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48-449: JET is one of the world's largest international exchange programmes. Since 1987, more than 77,000 people from 77 countries have participated in JET. As of July 1, 2024, 5,861 participants from 51 countries were employed on the programme. Holders of Japanese passports may participate in the programme, but must renounce their Japanese citizenship to do so. The focus of the programme as stated on

96-542: A Sports Exchange Advisor (SEA) whose role is to assist with sports training and the planning of sports related projects, or a Coordinator for International Relations (CIR) in selected local government offices in Japan. Its aims were revised to "increase mutual understanding between the people of Japan and the people of other nations, to promote internationalisation in Japan's local communities by helping to improve foreign language education , and to develop international exchange at

144-477: A child to Japanese nationality, except when a child would otherwise be stateless . Foreign nationals may acquire citizenship by naturalization after living in the country for at least five years and renouncing any previous nationalities. The distinction between the meaning of the terms citizenship and nationality is not always clear in the English language and differs by country. Generally, nationality refers

192-606: A citizen as well (or for the Japanese spouse to lose their family registry, and by extension their Japanese citizenship). Yakumo Koizumi , the first-ever naturalised Japanese subject, gained Japanese citizenship in such a manner. Any person born in wedlock to at least one Japanese parent is automatically a Japanese national, regardless of the place of birth. Children born in Japan to parents who are stateless or have an unknown status may become Japanese nationals after three years of residence. Adopted children of Japanese nationals have

240-459: A culture in the country that encourages participation in cultural activities and the arts. Their goal is to achieve a "Nation Based on Culture and Art". These are the segments of the ministry with focus on the science and technology portions of organization. The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology's site regards the duties of the Science and Technology Policy Bureau as

288-488: A foreign citizenship at birth, and chose not to retain Japanese nationality are regarded as having lost their Japanese status at the time of birth. In November 2008, Liberal Democratic Party member Tarō Kōno submitted a proposal to allow offspring of mixed-nationality couples in which one parent is Japanese to have more than one nationality. The proposal also calls for foreigners to be allowed to obtain Japanese nationality without losing their original citizenship. In 2018,

336-576: A foreign nationality are required to choose between their Japanese or foreign status before the age of 22, or within two years of obtaining the other nationality if acquired after age 20. Dual nationals who fail to make this choice within the prescribed time period can be required by the Minister of Justice to provide a declaration of nationality within one month; further failure to state a choice of nationality results in automatic loss of Japanese nationality. Persons who were born in another country, acquired

384-479: A further reduced residence requirement of one year. Persons born to a Japanese parent and foreign national who are unmarried but acknowledged as their natural children, or such parents who marry after birth, may acquire Japanese nationality by notification to the Minister of Justice . Foreigners over the age of 18 (or age 20 prior to April 1, 2022) may become Japanese citizens by naturalization after residing in

432-423: A lawsuit was put forward to challenge the ban on Japanese citizens over the age of 21 holding foreign nationalities, but this was later rejected. The plaintiffs expressed a feeling of a loss of identity in their inability to hold onto dual nationalities. The government has argued that allowing dual nationality for adults in Japan could 'cause conflict in the rights and obligations between countries, as well as between

480-414: A national ( 国民 , kokumin ) . The word "citizenship" ( 市民権 , shiminken ) has several meanings but is typically used to describe a person's political rights and status in a country. Prior to 1947, in an example of jus matrimonii , marrying a Japanese national and becoming the koshu (head of the Japanese house) would enter the foreign spouse into the family registry of said citizen, making them

528-422: A one-year contract, which can be renewed up to four times, for a maximum of five years. Some contracting organizations offer the option of contracting for a total of five years, although some prohibit contracting beyond three years. Before 2006, participants could only contract for up to three years, with the exception of a few positions. Participants who began their tenure on the program in 2011 or earlier received

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576-622: A person may have dual citizenship of Japan and another country, including: In 2019, Japanese citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 189 countries and territories, ranking the Japanese passport as tied for first (along with Singapore ) in the world according to the Henley Passport Index . In 2017, the Japanese nationality is ranked twenty-ninth in the Nationality Index (QNI). This index differs from

624-436: A person's legal belonging to a country and is the common term used in international treaties when referring to members of a state; citizenship refers to the set of rights and duties a person has in that nation. The term "nationality" ( 国籍 , kokuseki ) is used in Japanese to refer to state membership. A naturalized individual receives the same rights as a native-born Japanese person after obtaining kokuseki and becoming

672-559: A salary of ¥3,600,000 per year after tax. Participants beginning in 2012 or later are paid on a new salary scale: "3.36 million yen for the first appointment, 3.6 million yen for the second appointment, 3.9 million yen for the third appointment, and for those appointed for a fourth and fifth year, 3.96 million yen for each year". Additionally, this salary is pre-tax (as opposed to post-tax prior to 2011), so participants who are liable for income or residential taxes in Japan must pay taxes. Participants receive paid airfare to and from Japan paid by

720-493: A whole. These functions include many administrative jobs such as auditing policies, community relations, and overall human resource management for domestic and international relations alike. The Director-General for International Affairs, according to Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology's site, is the main point of contact between Japan's National Commission and United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The collective goal of

768-730: Is administered by CLAIR (the Council of Local Authorities for International Relations ), and has an annual budget of over 45 billion yen ( US$ 400 million). There is an organization called The Association of Japan Exchange and Teaching (AJET) that provides support for the Programme participants and facilitates communication with the JET Programme sponsors. AJET organises events and has a number of publications to assist with teaching in Japan. Some notable publications include Planet Eigo (replacement for Team Taught Pizza) and Foxy Phonics. AJET

816-495: Is in charge of enhancing the educational development of students progressing through preschool to upper secondary schools, or any equivalent. The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology describes the Higher Education Bureau as a department that focuses on promoting the education of undergraduate and graduate schools. This includes overseeing permission of grants, teacher quality, as well as

864-485: Is led by the minister of education, culture, sports, science and technology . Under that position is two state ministers, two parliamentary vice-ministers, and administrative vice-minister, and two deputy ministers. Beyond that the organization is divided as follows. The Minister's Secretariat is the department that manages general policies that affect the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology as

912-860: Is not an official JET organization, and it has no official ties with CLAIR. Participants are also required to attend pre-departure and post-arrival orientations as well as annual mid-year conferences, and may attend a returnee conference during their tenure. Participants are placed with a local authority in Japan (the Contracting Organization) which is the employer. There are 47 prefectural governments and 12 city governments, as well as numerous individual city, town and village governments and some private schools designated as Contracting Organisations. While applicants can specify up to three preferred locations, and can request urban, semi-rural or rural placements, they may be placed anywhere in Japan, and placements may not match requests. Participants sign

960-480: Is one of the eleven ministries of Japan that compose part of the executive branch of the government of Japan . Its goal is to improve the development of Japan in relation with the international community. The ministry is responsible for funding research under its jurisdiction, some of which includes: children's health in relation to home environment, delta-sigma modulations utilizing graphs, gender equality in sciences, neutrino detection which contributes to

1008-697: Is one of three ministries that run the JET Programme . It also offers the Monbukagakusho Scholarship , also known as the MEXT or Monbu-shō scholarship. The Ministry sets standards for the romanization of Japanese . In cooperation with the Japanese Student Services Organization (JASSO), the ministry further funds the prestigious JASSO scholarship for international students which has been described as

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1056-787: The Hong Kong government has operated a similar program, known as the Native English-speaking Teacher scheme , which employs about 800 teachers. Korea has also implemented a similar program called EPIK (English Program in Korea). From 2007, the possible stay for some JET participants was extended from three years to five years, subject to certain stipulations. JET participants in their third year are able to re-contract two more times if their work performance, accomplishments and abilities are deemed outstanding by their contracting organization. However, as in most JET matters,

1104-500: The Visa Restrictions Index , which focuses on external factors including travel freedom. The QNI considers, in addition to travel freedom, on internal factors such as peace & stability, economic strength, and human development as well. MEXT The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology ( 文部科学省 , Monbu-kagaku-shō , lit. 'Ministry of Letters and Science') , also known as MEXT ,

1152-405: The "British English Teachers Scheme". American teaching assistants were added under the "Monbusho English Fellows Program" beginning in 1977. As more countries were included, the programmes were folded into a single entity in 1987, creating the JET Programme. It offers university graduates positions for full-time jobs as either an Assistant Language Teacher (ALT) in elementary and secondary schools,

1200-524: The COVID-19 pandemic JET participants partake in the programme for a minimum of one year, with a maximum stay of three years (two renewal cycles). A small percentage of exceptional participant JETs are elected to stay for the maximum number of consecutive appointments—a sum of four renewal cycles for a total of five years maximum ALT/CIR experience. Some JET participants in recent years have been placed in elementary schools, reflecting MEXT 's plan to raise

1248-541: The English ability of Japanese students. Some contracting organizations go further and have ALTs periodically work with kindergarten students teaching basic English vocabulary through games and activities. This also brings them exposure to non-Japanese people. Participants occasionally also teach in special schools. Several prefectures have opted out of the JET Programme in recent years. Some hire individuals directly through advertising or word of mouth recommendation while others use an intermediary dispatch company—usually one of

1296-405: The JET Programme website is "to promote internationalization in Japan's local communities by improving foreign language education and fostering international exchange at the community level." The JET Programme is not looking and/or hiring teachers but rather looking for cultural ambassadors to assist in foreign language education taught by Japanese Teachers of English. About 90% of the participants on

1344-546: The JET programme came up for review by the Government Revitalization Unit, the jigyōshiwake budget review panel, due to the need to cut costs given the state of the economy of Japan . However, the subsequent LDP administration of Shinzō Abe in fact announced its likely expansion. In February 2012, The Japan Times alleged that one contracting Board of Education had fraudulently deducted payments from JET participants and harassed whistle-blowers of

1392-675: The Japanese government, and may receive other benefits such as housing subsidies. Participants are generally forbidden to take paid work outside of their Programme duties. The majority of JET participants have historically come from predominantly English speaking countries. For example, of the 4,476 participants in 2014, about half were from the United States (2,457), Canada (495), the United Kingdom (383), Australia (315), New Zealand (255), South Africa (93), and Ireland (86). Irregular arrivals due to border restrictions arising from

1440-490: The application process is decided upon by the individual contracting organization. From 2009, it became possible to apply for an April start. This option does not exclude the applicant from being considered from the traditional August start. Successful applicants starting in April are notified in early March (this notice includes their placement). The April start is in line with the start of the Japanese school year. In May 2010,

1488-525: The big English schools such as Heart, Interac , or Altia. While direct-hired employees may obtain working conditions similar to the JET Programme, those employed by dispatch companies often have very different working contracts—unpaid holidays or pay-by-the-day contracts are not uncommon. Some dispatch methods used by certain Boards of Education have even been declared illegal by Japanese labor standards authorities (see Assistant Language Teacher ). Since 1998,

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1536-427: The census regardless of their ethnic backgrounds. Dual citizenship of Japan and another country is prohibited in some cases due to the provisions for loss of Japanese nationality when a Japanese national naturalizes in another country (see "Loss of citizenship" above), and the requirement to renounce one's existing citizenships when naturalizing in Japan (see "Naturalization" above). There are still some ways in which

1584-523: The community level". The total number of JET participants steadily decreased from a high of 6,273 in 2002 down to 4,330 in 2011 before stabilizing. The total number of JETs' is 5,528, as of July 2018. The programme is run by three ministries: the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications ; the Ministry of Foreign Affairs ; and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) in conjunction with local authorities. The programme

1632-434: The country for at least five years, renouncing any previous nationalities, and proving self-sufficiency through their occupation or existing financial assets. Applicants should be able to demonstrate elementary knowledge of the Japanese language , though this is not a legal requirement. Japanese nationals who voluntarily acquire a foreign nationality automatically lose their Japanese nationality. Those who involuntarily hold

1680-609: The current organization. Nonetheless, each department of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology researches programs and institutions to fund. During this research, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology concluded there were many intertwined dependencies between family homes, their environment, and how it impacts a child's growth and maturity. The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology have also been responsible in directly, although not fully, funding research into delta-sigma modulation , which in summary describes

1728-572: The department in charge of the promotion of science and technology in the country. The scope of the department includes students as well as established professionals. The Research Promotion Bureau is a department that focuses on development of scientific research, as well as research in fields including technology and physics. The Research and Development Bureau is slightly different from the Research Promotion Bureau as this department focuses on social problems including energy and

1776-440: The environment. Consequentially, this department would focus on exploration in space and deep sea. While the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology currently contains multiple agencies, primarily a congregation of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, it actually began as the Ministry of Education. Over the years, Japan separately created each of the agencies that would eventually combine to make

1824-591: The graphing of analog-digital information to aid in the conversion of the two means. The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, were able to get their funding increased successfully through the years. They did so with the aid of one of their subgroups, the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science . The additional funds were likely aided in approval due to their source coming from national bonds rather than taxes. The programs, funded by

1872-433: The increased budget, include projects in new materials, molecular-scale surface dynamics, next-generation process technology, computer science , synthesis -based chemical engineering science, micro-mechatronics ( micromachinery ), biotechnology , human genome research, cell signaling , bioinformatics , brain research , Structural biology , life sciences , developmental biology , and biomedical engineering . MEXT

1920-440: The individual and the state'. However, no evidence was offered to substantiate this claim. Many mixed race Japanese citizens (often called hāfu ) also express facing a lost identity when having to choose whether or not they keep their Japanese nationality at age 21. This issue was brought to light when Naomi Osaka chose to surrender her US citizenship because of this law. Despite this, she has subsequently faced criticism as to

1968-486: The practice. In January 2019, Medium posted a report on an incident that involved a Board of Education attempting to cover up an incident of sexual assault concerning two members of the JET Programme. This bought awareness of similar events over the years in the programme. Those involved, claim that JET has vowed to increase their support for JETs in the future and to work closer with Boards of Education, however, no official statement has been made by JET. In December 2020 it

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2016-614: The programme are ALTs; the remaining 10% are divided between CIRs and SEAs. The number of alumni totalled over 57,000 from 54 countries in 2013. In August 1987, the Monbusho English Fellows Program and the British English Teachers Scheme were merged to form the JET Programme. The English Teaching Recruitment Programme was started in 1978 and initially was exclusively for British university graduates. This programme became known as

2064-495: The segments of the ministry with focus on the education portions of organization. The Education Policy Bureau as a department upholds the concept of lifelong learning, introduced in the Basic Act on Education. Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology describes this department's duties as designing educational policy based on comprehensive and objective evidence. The Elementary and Secondary Education Bureau

2112-402: The selection and admission of both domestic and abroad students. These are the segments of the ministry with focus on the sports and culture portions of organization. The Japan Sports Agency is tasked with the promotion of physical education and health, as well as maintaining the country's ability to compete in international athletics. The Japanese Agency for Cultural Affairs tries to create

2160-463: The study of supernovas around the world, and other general research for the future. The Meiji government created the first Ministry of Education in 1871. In January 2001, the former Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture and the former Science and Technology Agency  [ ja ] ( 科学技術庁 , Kagaku-gijutsu-chō ) merged to become the present MEXT. The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology currently

2208-503: The two organizations is to create mutual, sustainable development through education, science, and culture. The Department of Facilities Planning and Disaster Prevention is in charge of focusing on the ability of school facilities to reduce damage caused by disasters such as earthquakes. On top of this, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology's site, also describes part of their duties as promoting universities' endeavors in educational and research activities. These are

2256-571: The validity of her 'Japanese-ness' in her role as torch-bearer in the Tokyo 2020 Olympics . Osaka is not able to speak Japanese fluently and has been living outside Japan for the majority of her life. Although, to a certain extent, Japanese nationals are ethnically or racially diverse, this diversity among Japanese nationals tends not to be recognised by the State, as any Japanese nationals (whether born in Japan or naturalised) are regarded as Japanese in

2304-621: Was reported in the Japanese media that the plaintiff was now seeking legal redress and damages from the Nagasaki Prefectural Government. Official websites Other websites Japanese citizenship Japanese Nationality Law details the conditions by which a person holds nationality of Japan . The primary law governing nationality regulations is the 1950 Nationality Act. Children born to at least one Japanese parent are generally automatically nationals at birth. Birth in Japan does not by itself entitle

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