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56-426: Jack Tafa Lam (born 18 November 1987) is a New Zealand-born, Australian-raised rugby player who plays as a flanker for Moana Pasifika and internationally for Samoa . Lam played seven matches for Tasman in 2008 before moving north to Waikato in 2009. He has international experience with the Samoan national team as well with the Australian Secondary Schools side. He has signed with Moana Pasifika for

112-503: A Scrum machine to train players. In 2006, a leading consultant surgeon in the UK has called for the ban of contested scrums, asserting they are too dangerous. There is very significant support for contested scrums however — former England hooker Brian Moore argued that "You would change the whole nature of the game and it would no longer be a game for all shapes and sizes as it is, uniquely, today." Like many aspects of rugby union,

168-424: A scrum in which they 'flank' each set of forwards. They compete for the ball – most commonly in rucks and mauls . Flankers also assist in pushing in a scrum, but are expected to detach from the scrum as soon as the ball is out to get to the play before the opposition's forwards. Flankers also participate in line-outs , either being lifted to contest or win possession, or to lift other players. Flankers are usually

224-410: A "tighter" scrum position. The loosehead prop, by contrast, has one shoulder open to the outside of the scrum, and so is in a "looser" scrum position. The three bind together tightly and there is no gap between the hooker and either prop. According to the laws of the game; "When a player binds on a team-mate that player must use the whole arm from hand to shoulder to grasp the team-mate’s body at or below

280-439: A front row player damaging or even breaking their neck. For this reason, only trained players may play in the front row to help avoid injuries. If a team is without sufficient specialist front row players, for example because of injury or sin-binning, all scrums may be "uncontested scrums". In this situation, the packs engage, but do not push, and the team that still puts the ball into the scrum must win it without effort. Teams use

336-419: A large number of rules regarding the specifics of what can and cannot be done during a scrum. This is mainly for safety reasons, because if a scrum is not conducted properly there is a greater chance of injury. Many of the rules regard behaviour of the front row. Front rowers must engage square on, rather than bore in on an angle. The tight-head prop doing this limits the movement of the opposing hooker. As well,

392-457: A loose forward the following year and made the team again as a flanker. Lam made his debut for Tasman in the 2008 Air New Zealand Cup competition, starting at number seven against Bay of Plenty . After seven starts for Tasman in 2008 Lam returned to the Waikato to be part of the 2009 Chiefs Wider Training Squad. He also went on to make his first appearance for Waikato , again starting in

448-454: A loose-head prop pushing into the opposition tight-head prop's chest causing their body to pop out of the scrum. Both infringements are punished with penalties. Front-rowers are also banned from twisting their bodies, pulling opponents, or doing anything that might collapse the scrum. They must not push an opponent in the air. Finally, the back row must remain bound until the ball has left the scrum. For flankers, this means keeping one arm, up to

504-422: A more physical role at the line-out , where they may well be used as a jumper. They can also be used for breaking their opposition line in open play using their speed and strength to break tackles. Most countries prefer a quicker openside flanker with the ability to get off the scrum quickly so that he can scavenge for the ball. In South Africa, however, it is preferred for the blindside flanker to be quicker as it

560-408: A scrum is called for is when someone is accidentally offside; or when the ball is trapped in a ruck or maul with no realistic chance of it being retrieved. The scrum feed goes to the team that did not offend, except in the case of the ball being trapped in a ruck or maul. In this situation the feed is awarded to the team that was "going forward" — that is, the team that had the forward momentum at

616-541: A two-man front row. Until the second half of the 20th century there were many configurations of scrum; including 3-2-3, 3-4-1 and 3-3-2. The 1906 Springboks became "the first national team to utilize the 3-4-1 formation". South Africans credit Springbok Fairy Heatlie for developing the 3-4-1 formation in 1901 at the Villagers Rugby Club in Cape Town, fellow Villager Paddy Carolin for applying it on

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672-402: Is able to break away and close down the opposing ball-carrier, reducing the time available for a pass or kick. Openside flankers are often smaller and quicker than their blindside counterparts. The blindside flanker has the job of stopping any move by the opponents on the blind (or 'narrow') side from a scrum. Blindside flankers are often responsible for cover defence from set pieces and may play

728-523: Is often their duty to carry the ball, meaning they prefer the person running with the ball being quicker rather than the person trying steal it. Flankers are not always assigned specific roles as opensides and blindsides. For example, Scotland flankers Finlay Calder and John Jeffrey played left and right, rather than open and blind. French teams tend not to make a distinction between the two roles, and their flankers also usually play left and right rather than open and blind: thus, Serge Betsen often wore

784-402: Is usually on the open side, where there is more space, it is usually the openside flanker's job to be the first to any breakdown of play and to get their hands on any loose ball (or to cause a breakdown by tackling the ball carrier or otherwise hurrying him into error). At a scrum where the ball has been won by the opposition, the openside flanker often has the best view of when the ball is out and

840-612: The 2022 Super Rugby Pacific season . Lam was born in Hamilton but moved to Wellington at an early age and then to Canberra where he attended St Edmund's College . He made the Australian Secondary Schools' side in 2004 and 2005. He is a cousin of former All Black and Samoan international Pat Lam . Lam's first year in the Australian Schools team was at centre , before he was converted into

896-565: The Magners League and Super 14 ) with the permission of all unions involved. In March 2013, former England hooker Brian Moore wrote a scathing article on the BBC website about the state of scrums, in which he outlined his concerns that the rule changes had made things worse instead of better. Starting with the 2012–13 rugby season, the IRB issued trial law amendments, one of which affected

952-498: The "first up, first down" down method, with the first players to a scrum packing down in the front row and the rest of the forwards filling the remaining positions. Although the 1905 All Blacks are often credited with introducing specialised scrum positions, the 1888-1889 New Zealand Native football team had in fact practised this. As well, Thomas Ellison , one of the Natives, invented the 2-3-2 scrum formation. This seven man scrum

1008-425: The 1906 South African tour of Britain, and Stellenbosch coach "Oubaas Mark" Markötter for perfecting it afterwards. Under Markötter's instigation, and that of his protégé Danie Craven , South Africa had by 1949 perfected the 3-4-1 scrum formation. The hooker bound very loosely, and could swing his body so that he could get his feet to the ball as soon as it was fed into the scrum. The two locks would not push on

1064-603: The IRB sanctioned a trial of the following new rules in France : In the last season before the trial (2006–07), 145 matches in the country's three top divisions ( Top 14 , Pro D2 , and Fédérale 1 ) ended with uncontested scrums. In 2007–08, only two matches out of 994 in the same divisions finished with uncontested scrums. In July 2009, the IRB authorised all of its member unions to adopt these changes in competitions that they completely control, and also allowed these changes in transnational club and provincial competitions (such as

1120-458: The back of the scrum if the opposition wins the ball and the opposing number 8 decides to pick and go (i.e. pick up the ball from the back of the scrum and drive forward with it). New Zealand openside flanker Richie McCaw , who was nominated for World Rugby Player of the Year a record eight times from 2002 to 2012, described three key roles for the flanker: The two flankers do not usually bind to

1176-510: The backs more space. They may also think they can force the scrum over the goal-line and score a "pushover" try. A pushover try can occur the instant the ball touches the goal line. This is because a scrum is defined in the Laws of the Game to only exist within the field of play and not within the in-goal. Hence as soon as the ball reaches the line, the scrum ceases to exist and any player can ground

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1232-427: The ball and instead focused on adding power to the pack's drive. This turned the scrum from a hooking and pushing contest into one of power pushing, which led to a rise in collapsed scrums. In 2007 the scrum law was amended to a four-step, "crouch", "touch", "pause", "engage" process in an attempt to control scrum engagement. Prior to this, there was no obligation for each prop to touch the opposing prop's shoulder, and

1288-413: The ball into the scrum without delay. The referee will often warn a team and if the warning is not heeded the opposition is awarded a free kick. The ball must be fed into the middle of the tunnel with its major axis parallel to the ground and touchline. The ball must be thrown in quickly and in a single movement — this means that a feed cannot be faked. Once the ball has left the hands of the scrum-half

1344-423: The ball to the back of the scrum — which is done with their feet. Once at the back it is picked up either by the number 8, or by the scrum-half. From here the ball is in play and the player with possession will either run, pass or kick the ball. On other occasions the forwards will hold the ball in the scrum by controlling it with their feet and try to gain ground by pushing the opposition backwards. There are

1400-431: The ball without risking a penalty for "handling in the scrum". Pushover tries are rare, however, because scrums are awarded a minimum of five metres (16.4 ft ) from either goal-line, and either touchline. This means for a pushover try to occur, the scrum must be forced several metres in one direction without collapsing. Scrums are one of the most dangerous phases in rugby, since a collapse or improper engage can lead to

1456-434: The ball, they are often first to the breakdown. Flankers do less pushing in the scrum than the tight five, but need to be fast as their task is to break quickly and cover the opposing half-backs if the opponents win the scrum. At one time, flankers were allowed to break away from the scrum with the ball but this is no longer allowed and they must remain bound to the scrum until the ball is out. Flankers also have to defend at

1512-415: The call sequence. The referee continued to start with "crouch" and "touch," but then issued the command "set," which replaced "engage" as the indication that the packs may push forward. "Pause" was removed in order to speed up the scrum and to minimize resets due to collapsed scrums. As of the 2013–14 rugby season, the calls were changed to crouch, bind and set. This change required the props to bind before

1568-404: The distance between the two front rows was often larger. The new rule fixed the distance between the front rows and as a result cut the force of impact from the engagement. The reason for the rule change was to reduce the number of serious neck injuries to front rowers. The IRB made further changes to the laws in 2009 in an attempt to eliminate uncontested scrums. Beginning in the 2007–08 season,

1624-408: The drive forward, strength and weight are of prime importance for them. Strength is also important for locks, since they also push; however, height is more important for them than it is for front-row players. Locks are virtually always the tallest players on the team; they are used as the primary contestants for possession in another phase of the game, the line-out . Flankers and the number 8 do less of

1680-400: The effect the loose forwards were having on back play. There was no obligation to bind to a scrum for flankers at this time. The offside line was dictated by the position of the ball even when it was in the scrum, and so when it emerged at the back of the scrum the scrum-half would often find the opposition flankers and scrum-half arriving with it. The new offside line became the hindmost foot of

1736-437: The feed or put in ) then throws the ball in the gap formed between the two front rows, from the side where the hooker of his team is closest. This gap is called the tunnel . With the ball in the tunnel the two hookers (and sometimes the props) compete for possession by trying to hook the ball backwards with their feet, while the entire pack tries to push the opposing pack backwards. The side that wins possession usually transfers

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1792-414: The front row, second row and back row. The front row is composed of the two props and the hooker . To the left is the loosehead prop with the hooker in the middle, and the tighthead prop on the right (jersey numbers one, two and three). The "tighthead" prop, number three, earns that name as his head and shoulders sits between the hooker and the loosehead prop of the opposing side, meaning he sits in

1848-437: The game, as they are the players most commonly involved in winning the ball in open play, especially the openside flanker. Blindside flankers tend to be bigger, but not as fast as their partners on the openside. In open play, flankers will often stand behind the backs, supporting them. If any ball is dropped by the backs, the flankers' job is to clear up messy ball and start a new phase of play. Because they are always close to

1904-429: The ground and their head and shoulders are no lower than their hips; this crouching posture also allows them to isometrically preload their muscles enabling them to perform their subsequent drive more powerfully. The referee then calls bind and "using their outside arm each prop binds onto the point of the opposing prop’s outside shoulder." This command is to ensure that the two front rows are not too far apart. Finally

1960-431: The hooker, but their props, to make this easier. This made it very difficult for the opposition to get anywhere near the ball before it was hooked to the back of the scrum. It was at this time the terms loosehead and tighthead entered rugby terminology. Ever since the team feeding the ball has had a significant advantage, and won their own ball much more frequently. In the 1960s rule changes were introduced to try and limit

2016-477: The key participants in the tackling process. The flankers, especially the openside, are often the fastest forwards on the team but still relied upon for tackling. Flankers can be known by several different names. Historically, they were often called wing-forwards, although this name had a more specific meaning in New Zealand when they used a now-archaic scrum formation. This term is rarely used any more, but

2072-407: The level of the armpit." Failing to bind properly results in a penalty, and the opposition team being awarded a free kick. The two second row forwards (jersey numbers four and five) bind together and directly behind the front row with each putting their heads between the props and the hooker. They are more commonly referred to as locks as they "lock" the scrum. Lastly the back row is made up of

2128-443: The number 6 but would pack down on either the open or blind sides of the scrum, and will often harass the opposition fly-half in the manner of an openside; like Calder and Jeffrey for Scotland, Betsen and Olivier Magne formed an outstanding left-right partnership for France. Scrum (rugby union) To prepare for a scrum, each team's eight forwards (referred to as the pack or forward pack ) bind together in three rows —

2184-617: The number seven position against Southland . Lam continued his career with Waikato during the 2010 ITM Cup , mainly starting at openside flanker. At the end of 2010, Lam signed with the Wellington Super Rugby franchise the Hurricanes for 2011. Lam started at openside flanker in every match in his rookie year in Super Rugby. He returned for another full season with Waikato in the 2011 ITM Cup . Lam made

2240-417: The other. The openside flanker's job is to get to the next ruck or maul as quickly as possible, so they will usually bind on that side. The number 8 binds behind the two locks, with his/her head between them. To form a scrum the two forward packs approach to within an arms length of each other. The referee gives the command crouch and the opposing front rows then crouch so that their backs are parallel to

2296-498: The pack is allowed to push, reducing the impact between the two packs when they engage. The IRB stated that this change was expected to reduce the impact "by up to 25 per cent in elite competition." In addition to changes in how the scrum is set, the IRB asked referees to renew their focus on the existing law, particularly preventing pushes before the ball is in and ensuring that the ball is fed in straight. More recently, World Rugby announced that starting in 2017–18, it would conduct

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2352-488: The pushing in the scrum, and need more speed, because their task is to quickly tackle or cover the opposing half-backs if the opposition wins the scrum. Approximately 40% of the power of the scrum is produced in the front row itself . In most professional teams the forward pack weighs at least 800 kg (1764 lbs ) . A scrum is awarded in a number of situations. The most common is if the ball has been knocked on (knocked forward) or passed forward . The two other major times when

2408-432: The referee then says set (this is not a command, but rather permission to the front rows to engage) and the two front rows come together. When this happens both front rows thrust forward with the tighthead props' heads going between the opposing hooker and loosehead prop. The props then bind by gripping the back or side of the opposing prop's jersey. The scrum-half from the team that has possession (referred to as having

2464-432: The ruck. If the ball is held up at a maul, the scrum is awarded to the team not in possession when the maul started. If a penalty is awarded for a more serious offence, the team to which it is awarded may elect to have a scrum rather than take a penalty kick or free kick. This usually happens when the attacking team is close to the opposition's goal-line, and wants to occupy all the opposition's forwards in one area to give

2520-494: The same time the hooker would strike for the ball. This not only meant they got the hooked ball, but also the opposition had to retreat to stay onside. Eventually, other teams found out what the All Blacks were doing and copied them. Referees stopped enforcing the straight feed into the scrum, and as a result scrum-halves started feeding the ball further on their side of the scrum. Opposing hookers gave up trying to hook for

2576-404: The scrum has begun. The front row are usually the stockiest members of the scrum. Hookers are normally smaller than props so they may manoeuvre their lower bodies within the tight confines of the front row and tunnel. Props and locks both need to be strong, but the positions differ in their main criteria for selection. Since props are more directly involved in wrestling for position and channelling

2632-420: The scrum has evolved since the sport's invention. Many of the rules regarding the scrum have been changed. These changes have not always had the desired long-term effect, as many have been changed quite frequently. Originally there was no distinction between an awarded or scrum and a loose scrum (today known as a ruck). The side awarded the scrum had one player put the ball on the ground and let go of it; there

2688-412: The scrum in a fixed position. Instead, the openside (occasionally known as the strong side, traditionally wearing number 7) flanker attaches to the scrum on whichever side is further from the nearer touchline, while the blind-side (occasionally known as weak side or closed side, traditionally number 6) flanker attaches themselves to the scrum on the side closer to the touchline. Since most of the back play

2744-461: The scrum to bind. The early rules of rugby, even after re-codification as "Laws of the Rugby Union", said the object of players in the scrum was to kick the ball towards their opponents' goal line. This provision remained in the laws for approximately 20 years after practice had changed in the late 19th century. For a long time players did not have specific positions within a scrum. They adopted

2800-494: The scrum. Only the opposition scrum-half could move forward of that point, and all flankers had to stay bound unless they remained behind the hindmost foot of the scrum. Another rule change introduced allowed the number 8 or the rear-most bound forward to detach from a scrum with the ball, previously it could only be retrieved by the scrum-half. Around 1996, the All Blacks came up with a strategy where their pack would push at

2856-403: The shoulder, in contact with the scrum. The number 8 must have both hands touching the scrum until the scrum has ended. Other rules regard the scrum-halves and how they throw in the ball. The scrum must be stable, stationary and parallel to the goal-lines when they feed the ball; otherwise a free kick is awarded to the non-offending team. If the scrum is acceptable then the scrum-half must feed

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2912-487: The switch to Europe in 2014, joining then Greene King IPA Championship side Bristol . In December 2015 he signed a new contract for two more seasons with Bristol (until 2018). Flanker (rugby union) Flanker is a position in the sport of rugby union . Each team of 15 players includes two flankers, who play in the forwards , and are generally classified as either blindside or openside flankers, numbers 6 and 7 respectively. The name comes from their position in

2968-437: The terms breakaway , flank , and flank forward are sometimes used. Collectively, the flankers and the number eight can also be known as the back-row forwards – referring to their scrum positions – or as loose forwards because they are loosely bound to the scrum. Flankers are the position where the player should have all-round attributes: speed, strength, fitness, tackling and handling skills. Flankers are always involved in

3024-418: The two flankers and the number eight . The flankers bind on each side of the scrum — next to a lock and behind a prop. Generally the number seven flanker is referred to as the openside flanker, and with the number six flanker as the blindside flanker. "Openside" and "blindside" refer to the wide and narrow side of the pitch respectively, as scrums usually occur closer to one of the touchlines than

3080-421: Was no requirement of a tunnel. The onside line was dictated by the ball; so players were required to remain behind it. A scrum would most commonly be awarded when a stalemate occurred between the player with the ball, who would declare "held", and opposition holding him, who would call "Have it down". The early rules did not draw a clear distinction between players in or out of a scrum, and did not require players in

3136-601: Was very popular in New Zealand until being outlawed in 1932. The extra man available because he was not in the scrum was called a wing forward and his job was to feed the ball into the scrum. Wing forwards were frequently accused of obstructing the opposing scrum-half, and this contributed to the International Rugby Football Board, later known as the International Rugby Board (IRB) and now as World Rugby (WR), outlawing

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