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43-611: Jacuzzi is an American private company that manufactures and markets hot tubs , pools, and other bath products. It is best known for the Jacuzzi hydrotherapy products. The company is headquartered in Irvine, California . It is the largest hot tub manufacturer in Europe with eight factories, the largest being in Italy . The company was founded in 1915 by seven Italian immigrant brothers from

86-399: A division of Kidde Technologies. In March 1999, Kidde recalled 2 models of Carbon Monoxide Alarms, that were alarming late or not alarming at all. ~1 million (+650 thousand NightHawk brand, +350 thousand LifeSaver brand) units were recalled. Units from November 8, 1998, and March 9, 1999, are affected. In March 2000, Williams announced the breakup of the company. Now an independent entity,

129-404: A hot tub or spa water should be between 150 and 250 ppm (parts per million) Sitting in water above normal body temperatures can cause drowsiness which may lead to unconsciousness and subsequently result in drowning. The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) recommends that water temperatures never exceed 40 degrees Celsius (104 °F). A temperature of 37 degrees Celsius (100 °F)

172-481: A means of promoting the public's health, safety and welfare. Poorly sanitized hot tubs have been linked to a number of diseases, principally caused by facultative anaerobic bacteria . Such incidents include hot tub folliculitis and legionellosis . Kidde Kidde ( / ˈ k ɪ d ə / ) is a brand subsidiary of Carrier Global that manufactures and distributes fire detection and suppression equipment, as well as smoke and CO alarm units. Kidde

215-698: A power outage. Models made from December 18, 2013, to May 13, 2014, are affected. 1.2 million (+112 thousand in Canada) were recalled. In February 2015, Kidde recalled 31 models of extinguishers with Zytel valves due to the valve not fully opening, causing the extinguisher to not discharge properly. Affected models were made from July 23, 2013, to October 15, 2014. 4.6 million (+175 thousand in Canada) extinguishers were recalled. In November 2016, Kidde recalled over 3.6 million (+1.5 million in Canada) NightHawk model KN-COSM-IB combination smoke alarms due to

258-496: A spa. From 1968, a whirlpool bath was produced, which included jets that mixed air and water. This product (called the Roman Bath) was developed by Roy Jacuzzi, a 3rd-generation member of the family. This is considered the first whirlpool tub designed for relaxation, rather than for medical use. Jacuzzi used celebrity Jayne Mansfield and others to market the tubs, which initially gained popularity among Hollywood movie stars. In

301-619: A variety of pumps. In 1948, Candido Jacuzzi developed an improved full body hydrotherapy pump, the J-300, to treat his son's (Ken Jacuzzi) rheumatoid arthritis between hospital visits, after noting his positive response the smaller Hubbard tank at the Herrick hospital in Berkeley. He patented the pump in 1952 and began marketing it between 1955 and 1956 as a therapeutic aid. The pump was a portable device that could turn any regular bathtub into

344-547: Is considered safe for a healthy adult. Soaking in water above 39 degrees Celsius (102 °F) can cause fetal damage during the first three months of pregnancy. It is also recommended to install residual-current devices for protection against electrocution. The greater danger associated with electrical shock in the water is that the person may be rendered immobile and unable to rescue themselves or to call for help and then drown. Hot tubs and spas are equipped with drains that can create powerful suction and between 1980 and 1996,

387-572: Is headquartered in Mebane, North Carolina . Kidde Canada (formerly Pyrene Company or Chubb Security ) operates under Kidde Fire Safety North America and is located in Toronto, Ontario. Kidde Aerospace is located in Wilson, North Carolina. In September 2017, Kidde was ranked among the top manufacturers of carbon monoxide alarms. Kidde's fire blanket was also ranked a "top player" in the industry by

430-562: Is one of America's largest manufacturers of smoke alarms and fire safety products. Kidde is headquartered in Mebane, North Carolina . The company was founded by Walter Kidde in 1917 in the United States. The founder was of Czech ancestry, and unrelated to the Danish author Harald Kidde . Walter Kidde founded Kidde Inc. in 1917 with $ 300 he had in savings. In 1918 the company, then known as Walter Kidde & Company, purchased

473-431: Is starting to become more common. Sanitation can also be aided by a non-chemical ozonator . For aesthetic reasons, and for the sanitizer to work properly, water should be neither too alkaline nor too acidic (low pH ). The hardness level of the water, measured as the amount of dissolved calcium, is also important. Insufficient hardness can lead to corrosion and water foaming.The ideal range of calcium hardness levels in

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516-613: The Smithsonian Institution . They also developed one of the first fully-enclosed cabins for airplanes, called the Jacuzzi J-7, which was used to transport mail. In 1921, a mail plane crashed, killing all of the passengers on board, including Giocondo Jacuzzi. The siblings subsequently abandoned the aviation industry and experimented with several other products, the first successful one being a water pump created by Rachele Jacuzzi in 1926. The product line expanded into

559-427: The energy efficiency of a hot tub. There are several different styles of hot tub insulation: some manufacturers fill the entire cabinet with foam, while others insulate the underside of the shell, the inside of the cabinet, or both. Many manufacturers advertise the superiority of their approach to insulation, but few independent side-by-side comparisons are available. The hot tub pump and hot tub heater represent most of

602-555: The 1970s, Jacuzzi products were featured on Queen for a Day and other TV shows and grew in popularity in California. The company started developing larger models that could fit more than one person. They also added filters and heaters, so the tub didn't need to be drained with each use. From 1970, family-sized spas were producted. By 1989, Jacuzzi had 2,200 employees. Initially, Jacuzzi primarily sold through contractors and builders, but in 1993 it started selling through retailers. In

645-481: The 1990s Jacuzzi entered markets outside the US, especially in Italy and Spain . By the end of the 1990s, half of its sales were outside the US. Jacuzzi was influential in the trend towards larger and more luxurious bathrooms. By 1979, there were 257 Jacuzzi family members involved in the Jacuzzi brand and there was a growing number of disputes among them. Then the business was acquired by Kidde for $ 70 million. Most of

688-426: The 1990s have included Haugh Products (above-ground pools), Sundance Spas , Gatsby Spas, Zurn Industries (toilets, sinks), Hydropool (hot tubs), Liners Direct (bath products), BathWraps (shower and bathtub renovation). In the 1990s, Jacuzzi had taken on too much debt and sold more than $ 600 million worth of businesses. The business segment producing industrial, irrigation, well water, submersible, and centrifugal systems

731-545: The 7 year "end of life" signal timer being restarted when the battery was replaced, meaning that the alarm cannot signal that its sensors have expired. Models manufactured from June 2004 and December 2010 are affected by the recall. A year later in November 2017, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission issued a recall notice for 134 models of Kidde fire extinguishers citing failures to discharge correctly when used. As many as 37.8 million extinguishers could be covered by

774-508: The ANSI standard for energy efficiency was approved. For the first time, this new standard increases the minimum energy efficiency level for portable spas and inflatable spas. Hot tub covers have been shown to reduce most of the evaporative losses from the pool when not in use. With this component of heat loss being 70%, a cover with even a small R-value is able to achieve as much as a 75% reduction in heating costs when used as opposed to leaving

817-590: The CPSC concerning circulation entrapments hot tubs and spas, including three deaths. In 2001 and in 2012 the CPSC issued recalls for spa heaters which overheated and caused fires. The Uniform Swimming Pool, Spa and Hot Tub Code is a model code developed by the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials ( IAPMO ) to govern the installation and inspection of plumbing systems associated with swimming pools, spas and hot tubs as

860-407: The CPSC had reports of more than 700 deaths in spas and hot tubs, about one-third of which were drownings to children under age five. In the same period 18 incidents were reported to the CPSC involving body part entrapment. To reduce the risk of entrapment, US safety standards require that each spa have two drains for each pump, reducing the amount of suction. From 1999 to 2007 there were 26 reports to

903-410: The Jacuzzi family in Berkeley, California. It developed a variety of products including pumps for agricultural use. In 1948, Jacuzzi created water pumps to treat a family member's rheumatoid arthritis . The water pumps were a niche medical product until they were integrated into a recreational hot tub in 1968. As the popularity of hot tubs grew, Jacuzzi created more models that were more advanced. Jacuzzi

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946-420: The Jacuzzi family members left the company, except Roy Jacuzzi, who stayed on as the head of the hot tub and bath division. In 1987, Kidde was acquired by Hanson PLC . In 1995 Hanson spun off Jacuzzi and other brands into a public company called U.S. Industries. USI renamed itself Jacuzzi Brands in 2003. This was in turn bought out by Apollo Management , and then by Investindustrial in 2019. Acquisitions since

989-400: The Jacuzzi family: Giocondo, Frank, Rachele, Candido, Joseph, Gelindo and Valeriano, who were from Casarsa della Delizia in northern Italy . Their original last name was Iacuzzi, but when the first two brothers emigrated from Italy to the US in 1907, immigration staff misspelled their name as "Jacuzzi". All seven siblings had emigrated by 1910. More family members emigrated to the U.S. when

1032-491: The Navy to design a system to protect airplane engines against fires. The company established a British operation at Northolt in 1935 as its first overseas operation. The company further expanded to Africa, Asia, Europe and South America. When Walter Kidde died in 1943, his son John took control of the company. At that time, the company employed over 5,000 people, and was producing over $ 60 million of war supplies. At

1075-530: The United States arm of Hanson Trust of the United Kingdom. In August 1988, Hanson sold most of the Kidde fire protection business to Pilgrim House Group, a firm based in the United Kingdom involved in electrical products and fire protection. Included in the sale were Walter Kidde North America Group, Fenwal Inc., and Kidde's Fire Protection Group Europe. During the Kidde acquisition process Pilgrim House

1118-481: The brothers won a contract to provide propellers to the U.S. for World War I planes. Jacuzzi began as a machining company. The brothers worked on a citrus farm owned by an early aviation inventor. They offered to help develop aviation products, creating an early wood propeller that was curved instead of flat and was used in World War I . One of the first propellers they made is now either in storage at or on loan from

1161-709: The company FireX, which was owned by Invensys Controls. In March 2009, 9 models of Kidde XL fire extinguishers manufactured from October 2007 through April 2008 were recalled due to failure of operation. ~167 thousand fire extinguishers were recalled. In July 2009, Kidde recalled a Dual-Sensor smoke alarm model PI2000, due to possible failure of alarm. Models made from August 2008 and May 2009 are recalled. ~94 thousand units were recalled. In April 2013, Kidde expanded its Worry-Free product line to include UL-listed carbon monoxide (CO) alarms. In September 2014, Kidde recalled 3 models of smoke alarm (i12010, i12010SCO, and KN-COSM-IBA) for failing to alert buyers of emergency after

1204-449: The company under its new Fire & Security brand. The move re joined it to its former sister company Chubb Security , and several other brands to create UTC Fire & Security. In July 2005, Kidde recalled 10 pound industrial fire extinguishers with Zytel valves due to discharge issues, manufactured between 1999 and 2000. 470 thousand units were recalled. 3 injuries were reported due to extinguisher failure. In 2009, Kidde Acquired

1247-518: The construction of a public hot tub often has more in common with a swimming pool , of which it can be considered a type. The earliest hot tubs were calderas in which hot stones were placed to heat the water. Therma in Ikaria has been a very popular place particularly for hydrotherapy ever since the 4th century B.C. The remains of wrecked marble bathtubs along with a prehistoric aqueduct that have been unearthed from this area bear ample testimony of

1290-611: The end of WWII the company saw a significant drop in sales. In the 1950s, the company diversified into machinery and tool manufacturing, siphon devices for consumer and medical uses, and aircraft accessories. Robert L. Dickinson was named president of the company in 1961. In January 1964, Fred Sullivan, officer and director of the Litton Industries , succeeded Dickinson as president and later succeeded John Kidde as chairman. From 1964 to 1968, Kidde grew from $ 40 million in annual revenues to $ 400 million. In 1966, Kidde

1333-558: The firm adopted the name Kidde plc in September 2000. In October 2000, Kidde announced it was going to demerge from Chubb plc. Kidde plc listed on the London Stock Exchange in November of that year. In December 2004, Financial Times reported Kidde as "the market leader in residential fire protection in the United States." In April 2005, United Technologies Corporation finalized its acquisition of Kidde and place

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1376-404: The hot tub consists of: Hot tubs are usually heated using an electric or natural gas heater, though there are also submersible wood fire hot tub heaters, as well as solar hot water systems. Hot tubs are also found at natural hot springs ; in this case, the water may be dangerously hot and must be combined with cool water for a safe soaking temperature. Effective insulation greatly improves

1419-402: The place's popularity in the ancient times. In 737 A.D., Japan's first onsen opened near Izumo, Shimane , and centuries later, the first ryokan (inns) were built, offering food, accommodations, and soaking tubs called ofuro . In ancient Rome, there were three types of baths: Baths at home (balnea), private baths (balnea privata), and public baths (balnea publica). The practice of bathing

1462-593: The power consumption in a hot tub and vary in use of power depending on their size. Energy efficiency of portable hot tubs has been studied by the Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PGEC) , leading to industry responses and interest from both the California Energy Commission and Natural Resources Canada . California's portable electric hot tub listing include R values of thermal insulation , and standby watts . In 2019 an update to

1505-608: The recall notice. Even extinguishers dating back from the 70's. One death has been reported due to extinguisher failure. Not too long later in March 2018, Kidde recalled their 2 Dual-Sensor Smoke Detector models, PI9010 and the PI2010. The reason for the recall was a yellow cap left on one of the sensors that could fail to alert buyers of the alarm of a possible fire. 452,000 units in the US and about 40,000 units in Canada were affected in

1548-440: The recall. The recall affected units of the 2 models manufactured from September 2016, through January 2018. No injuries or accidents were reported because of the yellow cap before the recall. In May 2021, Kidde announced a recall of their TruSense line of alarms due to the alarms not detecting smoke until fatal levels. 226 thousand units have been recalled. On May 14, 2023, Kidde-Fenwal filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy . Kidde

1591-447: The rights to the "Rich" system; a way to detect fires on board ships. In 1923, Kidde purchased the patent rights for a siphon device that allowed quick release of carbon dioxide , improving the function of fire extinguishers . In 1924, the company produced the first portable carbon dioxide fire extinguisher and in 1925 it installed the first built in industrial fire extinguishing system. In 1926, Walter Kidde & Company partnered with

1634-776: The water surface exposed. There are several different types of spa covers. Some covers are better for insulation and therefore are lighter on internal parts and energy efficiency. Some examples of covers are insulated, aluminum, rolling, or a tonneau. Since some hot tubs are not drained after each use it is necessary to treat the water to keep it attractive and safe. It must be neither too alkaline nor too acidic, and must be sanitised to stay free of harmful microorganisms. Partly due to their high water temperatures, hot tubs can pose particular health risks if not regularly maintained: outbreaks of Legionnaires' Disease have been traced to poorly sanitized hot tubs. Typically chlorine or bromine are used as sanitizers, but salt water chlorination

1677-407: Was family-run until 1979, after which it then changed hands several times, before being bought by its current owner Investindustrial in 2019. The Associated Press Stylebook lists Jacuzzi as a trademark brand for products like hot tubs, whirlpool spas, and whirlpool baths and it may not be legal to use the name in a commercial context without permission. Jacuzzi was founded by seven siblings in

1720-553: Was named to the Fortune 500 list at position 283. In 1968 the company was incorporated as Kidde & Company, Inc. Kidde acquired the Spartus Corporation , a Louisville, Mississippi –based maker of clocks and camera equipment, in 1970 for $ 24 million (equivalent to $ 188.3 million in 2023). In May 1987, John Kidde died. In August 1987, Kidde was purchased for $ 1.7 billion by August Hanson Industries,

1763-701: Was purchased by Williams Holdings plc, an industrial management firm. In 1989, it merged with Graviner (another Williams Holdings business) to form Kidde Graviner. In 1990, subsidiary Walter Kidde Aerospace Inc. opened a Production and Technology Center, for $ 4 million. By that time, Kidde products were found in aircraft such as the B-2 Stealth Bomber and 747-400 airliners. In 1993, it acquired Dunford Hepburn. In February 1997, Williams Holdings purchased Chubb Security plc. In 1996, Kidde International purchased Santa Barbara Dual Spectrum (SBDS) from Hughes Aircraft . SBDS subsequently operated as

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1806-567: Was so engrained that the Roman legions, during their long occupations in foreign lands, built their own baths at mineral and thermal springs in the newly conquered lands. Examples are found all over Europe. In the 1940s, hot tubs began to appear in the US, inspired by the Japanese ofuro . Hydrotherapy pumps were introduced by Jacuzzi . Fiberglass shell hot tubs appeared around 1970 and were soon superseded by cast acrylic shells. The plumbing of

1849-613: Was sold to Franklin Electric in 2004. The plumbing division, Zurn Industries, was sold in 2007 for $ 950 million. Current brands include ThermoSpas, Sundance Spas, and Dimension One. Hot tub In contrast to a typical bathtub , a hot tub is designed to be used by more than one person at a time, with many models accommodating four or more people. Unlike baths, soaps and shampoos are not used in wet-jetted hot tubs (although they can be used in air-jetted hot tubs). Home hot tubs are often closer in construction to standard bathtubs, while

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