit dump trucks of a GVWR over 33,000 lb, as well as non-commercial chassis fire trucks; such trucks typically have 3 or more axles. The typical 5-axle tractor-trailer combination , also called a " semi " or "18-wheeler", is a Class 8 vehicle. Standard trailers vary in length from 8 ft (2.4 m) containers to 57 ft (17 m) van trailers, with
468-665: Is also required for certain vehicles under 26,000 lb GVWR, such as buses and for-hire passenger vehicles of 16 or more passengers, all vehicles transporting placarded hazardous materials or wastes regardless of weight or load class, and any vehicle towing a trailer with a Gross Trailer Weight over 10,000 lb (4,536 kg) where the combined weight ratings of the vehicle and trailer are greater than 26,000 lbs. Laws vary from state to state, but typically vehicles over 10,000 lb are required to stop at weigh stations . Sometimes large passenger or non-commercial vehicles such as RVs are exempt from this. Additionally, many states use
504-426: Is being excluded, and a lack of defining how testing was conducted by the organization doing the testing. The gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR), or gross vehicle mass (GVM), is the maximum operating weight/mass of a vehicle as specified by the manufacturer including the vehicle's chassis, body, engine, engine fluids, fuel, accessories, driver, passengers and cargo but excluding that of any trailers . The weight of
540-711: Is developed on the basis of the Iveco S-Way. On 21 September 2022, at the IAA Transportation 2022 exhibition in Hanover , the production version of the Nikola Tre BEV 4x2 was presented, with a range of up to 530 km (330 mi) without recharging. A hydrogen fuel cell prototype, the Nikola Tre FCEV 6×2 , which has an autonomy of up to 800 km (500 mi), was also presented at
576-477: Is not always clear if this restriction is for actual curb weight or GVWR. Commercial vehicles over the 8,500 lb threshold are required to have insurance under the Motor Carrier Act of 1980 and 49 CFR 387.303 . Vehicles or combinations with a GVWR over 26,000 lb (11,793 kg) generally require a Commercial Driver License (CDL) or a Non-Commercial Class "A" or "B" license. A CDL
612-541: Is the total mass of a vehicle with standard equipment and all necessary operating consumables such as motor oil , transmission oil, brake fluid , coolant , air conditioning refrigerant, and sometimes a full tank of fuel, while not loaded with either passengers or cargo. The gross vehicle weight is larger and includes the maximum payload of passengers and cargo. This definition may differ from definitions used by governmental regulatory agencies or other organizations. For example, many European Union manufacturers include
648-613: The International Driving Permit are similar to the European model. The licence categories that deal with trucks are B and C: Truck (Lorry) See List of truck types Gross Vehicle Weight Rating Vehicle weight is a measurement of wheeled motor vehicles; either an actual measured weight of the vehicle under defined conditions or a gross weight rating for its weight carrying capacity. Curb weight (American English) or kerb weight (British English)
684-483: The fourth power of the axle weight. This means that doubling the axle weight will increase road damage (2x2x2x2)=16 times. For this reason, trucks with a high axle weight are heavily taxed in most countries. Examples of GAWR on common axles: In the EU and U.S. legal maximum load restrictions are placed on weight, independent of the manufacturer's rating. In the EU a tractor can generally have 10 tonnes (22,000 lb) on
720-470: The 13-class system from the United States' Federal Highway Administration —sometimes with modifications, or in Ontario's case, for limited purposes. British Columbia and Ontario also distinguish between short- and long-combination trucks. In accident reporting, eight jurisdictions subdivide trucks by GVWR into light and heavy classes at approximately 4 500 kg ( 9 921 lb ). Vehicle categories on
756-543: The Ford truck lineup in 1939. Over time, payload capacities for most domestic pickup trucks have increased while the ton titles have stayed the same. The 1948 Ford F-1 had a Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) of 4700 pounds. The truck was marketed with a "Nominal Tonnage Rating: Half-Ton." The actual cargo capacity had increased to 1450 pounds. Ford adopted this promotional nomenclature in 1948 to assist buyers, sellers, and users. The now-imprecise ton rating has continued since
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#1732797801671792-680: The GVWR for registration purposes, where over a certain weight such as 8,000 lb, a mill rate is applied to the GVWR to arrive at a registration fee. . On vehicles designed for the North American market, the GVWR can be found alongside other vehicle technical specifications on the Vehicle ID Plate that is usually located on the interior of the B-pillar according to U.S. or Canadian Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (inside
828-488: The United States, commercial truck classification is determined based on the vehicle's gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR). The classes are numbered 1 through 8. Trucks are also classified more broadly by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), which groups classes 1 and 2 as light duty , 3 through 6 as medium duty , and 7 and 8 as heavy duty . The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has
864-472: The capacity of the radiator , and the ability of the chassis to withstand that torque. The gross axle weight rating (GAWR) is the maximum distributed weight that may be supported by an axle of a road vehicle. Typically, GAWR is followed by either the letters FR or RR, which indicate front or rear axles respectively. Road damage rises steeply with axle weight, and is estimated "as a rule of thumb... for reasonably strong pavement surfaces" to be proportional to
900-451: The capacity of the fuel tank. There is no standard for dry weight, so it's open to interpretations. Some vehicle manufacturers have used the term shipping weight , which refers to the vehicle in as-built, no-option condition. This would include engine oil, coolant, brake fluid and at least some small quantity of fuel, as vehicles have traditionally been driven off the assembly line and these fluids were necessary to do so. The dry weight of
936-531: The curb weight specified by the manufacturer. For a motorcycle, wet weight is the equivalent term. Dry weight is the weight of a vehicle without any consumables, passengers, or cargo. It is significantly less than the weight of a vehicle in a drivable condition and therefore rarely used. Quoting a dry weight can make a car's weight and power-to-weight figures appear far more favorable than those of rival cars using curb weight . The difference between dry weight and curb weight depends on many variables such as
972-408: The directive. The United States Environmental Protection Agency regulations define curb weight as follows: Curb weight means the actual or the manufacturer's estimated weight of the vehicle in operational status with all standard equipment, and weight of fuel at nominal tank capacity, and the weight of optional equipment computed in accordance with §86.1832–01; incomplete light-duty trucks shall have
1008-427: The driver's door, near the door latch). Most U.S. and Australian commercial trucks are required by licensing authorities to have this information printed on the outside of the vehicle, and for it to be clearly visible from a specified distance. The gross trailer weight rating (GTWR) is the total mass of a road trailer that is loaded to capacity, including the weight of the trailer itself, plus fluids and cargo, that
1044-435: The exhibition. All engines use SCR -Systems and meet Euro 6d . This truck-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Heavy-duty truck Truck classifications are typically based upon the maximum loaded weight of the truck , typically using the gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) and sometimes also the gross trailer weight rating (GTWR), and can vary among jurisdictions. In
1080-424: The gross combination mass (GCM), gross train weight (GTW), is the maximum allowable combined mass of a road vehicle, the passengers and cargo in the tow vehicle, plus the mass of the trailer and cargo in the trailer. This rating is set by the vehicle manufacturer. The GCWR is a function of the torque output of the engine, the capacity and ratios of the transmission , the capacity of the driving axles and tires ,
1116-484: The licence-holder to driving vehicles with a "maximum authorised mass" (i.e. GVWR) of 3,500 kg (7,700 lb). This includes holders of UK class B driving licences who passed their driving tests on or after 1 January 1997. A UK driving licence holder who passed his or her class B driving test in or before 1996 is limited to driving vehicles with a GVWR of 7,500 kg (16,500 lb) or less, including minibuses not used for hire or reward. Anyone looking to drive
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1152-472: The maximum weight on any particular axle. A car driver licence is limited to driving vehicles up to a maximum GVM of 4,500 kg (9,921 lb). Beyond this, a different class of licence is required. A vehicle with a GVM up to 4,500 kg is termed a light vehicle, while those over 4,500 kg are termed heavy vehicles. Many models of small trucks are manufactured to have a GVM rating of 5,000 to 7,000 kg (11,023 to 15,432 lb) but sold with
1188-841: The most common length being the 53 ft (16 m) trailer. Specialized trailers for oversized loads can be considerably longer. Commercial operation of a Class 8 vehicle in the United States requires either a Class-B CDL for non-combination vehicles, or a Class-A CDL for combination vehicles (tractor-trailers). Industries that generally use Class 8 trucks are long-distance freight transportation, construction, and heavy equipment moving. Vehicle classifications vary among provinces in Canada, due to "differences in size and weight regulations, economic activity, physical environment, and other issues". While several provinces use their own classification schemes for traffic monitoring, Manitoba , Ontario , Prince Edward Island and Saskatchewan have adopted
1224-473: The option of a GVM of just under 4,500 kg so that they can be driven on a car licence. Many minor roads, including some in rural areas and some in suburban areas, have GVM restrictions such as 5,000 kg or 8,000 kg. These restrictions may be applied for technical reasons such as load limited bridges, or as a method of reducing the number of heavy vehicles on local roads. A standard car driving licence issued by an EU country (i.e. class B) limits
1260-925: The post World War II era to compare standard sizes, rather than actual capacities. In 1975, a change in U.S. emission laws required any vehicle under 6000 pounds GVWR to burn unleaded fuel. U.S. pickup truck manufacturers responded with a "heavy half" pickup of over 6000 pounds GVWR. The F-150 had a capacity of over 2000 pounds, compared to 1500 pounds for the F-100. This has led to categorizing trucks similarly, even if their payload capacities are different. The Chevrolet Silverado/GMC Sierra 1500, Ford F-150, Nissan Titan, Ram 1500, and Toyota Tundra are called "half-ton" pickups ( 1 ⁄ 2 -ton). The Chevrolet Silverado/GMC Sierra 2500, Ford F-250, and Ram 2500 are called "three-quarter-ton" pickups. The Chevrolet Silverado/GMC Sierra 3500, Ford F-350, and Ram 3500 are known as "one ton" pickups. Similar schemes exist for vans and SUVs (e.g.
1296-438: The weight of a 75-kilogram (165 lb) driver and luggage to follow European Directive 95/48/EC. Organizations may also define curb weight with fixed levels of fuel and other variables to equalize the value for the comparison of different vehicles. The EU-directive actually defines Mass in running order, not curb-weight. Mass in running order is without the 75kg driver mentioned above. Definition of mass in running order stated in
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