115-615: Jack Reacher is the protagonist of a series of crime thriller novels by British author Lee Child , a 2012 film adaptation , its 2016 sequel , and a television series on Amazon Prime Video . In the stories, Jack Reacher was a major in the U.S. Army's military police . After leaving the Army, Reacher roamed the United States, taking odd jobs, investigating suspicious and dangerous situations, and resolving them. As of 24 October 2023, there are 28 novels and short stories in
230-426: A gene evolved to prevent inbreeding . As a result "every generation and every small band had at least one person who had to wander" leading to "mixing up of gene pools " being "healthier all around." Reacher is proficient in hand-to-hand combat. While not a master in any discipline, he tends to incorporate moves from various styles. He also has strong deduction skills and is an exceptional investigator. Reacher
345-532: A "bulked-up greyhound". He also reveals that his size is purely genetic; he says in Persuader and Never Go Back that he is not much of an exercise enthusiast. He has various scars, including some roughly stitched on his abdomen following a bombing in Lebanon . The 2012 action thriller film Jack Reacher was adapted from the 9th novel, 2005's One Shot, and stars Tom Cruise in the title role. The film
460-576: A Tradition", "No Room at the Motel", "Not a Drill", "Second Son", "Small Wars", and "The Picture of the Lonely Diner". Temperance Brennan is being investigated for the murder of a reporter who was re-opening an old suicide case that Reacher investigated. Included in MatchUp, a collection of co-authored short stories by male and female thriller authors (Lee Child and Kathy Reichs ). Reacher visits
575-495: A carefully tended and walled-in garden, closed to the public and hidden from prying eyes. His own company is the best. He feels at home in his world, where the only changes are made by himself. His best work is done with his own resources, on his own initiative, and in his own way... Crowds, majority views, public opinion, popular enthusiasm never convince him of anything, but mere make him creep still deeper into his shell. His relations with other people become warm only when safety
690-404: A completely new actor. We're rebooting and starting over and we're going to try and find the perfect guy. On 15 July 2019, a TV series adaptation of the series under the name Reacher starring Alan Ritchson (6'2", or 188 cm) was announced by Amazon with showrunner Nick Santora , writing and producing the series through Paramount Television and Skydance Media . On 14 January 2020,
805-775: A continuum, individuals may have a mixture of both orientations. A person who acts introverted in one situation may act extraverted in another, and people can learn to act in "counter dispositional" ways in certain situations. For example, Brian Little's free trait theory suggests that people can take on "free traits", behaving in ways that may not be their "first nature", but can strategically advance projects that are important to them. Together, this presents an optimistic view of what extraversion is. Rather than being fixed and stable, individuals vary in their extraverted behaviors across different moments, and can choose to act extraverted to advance important personal projects or even increase their happiness, as mentioned above. Researchers have found
920-434: A continuum. Goldberg (1992) developed a 20-word measure as part of his 100-word Big Five markers. Saucier (1994) developed a briefer 8-word measure as part of his 40-word mini-markers. However, the psychometric properties of Saucier's original mini-markers have been found to be suboptimal with samples outside of North America. As a result, a systematically revised measure was developed to have better psychometric properties,
1035-463: A correlation between extraversion and self-reported happiness. That is, more extraverted people tend to report higher levels of happiness than introverts. Other research has shown that being instructed to act in an extraverted manner leads to increases in positive affect, even for people who are trait-level introverts. Extraverts report experiencing more positive emotions, whereas introverts tend to be closer to neutral. This may be because extraversion
1150-417: A country with three armies: an army of cripples, an army of mourners, and an army of thieves." In 1986, summoned by military intelligence to Washington, DC, Reacher is sent undercover . The assignment that awaits him: the army is meeting with its Capitol Hill paymasters for classified talks on a new, state-of-the-art sniper rifle for US forces. But vital details about the weapon are leaking from someone at
1265-527: A diner reminiscent of the Edward Hopper painting " Nighthawks ". It was part of the Mystery Writers' Guild anthology Manhattan Mayhem edited by Mary Higgins Clark. This anthology includes a novella, "Too Much Time", and the short stories "Deep Down", "Everyone Talks", "Guy Walks into a Bar", "High Heat", "James Penney's New Identity" (the original version which is longer), "Maybe They Have
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#17327828617171380-413: A disappointment and pathology". In contrast, Cain says that introversion is not a "second-class" trait but that both introverts and extraverts enrich society, with examples including the introverts Isaac Newton , Albert Einstein , Mahatma Gandhi , Dr. Seuss , W. B. Yeats , Steven Spielberg , and Larry Page . Most contemporary trait theories measure levels of extraversion-introversion as part of
1495-404: A good mixer. What he does, he does in his own way, barricading himself against influences from outside. He is apt to appear awkward, often seeming inhibited, and it frequently happens that, by a certain brusqueness of manner, or by his glum unapproachability, or some kind of malapropism, he causes unwitting offence to people... For him self-communings are a pleasure. His own world is a safe harbor,
1610-520: A hollowed-out town in Maine, where he witnesses a random bag-snatching but sees much more than a simple crime. On Christmas Eve, Jack Reacher stumbles into a no-name bar in the California desert. The last thing he expects is a blizzard—or a visit from the world's deadliest assassin. Jack Reacher, ex-military drifter of no fixed abode, is stalked and tracked down by an FBI agent. She tells him that in
1725-477: A house raid in Sydney, Australian law enforcement found a list. There were four people on it, including him. The other three are dead. Hours later, Reacher is in the air, on his way to Sydney. What was the evil buried 25 years ago that has now resurfaced? Will Reacher be able to find the killers before they find him? Not long before Christmas, MI5 notices someone acting strangely on camera CCTV at Heathrow Airport. It
1840-483: A journal in 1910, the first time the term appeared in print. In the lecture he mentions that love that is "introverted", "is turned inward into the subject and there produces increased imaginative activity". His 1921 book Psychologische Typen was published as Personality Types in English in 1923. It described the "introverted" in detail for the first time. In his later paper, Psychologische Typologie , he gives
1955-581: A large longitudinal study by Diener , Sandvik, Pavot, and Fujita (1992), which assessed 14,407 participants from 100 areas of continental United States. Using the abbreviated General Well-Being Schedule, which tapped positive and negative affects, and Costa and McCrae's (1986). short version of the NEO 's Extraversion scale, the authors reported that extraverts experienced greater well-being at two points in time, during which data were collected: first between 1971 and 1975, and later between 1981 and 1984. However,
2070-555: A loner who seems never so happy—rather like Agent Cooper in "Twin Peaks"—as when sitting quietly in a diner with a cup of black coffee and a piece of pie, he has an uncanny knack for stumbling into the worst kinds of trouble, almost none of it connected to himself." Michael Cavacini concurred, saying unlike traditional whodunits , where a detective "simply solves a problem because it's his job", Reacher has no formal reason to be involved in anything and consequently "seems to always wind up in
2185-495: A meta-analysis of 15 experience sampling studies has suggested that there is a great deal of overlap in the way that extraverts and introverts behave. In these studies, participants used mobile devices to report how extraverted (e.g., bold, talkative, assertive, outgoing) they were acting at multiple times during their daily lives. Fleeson and Gallagher (2009) found that extraverts regularly behave in an introverted way, and introverts regularly behave in an extraverted way. Indeed, there
2300-402: A more concise definition of the introverted type, writing: He holds aloof from external happenings, does not join in, has a distinct dislike of society as soon as he finds himself among too many people. In a large gathering he feels lonely and lost. The more crowded it is, the greater becomes his resistance. He is not in the least "with it," and has no love of enthusiastic get-togethers. He is not
2415-570: A person shows positive emotions of enthusiasm , energy, and excitement, that person is seen favorably by others and he or she gains others' attention. This favorable reaction from others likely encourages extraverts to engage in further extraverted behavior. Ashton, Lee, and Paunonen's (2002) study showed that their measure of social attention, the Social Attention Scale, was much more highly correlated with extraversion than were measures of reward sensitivity. Temperamental view
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#17327828617172530-1167: A positive correlation between introversion and total white matter volume. Task-related functional neuroimaging has shown that extraversion is associated with increased activity in the anterior cingulate gyrus, prefrontal cortex, middle temporal gyrus , and the amygdala . Extraversion has also been linked to physiological factors such as respiration, through its association with surgency . Various differences in behavioral characteristics are attributed to extraverts and introverts. According to one study, extraverts tend to wear more decorative clothing, whereas introverts prefer practical, comfortable clothes. Extraverts are more likely to prefer more upbeat, conventional, and energetic music than introverts. Personality also influences how people arrange their work areas. In general, extraverts decorate their offices more, keep their doors open, keep extra chairs nearby, and are more likely to put dishes of candy on their desks. These are attempts to invite co-workers and encourage interaction. Introverts, in contrast, decorate less and tend to arrange their workspace to discourage social interaction. Despite these differences,
2645-556: A preference for a quiet, more minimally stimulating external environment. They prefer to concentrate on a single activity at a time and like to observe situations before they participate, especially observed in developing children and adolescents. They are more analytical before speaking. Mistaking introversion for shyness is a common error. Introversion is a preference, while shyness stems from distress. Introverts prefer solitary to social activities, but do not necessarily fear social encounters like shy people do. Susan Cain , author of
2760-625: A private spy and Jerry DeLong, a forensic accountant . Reacher and Heller soon find out that the chief enforcer for the Albanian mafia in Boston, Alex Dushku (also known as "Allie Boy"), will soon arrive to meet DeLong whom he is coercing into giving one of his enterprises a clean chit in a purported audit to be conducted by DeLong. Outside the bar, Reacher and Heller beat Dushku unconscious and steal his bribe money, which they then split between themselves before parting ways. DeLong, not having received
2875-465: A short story anthology of thrillers written by International Thrillers, Inc. members and edited by James Patterson . This novella, published in 2013, opens on 13 July 1977 with an almost seventeen year old Reacher stopping by in New York in the middle of a heat wave to visit his brother at West Point when he encounters a woman (Jill Hemingway) being assaulted by a man. He drives off the man after
2990-553: A short story collection. The book series chronicles the adventures of Jack Reacher , a former major in the United States Army Military Police Corps now a drifter, roaming the United States taking odd jobs and investigating suspicious and frequently dangerous situations, some of which are of a personal nature. The Reacher series has maintained a schedule of one book per year, except for 2010, when two installments were published. The character
3105-572: A single, continuous dimension of personality, with some scores near one end, and others near the halfway mark. Ambiversion is falling more or less in the middle. Quiet author Susan Cain reported studies indicating that 33 to 50% of the American population are introverts. Particular demographics have higher prevalence, with a 6,000-subject MBTI -based survey indicating that 60% of attorneys, and 90% of intellectual property attorneys, are introverts. The extent of extraversion and introversion
3220-419: A situation where something goes wrong and he must make right". Child views Jack Reacher as a "happy-go-lucky guy. He has quirks and problems, but the thing is, he doesn't know he's got them. Hence, no tedious self-pity. He's smart and strong, an introvert , but any anguish he suffers is caused by others." He was asked about the casting of Tom Cruise in the role of Jack Reacher. Cruise's casting as Jack Reacher
3335-456: A small scuffle, only to learn that the man is Croselli, one of the mob bosses of New York City. Croselli had slapped Hemingway for wearing a wire tape, and from this he deduced that Hemingway was an FBI agent. Hemingway warns him to leave the city before midnight or else Croselli would have his men kill him. They then part ways. Reacher then meets a brunette, Chrissie at a coffee shop and they agree to go CBGB together using Chrissie's car. Inside
3450-650: A variety of findings contradict the claims of the social activity hypothesis. Firstly, it was found that extraverts were happier than introverts even when alone. Specifically, extraverts tend to be happier regardless of whether they live alone or with others, or whether they live in a vibrant city or quiet rural environment. Similarly, a study by Diener , Sandvik, Pavot, and Fujita (1992) showed that although extraverts chose social jobs relatively more frequently (51%) than nonsocial jobs compared to introverts (38%), they were happier than introverts regardless of whether their occupations had social or nonsocial character. Secondly, it
3565-489: Is Dick Hill. Paramount Pictures hired Academy Award–nominated screenwriter Josh Olson to adapt One Shot , under the title Jack Reacher . Christopher McQuarrie , Oscar-winning screenwriter for The Usual Suspects , was then brought in to rewrite Olson's draft. It was announced in July 2011 that Tom Cruise —a 5'7" (1.70 m) actor—would play Reacher, who is 6'5" (1.96 m) in the books. Lee Child said, "Reacher's size in
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3680-417: Is a skilled marksman and the only non- Marine to win the U.S. Marine Corps 1000-yard Invitational rifle competition . Reacher has a love for music, especially blues . That affinity inspires Reacher to get off the bus at the start of Killing Floor . He also speaks of it to detectives investigating an early-morning suicide on a near-deserted New York subway near a blues club on Bleecker Street . He
3795-515: Is a snapshot of the life of Reacher and his family circa 1974, while they are stationed on a military base in Okinawa . Upon arriving they immediately get into deep trouble that is compounded by some bad news. The action is interspersed with contemplative moments, such as when 13-year-old Jack's grandfather, a prosthetic-limb maker and World War I veteran in Paris, recounts that "… a great war leaves
3910-524: Is based on the notion that there is a direct link between people's personality traits and their sensitivity to positive and negative affects. The affective reactivity model states that the strength of a person's reactions to affect-relevant events are caused by people's differences in affect . This model is based on the reinforcement sensitivity theory by Jeffrey Alan Gray , which states that people with stronger behavioral activation system ( BAS ) are high in reward responsiveness and are predisposed to
4025-803: Is because the U.S. is a culture of external personality, whereas in some other cultures people are valued for their "inner selves and their moral rectitude". Other cultures, such as those in China , India , Japan , and regions where Eastern Orthodox Christianity , Buddhism , Hinduism , Sufism etc. prevail, prize introversion. These cultural differences predict individuals' happiness in that people who score higher in extraversion are happier, on average, in particularly extraverted cultures and vice versa. Despite this, extraverts are still seen as prototypical leaders in traditionally introverted cultures. Researchers have found that people who live on islands tend to be less extraverted (more introverted) than those living on
4140-403: Is believed that since extraverts are characterized as more sociable than introverts, they also possess higher levels of positive affect brought on by social interactions. Specifically, the results of Furnham and Brewin's study (1990) suggest that extraverts enjoy and participate more in social activities than introverts, and as a result extraverts report a higher level of happiness. Also, in
4255-407: Is described as being 6 feet 5 inches (1.96 m) tall, weighing 210–250 pounds (95–113 kg) and having a 50-inch (130 cm) chest. In Never Go Back , he is described as having "a six-pack like a cobbled city street, a chest like a suit of NFL armor, biceps like basketballs, and subcutaneous fat like a Kleenex tissue." In his youth, his physical appearance was likened to that of
4370-425: Is guaranteed, and when he can lay aside his defensive distrust. All too often he cannot, and consequently the number of friends and acquaintances is very restricted. In the 1950s, British psychologist Hans Eysenck theorized that the trait of introversion-extraversion could be explained in terms of Clark Hull's drive theory of motivation. He later developed his own arousal theory to explain individual differences in
4485-519: Is likely to enjoy time spent with people and find less reward in time spent alone. They tend to be energized when around other people, and they are more prone to boredom when they are by themselves. Introversion is the state of primarily obtaining gratification from one's own mental life. Introverts are typically perceived as more reserved or reflective . Some popular psychologists have characterized introverts as people whose energy tends to expand through reflection and dwindle during interaction. This
4600-561: Is more about what one "does" than what one "has". Additionally, a study by Lippa (1978) found evidence for the extent to which individuals present themselves in a different way. This is called expressive behavior, and it is dependent upon the individuals' motivation and ability to control that behavior. Lippa (1978) examined 68 students who were asked to role-play by pretending to teach a math class. The students' level of extraversion and introversion were rated based on their external/expressive behaviors such as stride length, graphic expansiveness,
4715-597: Is most commonly assessed through self-report measures, although peer-reports and third-party observation can also be used. Self-report measures are either lexical or based on statements. The type of measure is determined by an assessment of psychometric properties, and the time and space constraints of the research being undertaken. Lexical measures use individual adjectives that reflect extravert and introvert traits, such as outgoing, talkative, reserved and quiet. Words representing introversion are reverse-coded to create composite measures of extraversion-introversion running on
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4830-436: Is no relationship between extraversion and deactivated (calm) forms of positive affect such as contentment or serenity, although one study found a negative relationship between extraversion and deactivated positive affect (i.e. a positive relationship between introversion and calm positive affect). Moreover, the relationship between extraversion and activated positive affect is only significant for agentic extraversion, i.e. there
4945-414: Is no significant relationship between affiliative extraversion and activated positive affect, especially when controlling for neuroticism. An influential review article concluded that personality, specifically extraversion and emotional stability, was the best predictor of subjective well-being. As examples, Argyle and Lu (1990) found that the trait of extraversion, as measured by Extraversion Scale of
5060-473: Is not always an advantage. For example, extraverted youths are more likely to engage in antisocial or delinquent behavior. In line with this, certain evidence suggest that the trait of extraversion may also be related to that of psychopathy . Conversely, while introversion is perceived as less socially desirable, it is strongly associated with positive traits such as intelligence and "giftedness." Though more recent, large-scale meta-analyses have found that
5175-536: Is out of character for introverts, it was shown to harm their well-being. Therefore, one way to preserve introverts' well-being is for them to recharge as often as possible in places where they can return to their true selves—places Little calls "restorative niches". However, it was also found that extraverts did not respond stronger to social situations than introverts, nor did they report bigger boosts of positive affect during such interactions. Another possible explanation for more happiness among extraverts comes from
5290-583: Is picked up by a trio of Canadians who claim to be outdoor enthusiasts. At the end of the road trip, Reacher parts ways with his companions and finds himself near a hiking trail sealed off by the US Army under mysterious circumstances. Reacher subsequently investigates the closure of the trail when one of the Canadians returns to seek his help. This short story, co written by Lee Child and Joseph Finder , opens with Jack Reacher encountering two men, Nick Heller,
5405-532: Is possible—with restraint. In the world we live in...we are overpoliced. Our contemporary fantasy is about lawlessness: about what would happen if the institutions of civility melted away and all we were left with was a hard-muscled, rangy guy who could do all the necessary calculations in his head to insure that the bad guy got what he had coming. That's why there are rarely any police in Reacher novels—or judges or courts or lawyers or any discussion or consideration of
5520-437: Is scathing in his dismissal of traditional religious proselytizing. In A Wanted Man Reacher admits that he is a bad driver. He doesn't have a driver's license. In Without Fail Agent Froelich searches various databases for Reacher, only to discover he is rendered nearly untraceable because, without a driver's license, he has no photograph or address in government records. Reacher admits to indulging in casual sex . Reacher
5635-503: Is similar to Jung's view, although he focused on mental energy rather than physical energy. Few modern conceptions make this distinction. Introverts often take pleasure in solitary activities such as reading, writing, or meditating. An introvert is likely to enjoy time spent alone and find less reward in time spent with large groups of people. Introverts are easily overwhelmed by too much stimulation from social gatherings and engagement, introversion having even been defined by some in terms of
5750-585: Is socially preferable in contemporary Western culture and thus introversion feels less desirable. In addition to the research on happiness, other studies have found that extraverts tend to report higher levels of self-esteem than introverts. Others suggest that such results reflect socio-cultural bias in the survey itself. Dr. David Meyers has claimed that happiness is a matter of possessing three traits: self-esteem, optimism , and extraversion. Meyers bases his conclusions on studies that report extraverts to be happier; these findings have been questioned in light of
5865-775: Is α of 0.85. Statement measures tend to contain more words, and hence consume more research instrument space, than lexical measures. Respondents are asked the extent to which they, for example, "Talk to a lot of different people at parties or Often feel uncomfortable around others". While some statement-based measures of extraversion-introversion have similarly acceptable psychometric properties in North American populations to lexical measures, their generally emic development makes them less suited to use in other populations. For example, statements asking about talkativeness in parties are hard to answer meaningfully by those who do not attend parties, as Americans are assumed to do. Moreover,
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#17327828617175980-636: The Big Five model , Jung's analytical psychology , Hans Eysenck 's three-factor model , Raymond Cattell 's 16 personality factors , the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory , and the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator . In September 1909, Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung used the term introverted in a lecture at Clark University . A transcript of this lecture was then published with two others in
6095-690: The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), was positively and significantly correlated with positive affect, as measured by the Oxford Happiness Inventory. Using the same positive affect and extraversion scales, Hills and Argyle (2001) found that positive affect was again significantly correlated with extraversion. Also, the study by Emmons and Diener (1986) showed that extraversion correlates positively and significantly with positive affect but not with negative affect . Similar results were found in
6210-491: The Reacher series. Four of the novels were adapted for cinema and television. Two of the adaptations are films starring Tom Cruise as Reacher: Jack Reacher (2012) from the ninth novel, One Shot ; and Jack Reacher: Never Go Back (2016) from the eighteenth novel, Never Go Back . The third adaption, Reacher , is a television series on Amazon Prime Video , starring Alan Ritchson . The first season, adapted from
6325-559: The Son of Sam , a serial killer who killed couples making out in cars. Son of Sam couldn't see Chrissie and leaves, but not before Reacher gets a good look at his posture and mannerisms. Reacher and Chrissie then meet Hemingway outside Croselli's hideout. Hemingway informs Reacher that due to the outage, Croselli's men were out protecting various businesses that paid him money, from looters and plunderers, leaving Croselli alone in his warren. Chrissie and Reacher part ways and then Reacher breaks into
6440-446: The anterior cingulate gyrus , temporal lobes , and posterior thalamus, which are involved in sensory and emotional experience. This study and other research indicate that introversion-extraversion is related to individual differences in brain function. A study on regional brain volume found a positive correlation between introversion and grey matter volume in the right prefrontal cortex and right temporoparietal junction , as well as
6555-459: The "stimulation" hypothesis is that introverts salivate more than extraverts in response to a drop of lemon juice. This is due to increased activity in their ARAS, which responds to stimuli like food or social contact. Extraversion has been linked to higher sensitivity of the mesolimbic dopamine system to potentially rewarding stimuli. This in part explains the high levels of positive affect found in extraverts, since they will more intensely feel
6670-559: The American & Canadian paperback and Kindle editions of The Affair , and "Deep Down" with the American & Canadian paperback and Kindle editions of A Wanted Man . "High Heat" with the American paperback and Kindle editions of Never Go Back , "Everyone Talks" with the UK edition of Never Go Back , "Not a Drill" with the American paperback of Personal , and "The Fourth Man" with the Australian paperback of Past Tense . "Second Son"
6785-681: The Army as a captain, helping James Penney, a Vietnam War veteran who has recently been made redundant at work and had his car stolen. When Penney unknowingly becomes a fugitive (after he accidentally burns down two neighbours' houses in the course of deliberately burning down his own in an act of frustration after being fired), Reacher helps Penney obtain a new identity so he can start a new life. The story has appeared in Fresh Blood 3 (1999), an anthology of mystery short stories edited by Mike Ripley and Maxim Jakubowski , and in Thriller (2006),
6900-559: The International English Mini-Markers. The International English Mini-Markers has good internal consistency reliabilities, and other validity , for assessing extraversion-introversion and other five-factor personality dimensions, both within and, especially, without American populations. Internal consistency reliability of the extraversion measure for native English-speakers is reported as a Cronbach's alpha (α) of 0.92, that for non-native English-speakers
7015-602: The Jack Reacher novels, writing under the pen name of Andrew Child . The two brothers intend to write the next few novels together after which Andrew Grant will "strike out on his own". The 25th novel in the series, The Sentinel , was published on 27 October 2020, and was the first Jack Reacher book to be co-authored by and credited to both Child brothers. All of the Jack Reacher novels have been released in audio form in MP3 format. The most consistent narrator for these
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#17327828617177130-449: The TV series was approved, with Child and Christopher McQuarrie executive producing the first season, which adapted the first novel in the series, Killing Floor . The series was released on 4 February 2022. Introvert Extraversion and introversion are a central trait dimension in human personality theory. The terms were introduced into psychology by Carl Jung , though both
7245-601: The U.S. average on extraversion. Utah and the southeastern states of Florida and Georgia also score high on this personality trait. The most introverted states in the U.S. are Maryland , New Hampshire , Alaska , Washington , Oregon , and Vermont . People who live in the northwestern states of Idaho , Montana , and Wyoming are also relatively introverted. As earlier stated, extraverts are often found to have higher levels of positive affect than introverts. However, this relationship has only been found between extraversion and activated forms of positive affect. There
7360-441: The United States include rural England ( The Hard Way , Maybe They Have a Tradition ), London ( Personal ), Hamburg ( Night School ), and Paris ( The Enemy and Personal ). Though the first published novel, it is the fifth one in terms of the in-story chronology. This novel was adapted for the first season of the 2022 series, Reacher starring Alan Ritchson in the titular role. This novel will be adapted for
7475-649: The activation of aversive emotions, may influence gregariousness. Although extraversion is associated with many positive outcomes like higher levels of happiness, those extraverted people are also more likely to be exposed to communicable diseases , such as airborne infections , as they tend to have more contact with people. When individuals are more vulnerable to infection, the cost of being social will be relatively greater. Therefore, people tend to be less extraversive when they feel vulnerable and vice versa. Some claim that Americans live in an "extraverted society" that rewards extravert behavior and rejects introversion. This
7590-414: The activity facet of extraversion has the most sizable positive relations with cognitive abilities. For many years, researchers have found that introverts tend to be more successful in academic environments, which extraverts may find boring. Research shows that behavioral immune system , the psychological processes that infer infection risk from perceptual cues and respond to these perceptual cues through
7705-413: The book Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking , argues that modern Western culture misjudges the capabilities of introverted people, leading to a waste of talent, energy, and happiness. Cain describes how society is biased against introverts, and that, with people being taught from childhood that to be sociable is to be happy, introversion is now considered "somewhere between
7820-481: The books is a metaphor for an unstoppable force, which Cruise portrays in his own way." It was announced in September 2014 that Tom Cruise would reprise the role in the sequel Jack Reacher: Never Go Back , which would adapt the 18th novel, Never Go Back . McQuarrie did not direct, due to a commitment with another Cruise film, Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation , and was replaced with Edward Zwick . The film
7935-524: The bribe money, is no longer under contractual obligation to carry out the subterfuge. This story is set in 1989, when Jack Reacher is serving as an officer in the military police. A young lieutenant colonel in a stylish handmade uniform roars through the damp woods of Georgia in her new silver Porsche, until she meets a very tall soldier with a broken-down car. This story takes place in Manhattan's Flatiron District. Jack Reacher has an unusual encounter in
8050-531: The character and that another actor would be cast in the role, citing the height difference between the fictional character and Cruise remarking that he was going to try and find the perfect guy. Amazon was chosen to develop the series for Prime Video with Nick Santora as the showrunner. On 4 September 2020, Alan Ritchson was cast to play Reacher. The first season of the series, Reacher premiered on 4 February 2022 with all episodes released simultaneously. On 7 November 2023, Amazon Prime Video announced that
8165-440: The chivalrous knight errant of medieval lore, as opposed to an anti-hero tormented by addiction and haunted by past misbehavior. The character's name first came to Lee Child while he was in a supermarket when an old lady, noting the span of Child's arms, asked for his help in reaching a can of pears. Many have commented on similarities between Lee Child and his fictional character. Child tends to agree with such observations: "I
8280-540: The club they find Hemingway along with one of Croselli's henchmen, who promptly calls his boss on seeing Reacher. Meanwhile, Reacher gets to know that Jill Hemingway had been suspended from the FBI, pending review as part of the deal cut by Croselli with the FBI and that she was planning to bring him down. Reacher takes care of the henchman, just before a power outage strikes, before making his escape with Chrissie. Chrissie and Reacher then make out in her car, when they encounter
8395-498: The creation of life circumstances, which promote high levels of positive affect . Specifically, the personality trait of extraversion is seen as a facilitator of more social interactions, since the low cortical arousal among extraverts results in them seeking more social situations in order to increase their arousal. According to the social activity hypothesis, more frequent participation in social situations creates more frequent, and higher levels, of positive affect . Therefore, it
8510-626: The events prior to the story beginning. This was also included in the June–July 2012 Esquire magazine. This story was also included as a small book with the Blu-ray release of the movie Jack Reacher: Never Go Back , released February 2017 in the US. The book is 5.5x6.75 inches, 10 pages long, with a few illustrations, some color, some black and white. Hitchhiking in Maine near the Canada–US border, Reacher
8625-457: The excitement of a potential reward. One consequence of this is that extraverts can more easily learn the contingencies for positive reinforcement , since the reward itself is experienced as greater. One study found that introverts have more blood flow in the frontal lobes of their brain and the anterior or frontal thalamus , which are areas dealing with internal processing, such as planning and problem solving. Extraverts have more blood flow in
8740-434: The external object". Extraversion and introversion are typically viewed as a single continuum , so to be higher in one necessitates being lower in the other. Jung provides a different perspective and suggests that everyone has both an extraverted side and an introverted side, with one being more dominant than the other. Virtually all comprehensive models of personality include these concepts in various forms. Examples include
8855-645: The extroverts are those in whom the energies liberated upon the stirring of any propensity flow out freely in outward action and expression." Extraversion is the state of primarily obtaining gratification from outside oneself. Extraverts tend to enjoy human interactions and to be enthusiastic , talkative , assertive , and gregarious . Extraverts are energized and thrive off being around other people. They take pleasure in activities that involve large social gatherings, such as parties, community activities, public demonstrations, and business or political groups. They also tend to work well in groups. An extraverted person
8970-508: The fact that the "happiness" prompts given to the studies' subjects, such as "I like to be with others" and "I'm fun to be with," only measure happiness among extraverts. Also, according to Carl Jung, introverts acknowledge more readily their psychological needs and problems, whereas extraverts tend to be oblivious to them because they focus more on the outer world. Although extraversion is perceived as socially desirable in Western culture, it
9085-454: The first novel, Killing Floor , premiered on 4 February 2022. The second season, from Bad Luck and Trouble , premiered 14 December 2023. The series was renewed for a third season. Lee Child was unemployed when he wrote Killing Floor after being fired as a presentation director for Granada Television . Some have said that the character is an antidote to stereotypical male antiheroes. Otto Penzler wrote that Reacher's character reflects
9200-472: The first three episodes of Season 2 would be released on 15 December with more to follow in January 2024. Explanatory notes Citations Jack Reacher (book series) Further reading Jack Reacher (book series) Jack Reacher is a series of novels, novellas and short stories by British author Jim Grant under the pen name Lee Child . As of January 2022, the series includes 28 books and
9315-550: The hideout to take care of Croselli but not before he gets him to profess his various crimes on tape. Reacher leaves Croselli tied to a chair with the tape at his feet and Hemingway calls in the FBI. Hemingway also makes a call to the New York Police Department about the Son of Sam based on the description given to her by Reacher. They then go to a motel where Jill dies of a myocardial infarction . Reacher leaves
9430-399: The high correlation between extraversion and happiness comes from the study by Ashton, Lee, and Paunonen (2002). They suggested that the core element of extraversion is a tendency to behave in ways that attract, hold, and enjoy social attention, and not reward sensitivity. They claimed that one of the fundamental qualities of social attention is its potential of being rewarding. Therefore, if
9545-451: The latter study did not control for neuroticism, an important covariate when investigating relationships between extraversion and positive affect or wellbeing. Studies that controlled for neuroticism have found no significant relationship between extraversion and subjective well-being. Larsen and Ketelaar (1991) showed that extraverts respond more to positive affect than to negative affect, since they exhibit more positive-affect reactivity to
9660-513: The law. Others are critical of the various implausibilities and contradictions present in the character and his behavior. The Washington Post journalist Kevin Nance wrote: The unlikelihoods and outright impossibilities stack up. Ever a frugal sort... Reacher travels mostly by hitchhiking... even though the practice is roughly as current as bellbottoms and even though his appearance is, as previously established, notably simian... (A)lthough he's
9775-696: The level of extraversion is controversial and the focus of many studies. Twin studies have found a genetic component of 39% to 58%. In terms of the environmental component, the shared family environment appears to be far less important than individual environmental factors that are not shared between siblings. Eysenck proposed that extraversion was caused by variability in cortical arousal. He hypothesized that introverts are characterized by higher levels of activity than extraverts and so are chronically more cortically aroused than extraverts. That extraverts require more external stimulation than introverts has been interpreted as evidence for this hypothesis. Other evidence of
9890-507: The mainland, and that people whose ancestors had inhabited the island for twenty generations tend to be less extraverted than more recent arrivals. Furthermore, people who emigrate from islands to the mainland tend to be more extraverted than people that stay on islands, and those that immigrate to islands. In the United States, researchers have found that people living in the midwestern states of North Dakota , South Dakota , Nebraska , Minnesota , Wisconsin , and Illinois score higher than
10005-419: The motel after informing the police of her death. The story ends with the Son of Sam being apprehended 28 days after the outage. This story was initially released exclusively in the eBook format. A short story published as part of the UK hardback edition of Never Go Back , the story is told from the perspective of a female detective investigating an alleged shooting. Reacher, while in the hospital, relates
10120-493: The novels, while Cruise is a 5 ft 7 in (1.70 m) tall brunet. In 2012, Child commented on Cruise's casting, "Reacher's size in the books is a metaphor for an unstoppable force, which Cruise portrays in his own way." On 14 November 2018, Child announced a deal with Skydance Television and Paramount Television to produce a Jack Reacher series based on Child's novels and that there would be no more Reacher films. He also said that Tom Cruise would no longer portray
10235-653: The percentage of time they spent talking, the amount of time they spent making eye contact, and the total time of each teaching session. This study found that actual introverts were perceived and judged as having more extraverted-looking expressive behaviors because they were higher in terms of their self-monitoring. This means that the introverts consciously put more effort into presenting a more extraverted, and rather socially desirable, version of themselves. Thus, individuals are able to regulate and modify behavior based on their environmental situations. Humans are complex and unique, and because introversion-extraversion varies along
10350-830: The personality trait of extraversion, while people with a stronger behavioral inhibition system ( BIS ) are lower in reward responsiveness and are more predisposed to personality trait of neuroticism and introversion. Therefore, extraverts are seen as having a temperamental predisposition to positive affect since positive mood induction has a greater effect on them than on introverts, thus extraverts are more prone to react to pleasant effects. For example, Gable, Reis, and Elliot (2000). found in two consecutive studies that people with more sensitive BIS reported higher levels of average negative affect, while people with more sensitive BAS reported higher levels of positive affect. Also, Zelenski and Larsen (1999) found that people with more sensitive BAS reported more positive emotions during
10465-499: The popular understanding and current psychological usage are not the same as Jung's original concept. Extraversion (also spelled extroversion ) tends to be manifested in outgoing, talkative, energetic behavior, whereas introversion is manifested in more reflective and reserved behavior. Jung defined introversion as an "attitude-type characterised by orientation in life through subjective psychic contents", and extraversion as "an attitude-type characterised by concentration of interest on
10580-656: The positive mood induction, while people with more sensitive BIS reported more negative emotions during the negative mood induction. The social reactivity theory alleges that all humans, whether they like it or not, are required to participate in social situations. Since extraverts prefer engaging in social interactions more than introverts, they also derive more positive affect from such situations than introverts do. The support for this theory comes from work of Brian R. Little, who popularized concept of "restorative niches". Little claimed that life often requires people to participate in social situations, and since acting social
10695-437: The positive-affect induction, yet they do not react more negatively to the negative-affect induction. The instrumental view proposes that personality traits give rise to conditions and actions, which have affective consequences, and thus generate individual differences in emotionality. According to the instrumental view, one explanation for greater subjective well-being among extraverts could be that extraversion helps in
10810-455: The potential series. Child said of the recasting: I really enjoyed working with Cruise. He's a really, really nice guy. We had a lot of fun. But ultimately the readers are right. The size of Reacher is really, really important and it's a big component of who he is...So what I've decided to do is – there won't be any more movies with Tom Cruise. Instead we're going to take it to Netflix or something like that. Long-form streaming television, with
10925-408: The quality of this participation differs. The more frequent social participation among extraverts could be explained by the fact that extraverts know more people, but those people are not necessarily their close friends, whereas introverts, when participating in social interactions, are more selective and have only few close friends with whom they have special relationships. Yet another explanation of
11040-638: The result of underlying differences in brain physiology. Eysenck associated cortical inhibition and excitation with the ascending reticular activation system (ARAS), a pathway located in the brainstem . Extraverts seek excitement and social activity in an effort to raise their naturally low arousal level, whereas introverts tend to avoid social situations in an effort to avoid raising their naturally high arousal level too far. Eysenck designated extraversion as one of three major traits in his P-E-N model of personality, which also includes psychoticism and neuroticism . Eysenck originally suggested that extraversion
11155-473: The sometimes colloquial North American language of statements makes them less suited for use outside America. For instance, statements like "Keep in the background" and "Know how to captivate people" are sometimes hard for non-native English-speakers to understand, except in a literal sense. Hans Eysenck described extraversion-introversion as the degree to which a person is outgoing and interactive with other people. These behavioral differences are presumed to be
11270-450: The study of Argyle and Lu (1990) extraverts were found to be less likely to avoid participation in noisy social activities, and to be more likely to participate in social activities such as party games, jokes, or going to the cinema. Similar results were reported by Diener , Larsen , and Emmons (1984) who found that extraverts seek social situations more often than introverts, especially when engaging in recreational activities. However,
11385-493: The third season of the series, Reacher This is the first novel chronologically. This novel was adapted for the screen in 2012 as Jack Reacher , with Tom Cruise in the title role. In the TV series continuity, the events of One Shot are implied to have occurred between seasons 1 and 2. This novel was adapted for season 2 of the Reacher television series. This is the fourth novel chronologically. This novel
11500-448: The top of the federal government and probably into the hands of unidentified foreign arms dealers . The prospect of any and every terrorist, mercenary, or dictator's militia getting their hands on the latest superior firepower is unthinkable. Reacher is tasked with infiltrating the top-secret proceedings and revealing the traitor. He targets a quartet of high-powered Army political liaison officers—all of them fast-track women on their way to
11615-518: The top. According to his bosses, it's a zero-danger mission, but Reacher knows that things are rarely what they seem. The story is set in the moments before the beginning of the novel Gone Tomorrow . Reacher, while at a blues music club, observes what he believes to be the beginning of a kidnapping as part of a Russian mafia dispute. This story was published in The New York Times on 6 June 2009. The story features Reacher, still in
11730-498: The trait, suggesting that the brains of extraverts were chronically under-aroused, leading them to seek out stimulation from the environment. The trait of introversion-extraversion would become one of three central traits in Eysenck's PEN theory of personality. William McDougall discussed Jung's conception, and reached this conclusion: "the introverts are those in whom reflective thought inhibits and postpones action and expression:
11845-600: Was a combination of two major tendencies, impulsiveness and sociability. He later added several other more specific traits, namely liveliness, activity level, and excitability. These traits are further linked in his personality hierarchy to even more specific habitual responses, such as partying on the weekend. Eysenck compared this trait to the four temperaments of ancient medicine, with choleric and sanguine temperaments equating to extraversion, and melancholic and phlegmatic temperaments equating to introversion. The relative importance of nature versus environment in determining
11960-470: Was adapted for the screen in 2016 as Jack Reacher: Never Go Back , with Tom Cruise reprising the title role. This is the third novel chronologically. This is the second novel chronologically. Reacher has also appeared in several short stories by Child. " Second Son ," "Deep Down" and "Not a Drill" were all released originally for the Amazon Kindle although "Second Son" was later included in
12075-457: Was assigned to the military police and, as a major , ultimately led a special unit that was tasked with difficult cases. Reacher won numerous awards during his military service and his commanding officer, Leon Garber, promoted him twice in 18 months. After leaving the Army, he became a drifter . After the September 11 attacks , with restrictions on wire transfers in the light of fraud he
12190-832: Was born on a military base in Berlin, on 29 October 1960. His mother, Josephine Moutier Reacher (née Moutier), was French . Jack speaks some French . His maternal grandfather was at the Battle of Verdun in the First World War and in the French Resistance in the Second World War. Reacher's father was in the military. Reacher himself enrolled in the United States Military Academy at West Point. Commissioned as an Army officer, he
12305-463: Was directed by Christopher McQuarrie . Cruise reprised the role in the sequel, Jack Reacher: Never Go Back , an adaptation of the 18th Jack Reacher book, Never Go Back , which was directed by Edward Zwick and released 21 October 2016. Tom Cruise's casting was met with criticism from fans of the book series, primarily because of the disparity in their heights, with Reacher portrayed as a blond, 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) tall, 250-pound man in
12420-511: Was found that extraverts only sometimes reported greater amounts of social activity than introverts, but in general extraverts and introverts do not differ in the quantity of their socialization. Similar finding was reported by Srivastava, Angelo, and Vallereux (2008), who found that extraverts and introverts both enjoy participating in social interactions, but extraverts participate socially more. Thirdly, studies have shown that both extraverts and introverts participate in social relations, but that
12535-523: Was huge as a kid and Reacher's stature is me translated as a kid." Malcolm Gladwell wrote in The New Yorker of a difference between the symbolism of the Reacher character and of traditional Western characters: The traditional Western was a fantasy about lawfulness: it was based on a longing for order among those who had been living without it for too long. The heroes conduct themselves according to strict rules of chivalry. They act—insofar as it
12650-577: Was met with criticism from fans of the book series, primarily because the disparity in their heights. Reacher is portrayed as 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) tall and weighing 250 pounds in the novels, while Cruise is 5 ft 7 in (1.70 m). Child replied that "Reacher's size in the books is a metaphor for an unstoppable force". In physique and appearance, Child has compared him to rugby player Lawrence Dallaglio . Lee Child said that he drew inspiration from his own life as he developed stories for Jack Reacher's accomplices and family. Jack Reacher
12765-438: Was more within-person variability than between-person variability in extraverted behaviors. The key feature that distinguishes extraverts and introverts was that extraverts tend to act moderately extraverted about 5–10% more often than introverts. From this perspective, extraverts and introverts are not "fundamentally different". Rather, an "extravert" is just someone who acts more extraverted more often, suggesting that extraversion
12880-783: Was obliged to carry an ATM card and photo ID in the form of a (generally expired) American passport . Reacher, who has no background in studying genetics, claims that he is genetically predisposed to a vagrant lifestyle in Never Go Back . He says that some populations have a "natural wanderlust" such as the British Empire , the Vikings , and the Polynesians . He recognizes the economic reasons for their voyages but argues that "some of them could not stop" traveling. He believes when prehistoric humans lived in small bands
12995-534: Was portrayed by Tom Cruise in a 2012 film and 2016 sequel as well as Alan Ritchson in a streaming television series which premiered on Amazon Prime Video in 2022. The settings for many of the novels are in the United States of America ranging from major metropolitan areas like New York City , Los Angeles and Washington, D.C. , to small rural towns in the Midwestern United States and Southern United States . Reacher's travels outside
13110-457: Was released 21 October 2016. On 14 November 2018, Child announced that he made a deal with Skydance Television and Paramount Television to produce a Jack Reacher series based on Child's novels. During this time, feature films production would be halted. He also stated that Cruise would not return to the role. He said he hoped the new actor would more properly represent Reacher. Paramount Television and Skydance Television are slated to produce
13225-425: Was written for The Spectator newspaper, and published there on 16 December 2023. It is the 2nd Reacher Christmas story after The Christmas Scorpion, and is currently the only Reacher story solely written by Lee Child since his brother took over in 2020. The series has sold over 100 million copies worldwide. On 18 January 2020, Lee Child announced that his younger brother Andrew Grant would take over as writer of
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