31-454: Major James Rennell FRS FRSE FRGS (3 December 1742 – 29 March 1830) was an English geographer , historian and a pioneer of oceanography . Rennell produced some of the first accurate maps of Bengal at one inch to five miles as well as accurate outlines of India and served as Surveyor General of Bengal. Rennell has been called the Father of Oceanography . In 1830, he
62-684: A guardian, the Rev. Gilbert Burrington, vicar of Chudleigh. The ancient paternal Devonshire family name was formerly spelt Reynell and was of French origin. Rennell entered the Royal navy as a midshipman at the age of fourteen under Captain Hyde Parker , who was in the process of commissioning the frigate HMS Brilliant (launched in October 1757) at the beginning of the Seven Years' War . He
93-599: A major is a crown . The equivalent rank in the Royal Navy is lieutenant commander , and squadron leader in the Royal Air Force . By the time of the Napoleonic wars , an infantry battalion usually had two majors, designated the "senior major" and the "junior major". The senior major effectively acted as second-in-command and the majors often commanded detachments of two or more companies split from
124-435: A party of his men were attacked by a leopard and Rennell had to use his bayonet to save his men. Malaria was common and in 1771 he was briefly diverted to military duties in an expedition against a band of raiders. The mapping project was originally a general survey of newly acquired lands, but the job soon gained a wider scope under Warren Hastings , who was appointed as Governor-General in 1773. One of Hastings' first projects
155-700: A pension of £600 per annum, which the East India Company somewhat tardily confirmed. The remaining fifty-three years of his life were spent in London , and were devoted to geographical research chiefly among the materials in the East India House . He took up his residence in Suffolk Street, near Portland Place , where his house became a place of meeting for travellers from all parts of the world. Rennell's first and most influential work
186-466: A publication now in the public domain : Lee, Sidney , ed. (1896). " Rennell, James ". Dictionary of National Biography . Vol. 48. London: Smith, Elder & Co. Major (United Kingdom) Major ( Maj ) is a military rank which is used by both the British Army and Royal Marines . The rank is superior to captain and subordinate to lieutenant colonel . The insignia for
217-487: A year. Rennell immediately sent money home to his mother and sister while also showing gratitude by sending gifts to Rev. Burrington's children. In 1767 Lord Robert Clive , the then Governor of Bengal and Bihar, appointed him as surveyor-general of the East India Company's dominions in Bengal. After this Rennell was always accompanied by a company of Sepoys . The headquarters of the surveyor-general were at Dacca , and in
248-643: Is now called the Palk Strait and the Pamban Channel. Rennell became a good friend of the Governor of Madras, Robert Palk , who also came from Devon. His next cruise was to Bengal , and he arrived at Calcutta at a time when Governor Vansittart was anxious to initiate a survey of the British territory. Owing to the friendship of an old messmate Mr Topham, who had become the governor's secretary, he
279-595: The Copley Medal of the Royal Society in 1791, and the gold medal of the Royal Society of Literature in 1825. James Rennell has been called the Father of Indian Geography, and for his pioneering work on oceanography as the Father of Oceanography . In later life Rennell suffered from gout and in 1829 he fell from a chair and broke his thigh. He died on 29 March 1830 at his home on Suffolk Street. He
310-615: The East India Company . He served for a year on board one of the company's ships bound to the Philippines , with the object " of establishing new branches of trade with the natives of the intervening places ". Rennell accompanied the hydrographer Alexander Dalrymple and drew several charts and plans of harbours on journeys in the schooner Cuddalore (1759–62), the London (1762–63) and the Neptune (1763–64). In 1763, at
341-622: The Bengal civil service and died in 1819 without leaving any children. One daughter named Jane (born 1773) died young and was buried in Dhaka , whilst another daughter, also Jane, born in 1777 on St Helena where he had stopped on his way to England married Admiral Sir John Tremayne Rodd , KCB in 1809. Lady Rodd devoted several years publishing her father's current charts and revising new editions of his principal works. She died in December 1863. [REDACTED] This article incorporates text from
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#1732780623985372-497: The cuff badges were abolished. From 1 April 1918 to 31 July 1919, the Royal Air Force maintained the rank of major. It was superseded by the rank of squadron leader on the following day. By World War I , majors were often commanding independent companies, squadrons , and batteries , but those that were organically part of a regiment or battalion were still usually commanded by captains. After World War II , major became
403-487: The death of his wife in 1810, he returned to the oceanographic topics. His numerous naval friends gave him a mass of data from their logs , which he assimilated into a chart of all currents in the Atlantic Ocean. During his last years, he wrote his last work Currents of the Atlantic Ocean , published posthumously by his daughter Jane in 1832. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1781; and he received
434-528: The end of the Seven Years' War , seeing no chance of promotion, Rennell entered the service of the East India Company's sea service. He at once received command of a vessel of two hundred tons; but it was destroyed by a hurricane in Madras Roads in March 1763. Fortunately, his captain was on shore, and he was at once appointed to command a small yacht called the Neptune , in which he executed surveys of what
465-670: The extraordinary prolonged voyage around the Cape of Good Hope he mapped "the banks and currents at the Lagullas" and published in 1778 the work on what is today called the Agulhas Current . This was one of the first contributions to the science of Oceanography . He was the first to explain the causes of the occasional northern current found to the south of the Isles of Scilly , which has since been called as Rennell's Current . After
496-590: The family Rubiaceae and it was named in James Rennell's honour. James Rennell is credited with the original mapping of the Mountains of Kong , supposedly located in the western part of Africa, based on information supplied by explorer Mungo Park . This range was intended to support his own theory on the course of the Niger River , and eventually led to a major impact on the mapping industry to include
527-578: The landing-place of Caesar in Britain. Rennell published a book titled Memoir of a map of Hindoostan (1788) and dedicated to Sir Joseph Banks. Beside his geographical and historical works, James Rennell is known today for his hydrographical works on the currents in the Atlantic and Indian oceans. He started his research on these topics when he was travelling by a sailing ship with his family from India to Britain after his retirement in 1777. During
558-458: The main body. The second-in-command of a battalion or regiment is still a major. During World War I, majors wore the following cuff badges: During World War I, some officers took to wearing similar jackets to the men, with the rank badges on the shoulder, as the cuff badges made them conspicuous to snipers. This practice was frowned on outside the trenches but was given official sanction in 1917 as an alternative, being made permanent in 1920 when
589-516: The mountains. In 1802, Aaron Arrowsmith released a map that included the Mountains of Kong as a main physical geographic feature of western Africa, which encouraged other publishers to update their maps to match. Debate surrounding the existence of the mountain range occurred frequently, however, it was French officer and explorer Louis-Gustave Binger officially reported that the Mountains of Kong did not exist during an expedition in 1887-1888. It
620-479: The successive working seasons he gradually completed his difficult, laborious, and dangerous task. Mapping was accomplished on the field by army men with distances measured using a perambulator - a calibrated wheel whose revolutions were counted to calculate distance - and a compass. Economic pressures further forced a reduction in pay and there was dissatisfaction among the native ranks on the question of double batta (part payment). The surveys were sometimes dangerous,
651-532: The usual rank held by officers commanding all companies, squadrons, and batteries. In the 21st century British Army, officers normally attain the rank after around eight to 10 years of commissioned service. A common job for a major is the command of a sub-unit of 120 or fewer junior officers and soldiers. Fakir-Sannyasi rebellion Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include
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#1732780623985682-458: Was approved. While at Dacca, Rennell became a close friend of John Cartier . It was in Cartier's home that he met Jane Thackeray (d. 1810), daughter of Dr Thomas Thackeray , headmaster of Harrow , and a great-aunt of the novelist William Makepeace Thackeray and he married her in 1772. Their older son Thomas (born 1779) died unmarried in 1846, while the second son William (born 1781) worked in
713-712: Was chosen for survey duties and was initially commissioned as an ensign in the Bengal Engineers , dated 9 April 1764. Rennell initially surveyed the Ganges river starting in the autumn of 1764, encountering in 1766 the mountains that he called the Tartarian mountains (the Himalayas). The main purpose of the survey was to find a navigable waterway from Calcutta to the northern regions. In the same year Captain Rennell
744-454: Was interesting, and he had a remarkable flow of spirits. In all his discussions he was candid and ingenuous". Rennell was however irrational in proposing that the Niger ended in a lake without reaching the sea. He was also strongly opposed to the methods of William Lambton in his proposed trigonometrical survey . His opposition had to be neutralized by Sir Nevil Maskelyne before Lambton's plan
775-621: Was interred in the nave of Westminster Abbey , and there is a tablet to his memory, with a bronze bust by Ludwig Hagbold, near the western door. The year of his death saw the foundation of the Royal Geographical Society . His collection of books were gifted by his heirs to the Royal Geographical Society. In 1851, botanist Pieter Willem Korthals published Rennellia , a genus of flowering plants from Indo-China and western Malesia , belonging to
806-469: Was nearly killed when the party of surveyors were attacked by sanyasis on the Bhutan border. Injured badly in the shoulder blade, he was taken by boat to Dacca, a journey that took six days. He was treated by Dr Francis Russell and was fortunate to recover although he never gained full function of his right arm. On return Rennell's work was much appreciated and he was recommended for a handsome salary of £1000
837-402: Was not long after this that the Mountains of Kong were dropped from most map publications. While the Mountains of Kong have been disproven, it has remained periodically on maps in until the early 20th century. Rennell was "of middle height, well proportioned, with a grave yet sweet expression of countenance. He was diffident and unassuming, but ever ready to impart information. His conversation
868-804: Was one of the founders of the Royal Geographical Society in London . Rennell was born at Upcot near Chudleigh in Devon . His father, John Rennell, an officer in the Royal Artillery , was killed in action in the Low Countries in July 1747 during the War of the Austrian Succession . His mother Anne subsequently married Mr Elliott, a widower with children of his own and unable to care for additional ones, leading to Rennell being brought up by
899-636: Was present at the Raid on Cherbourg (1758), and at the disastrous Battle of Saint-Cast in the same year. In 1760, he went out to East India, and served in HMS ; Grafton under Captain Hyde Parker during the three following years, when he saw some active service, including a cutting-out expedition at Pondicherry . He soon mastered the theory and practice of marine surveying , and, on account of his proficiency in this regard, Parker lent his services to
930-693: Was the Bengal Atlas (1779) which was followed by the first detailed map of India (1783), the Geographical System of Herodotus (1800), the Comparative Geography of Western Asia (1831), and important studies on the geography of northern Africa—apparent in introductions to the Travels of Mungo Park and Hornemann . He also contributed papers to Archaeologia on the site of Babylon , the island of St Paul 's shipwreck, and
961-449: Was to begin a Domesday -style reckoning of property, land, people, and culture for taxation of revenue. As for Rennell's part in this, his project was carried out much like a military survey, searching for safe passage through territory, with information gathering a secondary object. Rennell received the rank of major of Bengal engineers on 5 April 1776, and retired from active service in 1777. The government of Warren Hastings granted him