Misplaced Pages

#203796

38-708: JS-3 , JS3 , or variation , may refer to: JS-3 heavy tank , the "Josef Stalin 3" Soviet WWII tank Ligier JS3 , French sportscar racecar built by Ligier from 1971 ECMAscript 3.0 (JS3.0), JavaScript standard, see JavaScript JScript 3.0 (MS JS 3.0), Microsoft Javascript variant, see JScript Jonker JS-3 Rapture , a glider Tengah MRT station , Singapore, station code JS3 See also [ edit ] JSSS (JavaScript Style Sheets) 3JS , Dutch band Three.js , crossplatform Javascript browser library WinJS 3.0, Windows Library for JavaScript JS (disambiguation) [REDACTED] Topics referred to by

76-509: A wingman . Co-ordination is accomplished by hand signals or radio messages. Lightly armed reconnaissance elements make much use of covered movement and stealth, while offensive units such as tanks move much more aggressively. When speed is paramount, modern tanks (which can fire effectively while moving) may dispense with fire and movement, and move all at once. Tanks and other fighting vehicles must be able to depress their gun to be able to take advantage of many hull-down positions, since

114-459: A crest or other raised ground, but its turret (or a superstructure or roof-mounted weapon ) is exposed. This allows it to observe and fire upon the ground ahead, while the hull is protected from enemy fire behind hard cover. A hull-down AFV is said to be in defilade . Taking advantage of hull-down positions is an element of tactical movement . Turret down is the position in which the vehicle's crew can observe forward from roof hatches, but

152-623: A new cast turret that resembled an inverted frying pan. This design was called by engineers as the "Pobeda" (victory) and given the factory designation Object 703. The IS-3 was a compromise, combining the Kotin chassis with the Dukhov turret while retaining the Object 703 factory designation. However the tank could not exceed the weight of the IS-2 tank (46 metric tons ), requiring some redesigns to decrease

190-487: A problem during direct tank engagements; poor handling of the tanks by Egyptian crews also played part for the dismal overall performance of the tank in the war. Zaloga notes that Israeli tankers were usually able to overcome the IS-3M through superior tactics and training and that Egyptian tanks were most dangerous when firing from ambush positions. About 73 IS-3s were lost in the 1967 war. Surviving tanks were regrouped into

228-406: A sailing vessel) or radio mast and stacks (of a steam ship) may give some idea of its type, it is impossible to tell the true nature of a ship when it is hull down and its armament and size are not visible. Especially during the age of sail, a naval vessel that chose to pursue a possible enemy vessel spotted hull down ran the risk of unknowingly closing on a more powerful opponent — depending on

266-729: A single regiment which served as a reserve force during the Yom Kippur War . Most of the tanks captured by the IDF were converted into pillboxes (after having their engines removed) to reinforce the Bar-Lev Line , while a few vehicles were briefly put into service in the late 1960s. The IS-3M engine was poorly suited for the hot climate which made it unpopular with Israeli tankers; after the Yom Kippur War, surviving tanks were turned into stationary defensive pillbox emplacements in

304-458: A turret similar to the IS-2, but with a radically redesigned hull, using welded plates to form what the engineers called the "eagle's beak", but referred to by the military as the " pike nose ", which later would give the IS-3 the nickname "Shchuka" ( pike ). This design would receive several interim designations including Object 240, 240M, 244, 245, and 248. The Dukhov team on the other hand, opted for

342-418: A vehicle's hull is usually tilted upwards when it is behind a crest. A vehicle with a relatively small range of gun depression may have to drive up onto an exposed crest or forward slope to be able to fire on lower ground to the front. Notably, Soviet and Russian tanks after World War II have very low profiles, but pay for this advantage by having a poor range of gun depression. Their low turret roof stops

380-519: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages IS-3 (tank) While the IS-2 tank proved to be capable of dealing with most German threats, largely anti-tank teams armed with Panzerfausts , Panzerschrecks , and PaK 40s since the Soviets used the IS-2 to break through areas weakly supported by tanks. The Soviets nonetheless conducted studies on tank losses, with engineers concluding that most of

418-458: Is exposed. Turret down is the position in which the vehicle's crew can observe forward from roof hatches, but the vehicle is completely hidden (usually a few metres further back from a hull-down position). The belly armour should not be exposed, because it is vulnerable to even modest antitank weapons. When a ship moves away, due to the curvature of the Earth , the ship's hull will disappear under

SECTION 10

#1732798003204

456-531: The Soviet invasion of Manchuria were shelved due the tank problems. The IS-3 was used in the 1956 Soviet invasion of Hungary , where a number of them alongside some ISU-152K assault guns were destroyed. According to a declassified CIA report, the Hungarian rebels used Molotov Cocktails against Soviet tanks roaming through the streets of Budapest , killing their crews and when other tanks came in to help,

494-406: The sightline at a much smaller distance than its upper rigging. The geodetic visibility depends on the altitude of the observation site and the altitude of the object being viewed. For example, in clear air a lookout at the top of a mast 130 feet (40 m) above the water will be able to see the top of another 130 ft mast from over 24 nautical miles (44 km) away, but will be able to see

532-637: The 90 mm AP shell fired by the main gun of the Israeli Defense Force (IDF) M48 Patton tanks could not penetrate the frontal armor of the IS-3s at normal battle ranges. There were a number of engagements between the M48A2 Pattons of the IDF 7th Armored Brigade and IS-3Ms supporting Egyptian positions at Rafah in which several M48A2s were knocked out in the fighting. The IS-3M slow rate of fire and rudimentary fire controls proved to be

570-462: The AFV, they may train their sights on it and wait for an easy shot while it moves forward. After observing from a hull-down or turret-down position, an armoured vehicle will try to advance while minimizing these risks. If possible, it may reverse away from a crest, and try to find a route forward through the relative safety of hidden low ground ( dead ground ). If crossing a long crest is unavoidable,

608-595: The IS-3 went through three major rebuilds and upgrades between 1949 and 1959 to correct these flaws. The IS-3 came too late to see action in World War II . The first public demonstration of the IS-3 came on 7 September 1945 during the Allied victory parade on Charlottenburger Straße in Berlin, with the heavily reinforced 71st Guards Heavy Tank Regiment of the 2nd Guards Tank Army . Less than 30 tanks were built before

646-562: The Jordan River area. After retiring their IS-3M tanks, the Soviets used most as targets for gunnery practice, while remaining vehicles and T-10 tanks were dug as static defensive positions in the Russian Far East region. Some of these tanks were still in running condition as late as of 1994. As late as of 2002, some of these pillboxes were still manned by machine gun artillery units according to Sewell. In 2014, an IS-3

684-519: The People's Republic of Donetsk claimed it was able to fire at a military outpost, killing and wounding several soldiers, before retreating and being abandoned. Hull down#Armoured warfare In sailing and warfare, to be hull down means that the upper part of a vessel or vehicle is visible, but the main, lower body ( hull ) is not; the term hull up means that all of the body is visible. The terms originated with sailing and naval warfare in which

722-423: The curvature of the Earth causes an approaching vessel to be first visible "sails up". Beginning in the 20th century, hull down has also been used in armoured warfare . In modern armoured warfare, hull down is a position taken up by an armoured fighting vehicle (AFV) so that its hull (the main part of the vehicle) is behind a crest or other raised ground, but its turret (or a superstructure or roof-mounted weapon)

760-424: The defence, however. Newer Soviet tank models were equipped with an integral dozer blade , so given time, they could improve a hull-down position. Soviet tactics also emphasize the use of tanks on the defence in the counterattack role, rather than engaging an enemy advance from prepared positions. The Swedish Stridsvagn 103 , while resembling a tank destroyer , was actually a main battle tank. The turretless design

798-427: The end of WWII, but by mid-1946, more than 2,300 tanks were built. Starting in 1960, the IS-3 was modernized as the IS-3M. On paper the IS-3 was an improvement of the IS-2, with Western observers noting the ballistic shape of the turret and the thickness of the frontal armor, in reality the tank was considered by tank commanders as less reliable than its predecessor, with the IS-3 suffering from flexing and cracking of

SECTION 20

#1732798003204

836-406: The enemy is expected. Since firing while moving was until recently impossible or ineffective, elements of a unit (platoons, patrols, or individual vehicles) take turns moving and supporting each other from the halt (see overwatch ). This is called mutual support, or fire and movement , related to the infantry tactic of leap-frogging , or, somewhat more loosely, the air combat tactic of flying with

874-468: The hits occurred on the turret followed by hits on the frontal hull. In late 1944, two tank design bureaus, one headed by Josef Kotin and his chief assistant A. S. Yermolayev from the old Factory No.100 in Leningrad, and Factory No.185 at Chelyabinsk led by N. L. Dukhov and M. F. Balzhi worked on designing a new tank to replace the IS-2. Both bureaus took different approaches, with the Kotin team using

912-459: The hull above the waterline of the other ship from only 12 nautical miles (22 km) away. The discovery of the hull-down phenomenon in sailing was essential to disproving the Flat Earth theory. With a clear horizon, whether a vessel is hull down or hull up gives some idea of its distance from the observer, using the line-of-sight formula . In naval warfare, while the upper rigging (of

950-490: The hull welds, road wheels ball bearings that wore out prematurely, forcing the Soviets to upgrade and modernize the tank several times during its service life. The interior was also considerably more cramped in comparison to the IS-2 due the steeply sloped sides of turret. Developments in High-explosive anti-tank rounds and guided missiles during the late 1940s and 1950s rendered the heavy tank concept obsolete. By

988-583: The insurgents would often place a Hungarian flag or a white flag on the turret. These tanks were then fired on by other Soviet tanks. During the late 1950s, all IS-3s were modernized as IS-3M models. According to Zaloga, the Egyptian Army acquired about 100 IS-3M tanks from the Soviet Union, while Sewell gives a figure of 120 tanks. During the Six-Day War , a single regiment of IS-3M tanks

1026-596: The late 1960s an AT-3 Sagger missile or a T-54B tank using HEAT rounds could knock out any tanks that IS-3 or the T-10 could. Three pre-series vehicles were assigned to an independent Guards Battalion, but they arrived after the surrender documents were signed . They took part in the September 7, 1945, victory parade in Berlin under the 71st Guards Heavy Tank Regiment of the 2nd Guards Tank Army . Plans of using IS-3s in

1064-404: The new tank weight. To solve this problem, the engineers cut the lower hull between the suspension torsion bars mountings and replacing with angled plates decreasing weight, but also weakening the stiffness of the hull, a flaw which would plague the IS-3 throughout its service life; and "folding" the upper part of the hull into a keystone shape providing extra protection without increasing weight: it

1102-509: The rising gun breech when the muzzle is depressed. Thus, Soviet tank crews would have a hard time finding a hull-down position from which they could cover much of the terrain by fire. The typical Soviet tank had a range of elevation of -5 to +15 degrees, about two thirds that of Western tanks with a range of about -10 to +20 degrees. This disadvantage was deemed acceptable, as Soviet tanks were designed to be used as an offensive weapon, fighting over flat terrain. Soviet tactics didn't neglect

1140-448: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title formed as a letter–number combination. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JS3&oldid=1248776880 " Category : Letter–number combination disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

1178-452: The task more quickly. Crossing a crest or ridgeline is a dangerous manoeuvre for AFVs, as they are particularly exposed to enemy fire while silhouetted against the sky ( skylined ). While cresting a steep slope, the thin armour on the front bottom of a tank's hull (below the thick glacis plate) can be exposed to fire. After cresting, the thin top armour may be exposed while it moves down the forward slope. If an antitank gunner has spotted

JS3 - Misplaced Pages Continue

1216-492: The vehicle can back down and jockey at least 50 metres across the covered back of the slope, before advancing over the crest at high speed. An enemy gunner will have little time to locate the target, train his sights on it, and take the shot. If the terrain is hilly enough, the AFV can quickly enter low ground, then advance through it to another hull-down position. Small armoured units ( companies or platoons ) make use of these tactics in co-ordinated fashion, when contact with

1254-404: The vehicle is completely hidden (usually a few metres further back from a hull-down position). This can also apply to vehicles without turrets. In flat or gently rolling terrain , a hull-down position is difficult to find. The actual protecting rise of ground may be hundreds of metres long. In steep or abrupt terrain cover is plentiful, but it may be difficult to find covered positions from which

1292-456: The vehicle's main gun can fire upon terrain ahead (see tank design , below). In preparing defensive works, a hull-down position can be created or improved by digging shallow "tank scrapes". Tank units usually have one or two tanks with ' dozer ' blades attached for this purpose, and some tank models have a built-in blade. Combat engineering vehicles often accompany armoured vehicles as they manoeuvre to dig tank scrapes, as they can accomplish

1330-405: The wind and other conditions, it might not be possible to flee once the other vessel was clearly visible hull up. Hull down was also used to describe a commercial sailing vessel being under sail and loaded sailing briskly to windward. In modern armoured warfare , 'hull down' is a position taken up by an armoured fighting vehicle (AFV) such that its hull (the main part of the vehicle) is behind

1368-469: Was captured by the Armed Forces of Ukraine near the city of Donetsk from pro-Russian rebels. Footage of the tank being reactivated by the rebels circulated online, showing the tank being successfully started and driven off its plinth at a memorial in the city of Kostiantynivka , Donetsk Oblast. The D-25T gun was non-operational, so the rebels installed a NSV machine gun on the turret. Sources from

1406-430: Was disguised with a flat sloped steel plate that joined the top of the hull to the edges of the fenders. The IS-3 chassis and turret gave it a low profile, but it also made difficult for the tank to take advantage of hull down positions since the shape of the turret limited gun depression. Wartime production resulted in many mechanical problems and a hull weldline that had a tendency to crack open. According to Sewell,

1444-456: Was stationed with the Egyptian 7th Infantry Division at Rafah and the 125th Tank Brigade of the 6th Mechanized Division at Kuntilla was also equipped with about 60 IS-3M tanks. Israeli infantry and paratrooper units had considerable difficulty with the IS-3M when it was encountered due to its thick armor, which shrugged off hits from normal infantry anti-tank weapons such as the bazooka . Even

#203796