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Joseph Duchesne

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The Via Podiensis or the Le Puy Route is one of the four routes through France on the pilgrimage to the tomb of St. James the Great in Santiago de Compostela in Galicia in northwest Spain . It leaves from Le-Puy-en-Velay and crosses the countryside in stages to the stele of Gibraltar in the basque village of Uhart-Mixe . Near there it merges with two of the other routes, the via Turonensis and the via Lemovicensis which merge a little earlier.

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14-573: Joseph Duchesne or du Chesne ( Quercetan , Latin Josephus Quercetanus ) ( c. 1544, Lectoure – 1609) was a French physician. A follower of Paracelsus , he is now remembered for important if transitional alchemical theories. He called sugar toxic, saying: “Under its whiteness, sugar hides a great blackness.” Duchesne was born around 1544 in Lectoure , Armagnac and studied at Montpellier , and then at Basel , where he received

28-560: A laboratory set up for him. Lectoure Lectoure ( French pronunciation: [lɛktuʁ] ; Gascon : Leitora [lejˈtuɾɔ] ) is a commune in the Gers department in the Occitanie region in southwestern France . It is located 32 km (20 mi) north of Auch , the capital of the department, 30 km (19 mi) south of Agen and approximately 76 km (47 mi) northwest of Toulouse . In 1473,

42-591: A medical diploma in 1573. During the 1570s at Lyon , he married Anne Trie the granddaughter of Guillaume Budé , and became a Calvinist convert. He went into medical practice and became physician to Francis, Duke of Anjou . He left Lyon in 1580 for Kassel in Hesse , and moved on to Geneva , where in 1584 he received citizenship. Duchesne was elected to the Council of Two Hundred in 1587, and undertook diplomatic missions to Bern , Basel, Schaffhausen and Zürich in

56-884: A pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostella. He was the first non-Hispanic to undertake the pilgrimage, leading a large caravan that included members of the clergy, their staff and servants, various nobles and gentlemen, their retainers and men at arms. The route leaves Le Puy-en-Velay and passes Vals-près-le-Puy , Saint-Christophe-sur-Dolaison , Bains , Saint-Privat-d'Allier , Monistrol-d'Allier , Saugues , and Chanaleilles . The route passes Saint-Alban-sur-Limagnole , Aumont-Aubrac , Malbouzon , Rieutort-d'Aubrac , Marchastel , and Nasbinals . The route passes Aubrac , Saint-Chély-d'Aubrac , Saint-Côme-d'Olt , Espalion , Bessuéjouls , Estaing , Golinhac , Espeyrac , Sénergues , Conques , Noailhac , Decazeville , and Livinhac-le-Haut . The route passes through Montredon , Saint-Félix , Figeac , and Béduer . A variant route follows

70-701: Is a national monument. The town hall was built between 1676 and 1682 by bishop Hugues de Bar. Lectoure is a town on the Via Podiensis , one of the three major French arms of the Way of St. James . This route is followed by those making the pilgrimage from Le Puy by way of Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port to Santiago de Compostella in northwest Spain . Pilgrims arrive at Lectoure after Miradoux and next pass through Marsolan and La Romieu . Locally produced Armagnac and foie gras are available and popular delicacies . Via Podiensis The three then become

84-534: The Abbaye de Flaran (off the route), Montréal-du-Gers , Lauraët , Lagraulet-du-Gers , Eauze , Manciet , Nogaro , Barcelonne-du-Gers . The route passes Aire-sur-l'Adour , after which hikers and pilgrims can pass by either Pécorade and Geaune or by Miramont-Sensacq . Those two routes converge once more at Pimbo . The route passes Arzacq-Arraziguet , Vignes , Louvigny , Uzan , Pomps , Arthez-de-Béarn , Sauvelade , Navarrenx , Charre , Aroue to reach

98-554: The Aragonese Way when it enters Spain, and joins the Camino frances further to the west. Before le Puy, the via Gebennensis leaves from Geneva, gathering Swiss and German pilgrims and feeding into the via Podiensis. Though it bears a Latin name, the via Gebennensis is a modern route laid out in 1980-90, though the numerous hospitals it passes testify to the passage of pilgrims along this route in earlier ages. From Geneva to

112-471: The seneschal , the crown's agent of order, was created for the county of Armagnac . The building out of which the seneschal operated, Seneschalcy of Armagnac , was built in the commune of Lectoure. The position/building remained active until the French Revolution , in which it was abolished and abandoned by 1835. The village is located on the right bank of the Gers , which flows north through

126-689: The Navarre Route, passing via the French town of Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port and crossing the Pyrenees and the Spanish border by one path or another to Roncesvalles in the Spanish province of Navarre . Together they serve as the principal pilgrimage route across Spain, known as the Camino francés . The fourth French route, the via Tolosane , crosses the Pyrenees at a different point ( Somport ), becomes

140-629: The Pyrenees, the two routes ( via Gebennensis and via Podiensis ) are waymarked as one of the French major hiking routes , the GR 65 , with a few local variations or detours, including GR 651 through the valley of Célé and GR 652 via Rocamadour . According to the A Guide for the Traveller compiled by Aymeric Picaud in the 12th century, four routes lead to Santiago de Compostella: In 950 or 951, Godescalc , bishop of Le Puy-en-Velay , set off on

154-528: The town on behalf of Louis XI. and after its fall put the whole population to the sword. In 1562 it again suffered severely at the hands of the Catholics under Blaise de Montluc. Lectoure has been designated as a " town of art and history " (French: Villes et Pays d'Art et d'Histoire ) by the French Ministry of Culture and Communication since 1985. The 12th-16th century former Lectoure Cathedral

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168-699: The valley of the river Lot , passing Gréalou , Cajarc , and Varaire . A second variation passes through the valley of the Célé , Espagnac-Sainte-Eulalie , Marcilhac-sur-Célé , Sauliac-sur-Célé , Cabrerets , Saint-Cirq-Lapopie . The two variants converge and pass through Cahors , Labastide-Marnhac , Lhospitalet , Lascabanes , Montcuq . A third variant running north of the route passes through Rocamadour . The route passes Lauzerte , Moissac , and Auvillar . The route passes Saint-Antoine-sur-l'Arrats , Flamarens , Miradoux , Lectoure , La Romieu , Condom , Valence-sur-Baïse , Larressingle , Beaumont sur l'Osse ,

182-553: The western part of the commune. The river Auroue forms part of the commune's southeastern and northeastern borders. Lectoure was a prehistoric oppidum , capital of Lactorates . Barbarian invasions forced residents to raise the walls and make Lectoure a stronghold for centuries. The town became the capital city of the Earldom of Armagnac in 1325, ruled by a powerful family descended from the ancient Dukes of Gascony, who held court at Lectoure. In 1473 Cardinal Jean de Jouffroy besieged

196-560: The years 1589 to 1596. In 1594 he became a member of the Council of Sixty. In 1598, following the Edict of Nantes , Duchesne returned to France and became physician-in-Ordinary attending Henry IV of France . In 1601 Nicolas Brûlart de Sillery gave him a mission as envoy to the Swiss cantons. In 1604 he went to the court of Maurice of Hesse-Cassel where he gave scientific demonstrations in

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