Misplaced Pages

#816183

38-599: The codex contains motets , Mass movements, and a handful of virelais , chaces , and ballades , composed in the middle of the 14th century. The notation is characteristic of the Ars Nova period. The manuscript is missing at least one gathering of Mass movements. The provenance of the codex is disputed. It was long thought to have been compiled in Avignon , the seat of the French Papacy , around 1370. However,

76-439: A cappella style, basso continuo , with instruments playing colla parte , several of them composed for funerals. The first five, for double chorus, are almost certainly composed by Bach and are written in a cappella style, though strings and oboes appear to have accompanied colla parte . Lobet dem Herrn is for SATB with basso continuo . The funeral cantata O Jesu Christ, meins Lebens Licht , BWV 118 (1736–37?)

114-1127: A cappella and some, such as Edward Elgar 's three motets Op. 2, are accompanied by organ. In the 20th century, composers of motets have often consciously imitated earlier styles. In 1920, Ralph Vaughan Williams composed O clap your hands , a setting of verses from Psalm 47 for a four-part choir, organ, brass, and percussion, called a motet. Carl Nielsen set in Tre Motetter three verses from different psalms as motets, first performed in 1930. Francis Poulenc set several Latin texts as motets, first Quatre motets pour un temps de pénitence (1938). Maurice Duruflé composed Quatre Motets sur des thèmes grégoriens in 1960, and Notre Père in 1977. Other examples include works by Richard Strauss , Charles Villiers Stanford , Edmund Rubbra , Lennox Berkeley , Morten Lauridsen , Edward Elgar , Hugo Distler , F. Melius Christiansen , Ernst Krenek , Michael Finnissy , Karl Jenkins and Igor Stravinsky . Arvo Pärt has composed motets, including Da pacem Domine in 2006, as have Dave Soldier (Motet: Harmonies of

152-401: A particular organum setting or piece of plainchant. As they were notated separately, it was possible for them to be expanded and developed further, and they eventually became standalone pieces which could be sung at certain points in the liturgy. At that time, there were some clausulae that people liked or were particularly popular, for example, those composed on the tenor REGNAT from the verse of

190-635: Is bathed in the sacred font, and the Christian is dedicated to Christ.") In France, Pierre Robert (24 grands motets), Henry Dumont (grands & petits motets), Marc-Antoine Charpentier (206 different types of motets), Michel-Richard de La Lande (70 grands motets), Henry Desmarest (20 grands motets), François Couperin (motets lost), Nicolas Bernier , André Campra , Charles-Hubert Gervais (42 grands motets), Louis-Nicolas Clérambault , François Giroust (70 grands motets) were also important composers. In Germany, too, pieces called motets were written in

228-429: Is hard to read particular significance into this statement. This Medieval music -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Motets In Western classical music , a motet is mainly a vocal musical composition, of highly diverse form and style, from high medieval music to the present. The motet was one of the pre-eminent polyphonic forms of Renaissance music . According to

266-523: Is regarded as a motet, though it has independent instrumental parts. The motet Sei Lob und Preis mit Ehren , BWV 231 is an arrangement of a movement from Bach's Cantata 28, and the authenticity of the arrangement is not certain. For a few more motets, such as Ich lasse dich nicht , BWV Anh 159 , Bach's authorship is debated. Later 18th-century composers wrote few motets. Johann Christoph Friedrich Bach composed an extended chorale motet Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme , combining Baroque techniques with

304-418: The cantus firmus —which did not necessarily coincide with repeating melodic patterns. Philippe de Vitry was one of the earliest composers to use this technique, and his work evidently had an influence on that of Guillaume de Machaut , one of the most famous named composers of late medieval motets. Other medieval motet composers include: The compositional character of the motet changed entirely during

342-871: The galant style . Mozart's Ave verum corpus (K. 618) is this genre. Rameau , Mondonville and Giroust also wrote grands motets. In the 19th century, some German composers continued to write motets. Felix Mendelssohn composed Jauchzet dem Herrn, alle Welt , Denn er hat seinen Engeln befohlen and Mitten wir im Leben sind . Johannes Brahms composed three motets on biblical verses, Fest- und Gedenksprüche . Josef Rheinberger composed Abendlied . Anton Bruckner composed about 40 motets , mainly in Latin, including Locus iste . French composers of motets include Camille Saint-Saëns and César Franck . In English similar compositions are called anthems . Some later English composers, such as Charles Villiers Stanford , wrote motets in Latin . Most of these compositions are

380-666: The polychoral motet, in which two or more choirs of singers (or instruments) alternated. This style of motet was sometimes called the Venetian motet to distinguish it from the Netherlands or Flemish motet written elsewhere. " If Ye Love Me " by Thomas Tallis serves the demand of the Church of England for English texts, and a focus on understanding the words, beginning in homophony . In Baroque music , especially in France where

418-527: The 13th century from the organum tradition exemplified in the Notre-Dame school of Léonin and Pérotin . The motet probably arose from clausula sections in a longer sequence of organum . Clausulae represent brief sections of longer polyphonic settings of chant with a note-against-note texture. In some cases, these sections were composed independently and "substituted" for existing setting. These clausulae could then be "troped," or given new text in

SECTION 10

#1732779687817

456-594: The Ascension Alleluia Hodie Maria virgo in the early thirteenth-century. Over time, the appearance and use of clausula changed little by little, but the images of clausula found in different times and regions still had similar characters. Some clausula matched the melodic lines from the French motet without text. This is an important clue to the eventual transformation of clausula into the form of motet . The composition of clausulae died out in

494-474: The English musicologist Margaret Bent , "a piece of music in several parts with words" is as precise a definition of the motet as will serve from the 13th to the late 16th century and beyond. The late 13th-century theorist Johannes de Grocheo believed that the motet was "not to be celebrated in the presence of common people, because they do not notice its subtlety, nor are they delighted in hearing it, but in

532-466: The Renaissance tradition of semi-secular Latin motets in works such as Plaude Laetare Gallia , written to celebrate the baptism of King Louis XIV 's son; its text by Pierre Perrin begins: Plaude laetare Gallia Rore caelesti rigantur lilia, Sacro Delphinus fonte lavatur Et christianus Christo dicatur. ("Rejoice and sing, France: the lily is bathed with heavenly dew. The Dauphin

570-455: The World, with rules from Johannes Kepler), Sven-David Sandström , Enjott Schneider , Ludger Stühlmeyer and Pierre Pincemaille . Clausula (music) The clausula ( Latin for "little close” or “little conclusion"; plural clausulae ) was a newly composed section of discant ("note against note") inserted into a pre-existing setting of organum . Clausulae flourished in

608-439: The basis of concordances to Philippe de Vitry , Guillaume de Machaut , Magister Heinricus , Bararipton , Depansis , Matheus de Sancto Johanne , Orles , Sortes , and Loys . One piece attributed to Chipre is probably of Cypriot provenance. Kügle notes that ars subtilior -style compositions are absent from the source; however, sources without ars subtilior compositions far outnumber those containing these pieces, so it

646-559: The compositional practices of the Notre Dame school in Paris c. 1160–1250 (during the stylistic period known as ars antiqua ). The composers Léonin and Pérotin in particular contributed heavily in composing clausulae . Rather than write entirely new music, the preference was to take existing music, that is, plainchant melodies, and develop or improve upon them. According to an English author known as Anonymous IV (c. 1280), "Pérotin

684-424: The end of a sentence or phrase." In particular, rather than seeing clausula as a genre, the part composed in the style of discantus with a definite final cadence was called clausula . Thus, there are more studies that relate specifically to the motet , rather than studies of the origin of the clausula . One scholar writes that "the motet arose through the addition of Latin texts to the melismatic upper voices of

722-399: The flowering of the form. The Renaissance motet is polyphonic , sometimes with an imitative counterpoint, for a chorus singing a Latin and usually sacred text. It is not connected to a specific liturgy , making it suitable for any service. Motets were sacred madrigals and the language of the text was decisive: Latin for a motet and the vernacular for a madrigal. The relationship between

760-539: The forms is clearest in composers of sacred music, such as Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina , whose "motets" setting texts from the Canticum Canticorum are among the most lush and madrigal-like, while his madrigals using Petrarch 's poems could be performed in a church. Religious compositions in vernacular languages were often called madrigali spirituali , "spiritual madrigals". These Renaissance motets developed in episodic format with separate phrases of

798-443: The late twelfth and thirteenth centuries and were associated with the Notre Dame school . The origin of the clausula has long been subject of scholarly debate, as the relationship between clausulae and motets is very complicated. Clausulae eventually became used as substitutes for passages of original plainchant . They occur as melismatic figures based on a single word or syllable within an organum . Clausulae emerged from

SECTION 20

#1732779687817

836-481: The mid-13th century as they were replaced by motets as the main platform for the development of new compositional techniques. Norman Smith claimed that the music of pre-existing clausulae in three early thirteenth-century Latin motets in the Florence Manuscript resemble each other so much that it's hard to find differences in rhythms between the motet and the clausula, which clearly exists. However

874-481: The motet came first. Instead, the relationship between the two is complexly intertwined and closely influenced by each other. Clausulae enriched pre-existing settings of organum. Hundreds of clausulae in two, three and four parts were incorporated into the Magnus Liber Organi of Léonin and Pérotin. Others were arranged in liturgical order within manuscripts so that they could be easily introduced into

912-643: The motet was very important, there were two distinct, and very different types of motet: petits motets , sacred choral or chamber compositions whose only accompaniment was a basso continuo ; and grands motets , which included massed choirs and instruments up to and including a full orchestra. Jean-Baptiste Lully , Michel Richard de Lalande , Marc-Antoine Charpentier were important composers of this sort of motet. Their motets often included parts for soloists as well as choirs; they were longer, including multiple movements in which different soloist, choral, or instrumental forces were employed. Lully's motets also continued

950-520: The musically important court of Gaston Fébus has also been suggested. Most recently, however, Karl Kügle has asserted that the source was made in Ivrea itself, by musicians connected to the Savoyard court (possibly Jehan Pellicier ), in the 1380s or 1390s. None of these three interpretations has become universally accepted. All of the music in the codex is anonymous, but attributions have been made on

988-428: The name describes the movement of the different voices against one another. Today, however, the French etymology is favoured by reference books, as the word "motet" in 13th-century French had the sense of "little word". The troped clausulas that were the forerunner of the motet were originally called motelli (from the French mot , "word"), soon replaced by the term moteti . The earliest motets arose in

1026-603: The new musical languages of the Baroque. Heinrich Schütz wrote many motets in series of publications, for example three books of Symphoniae sacrae , some in Latin and some in German. Hans Leo Hassler composed motets such as Dixit Maria , on which he also based a mass composition. Six motets attributed to Johann Sebastian Bach and catalogued BWV 225–230 are relatively long pieces combining German hymns with biblical texts, several of them composed for funerals. Mostly written in

1064-511: The presence of the educated and of those who are seeking out subtleties in the arts". In the early 20th century, it was generally believed motet came from the Latin movere (to move), though a derivation from the French mot ("word", or "phrase") had also been suggested. The Medieval Latin for "motet" is motectum , and the Italian mottetto was also used. If the word is from Latin,

1102-410: The surrounding multi-voice counterpoint, adopting a technique of contemporary 'tenor masses'. This obscured the cantus firmus rhythm more than in medieval isorhythmic motets. Cascading, passing chords created by the interplay of voices and the absence of an obvious beat distinguish medieval and renaissance motet styles. Motet frequently used the texts of antiphons and the Renaissance period marked

1140-463: The term "motet" could in fact include certain brief single-voice songs. The texts of upper voices include subjects as diverse as courtly love odes, pastoral encounters with shepherdesses, political attacks, and many Christian devotions, especially to the Virgin Mary. In many cases, the texts of the upper voices are related to the themes of the chant passage they elaborate on, even in cases where

1178-424: The text given independent melodic treatment and contrapuntal development. Secular motets, known as "ceremonial motets", typically set a Latin text to praise a monarch, music or commemorate a triumph. The theme of courtly love , often found in the medieval secular motet, was banished from the Renaissance motet. Ceremonial motets are characterised by clear articulation of formal structure and by clear diction, because

Ivrea Codex - Misplaced Pages Continue

1216-411: The texts would be novel for the audience. Adrian Willaert , Ludwig Senfl , and Cipriano de Rore are prominent composers of ceremonial motets from the first half of the 16th century. The motet was one of the preeminent forms of Renaissance music . Important composers of Renaissance motets include: In the latter part of the 16th century, Giovanni Gabrieli and other composers developed a new style,

1254-421: The transition from medieval to Renaissance music , as most composers abandoned the use of a repeated figure as a cantus firmus . Guillaume Dufay was a transitional figure in this regard, writing one of the last important motets in the medieval, isorhythmic style, Nuper rosarum flores , in 1436. During the second half of the fifteenth century Motets stretched the cantus firmus to greater lengths compared to

1292-409: The two-voice clausulae and was thereby able to explain for the first time the previously baffling and unprecedented verse structures of many motet texts." Others claim that by the removal of the text of a motet in its original composition, it was changed into a clausula. As the relationship between clausulae and motets is very complicated, there are conflicting conclusions on whether the clausula or

1330-427: The upper part(s), creating motets. From these first motets arose a medieval tradition of secular motets. These were two- to four-part compositions in which different texts, sometimes in different vernacular languages, were sung simultaneously over a (usually Latin-texted) cantus firmus usually adapted from a melismatic passage of Gregorian chant on a single word or phrase. It is also increasingly argued that

1368-546: The upper voices are secular in content. Most medieval motets are anonymous compositions and significantly re-use music and text. They are transmitted in a number of contexts, and were most popular in northern France. The largest surviving collection is in the Montpellier Codex . Increasingly in the 14th and 15th centuries, motets made use of repetitive patterns often termed panisorhythmic ; that is, they employed repeated rhythmic patterns in all voices—not only

1406-483: Was better at making clausulae than Léonin had been in that Pérotin was better at making better discant style of clausulae." The appearance of clausulae provided the first rhythmic system. (It is hard to find rhythmic notation in the earliest motets because of the lack of the use of clear rhythmic notation in the manuscripts.) Pérotin's clausulae make use of the rhythmic modes , whose strict metrical feet necessitated that voices change notes together ( discantus ). This

1444-524: Was in contrast to the earlier practice of one voice moving in a free rhythm above a "tenor" voice (Latin tenere : "to hold") sustaining the long notes of a cantus firmus . The tenor line was often repeated to allow for expansion of the clausula ; this was the origin of the technique known as isorhythm . The scholarly debate over the origin of the clausula continues. However, the term clausula already used in ancient Roman rhetoric, where it denoted "a rhythmic figure used to add finesse and finality to

#816183