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56-535: Not much is known about the personal life of Jan Breydel. Neither his date of birth, nor the date of his death are known for certain. Breydel learned the trade of butcher and lived in Bruges at the time of the uprising. He is said to have originated from a wealthy family. Breydel is believed to have led the Bruges Matins together with Pieter de Coninck , a weaver, on the night of 17 to 18 May 1302. They invaded

112-521: A French garrison and killed several distinguished Leliaards ( patricians loyal to the king of France). About three weeks before, on 1 May that year, they had participated in an attack on Male Castle and the complete annihilation of the French garrison there. The city archives of Bruges show that Jan Breydel was present from 8 July until 10 July 1302, in Kortrijk , as a supplier of meat for the troops. On

168-560: A ban on slaughterhouses: in Sentience Institute ’s 2017 survey on attitudes towards animal farming with 1,094 US adults 49% of them "support a ban on factory farming, 47% support a ban on slaughterhouses, and 33% support a ban on animal farming”. The 2017 survey was replicated by researchers at the Oklahoma State University , who found similar results. They also got 73% of respondents answering “yes” to

224-494: A blunt instrument, sometimes followed by exsanguination with a knife. The belief that this was unnecessarily cruel and painful to the animal eventually led to the adoption of specific stunning and slaughter methods in many countries. One of the first campaigners on the matter was the eminent physician, Benjamin Ward Richardson , who spent many years of his later working life developing more humane methods of slaughter as

280-559: A finger or limb per month. The Bureau of Investigative Journalism reported that over a period of six years, in the UK 78 slaughter workers lost fingers, parts of fingers or limbs, more than 800 workers had serious injuries, and at least 4,500 had to take more than three days off after accidents. In a 2018 study in the Italian Journal of Food Safety, slaughterhouse workers are instructed to wear ear protectors to protect their hearing from

336-634: A hero. Demets states that this was probably an attempt by the Breydel family to increase political influence and fortify their position in Bruges. Butcher A butcher is a person who may slaughter animals , dress their flesh, sell their meat, or participate within any combination of these three tasks. They may prepare standard cuts of meat and poultry for sale in retail or wholesale food establishments. A butcher may be employed by supermarkets , grocery stores , butcher shops and fish markets , slaughter houses , or may be self-employed . Butchery

392-433: A hog in the eye that's walking around in the blood pit with you and think, ‘God, that really isn't a bad looking animal.’ You may want to pet it. Pigs down on the kill floor have come up to nuzzle me like a puppy. Two minutes later I had to kill them – beat them to death with a pipe. I can't care. The act of slaughtering animals, or of raising or transporting animals for slaughter, may engender psychological stress or trauma in

448-569: A patriotic hero in Belgium because of his passion for Flemish identity. Thanks to Hendrik Conscience ’s book “ The Lion of Flanders, or the Battle of the Golden Spurs ” (Dutch: De Leeuw van Vlaenderen, of de Slag der Gulden Sporen ), his role in the uprising was put under a magnifying glass and he developed into one of the most iconic figures of Flemish lore. To this day, the Bruges Matins and

504-641: A result of attempting to discover and adapt substances capable of producing general or local anaesthesia to relieve pain in people. As early as 1853, he designed a chamber that could kill animals by gassing them. He also founded the Model Abattoir Society in 1882 to investigate and campaign for humane methods of slaughter and experimented with the use of electric current at the Royal Polytechnic Institution . The development of stunning technologies occurred largely in

560-634: A wider variety of animal types, meat cuts and quality of cuts. Additionally, butcher shops may focus on a particular culture , or nationality , of meat production. Some butcher shops, termed "meat delis", may also include a delicatessen . In the United States and Canada, butcher shops have become less common because of the increasing popularity of supermarkets and warehouse clubs. Many remaining ones are aimed at Hispanic and other immigrants or, more recently, those looking for organic offerings. Supermarkets employ butchers for secondary butchery, but in

616-536: Is fatback , which in Europe is an important primal cut of pork , but in North America is regarded as trimmings to be used in sausage or rendered into lard . The primal cuts may be sold complete or cut further. In various periods and cultures, the term "butcher" has been applied to people who act cruelly to other human beings or slaughter them. For example, Pompey , a prominent Roman general and politician of

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672-548: Is an ancient trade, whose duties may date back to the domestication of livestock ; its practitioners formed guilds in England as far back as 1272. Since the 20th century, many countries and local jurisdictions offer trade certifications for butchers in order to ensure quality, safety, and health standards but not all butchers have formal certification or training. Trade qualification in English-speaking countries

728-406: Is estimated that each year, 80 billion land animals are slaughtered for food. Most animals are slaughtered for food ; however, they may also be slaughtered for other reasons such as for harvesting of pelts , being diseased and unsuitable for consumption, or being surplus for maintaining a breeding stock . Slaughter typically involves some initial cutting, opening the major body cavities to remove

784-497: Is in accordance with the Qur’an . To slaughter an animal is to cause it to pass from a living state to a dead state. For the meat to be lawful ( Halal ) according to Islam, it must come from an animal which is a member of a lawful species and it must be ritually slaughtered, i.e. according to the Law, or the sole code recognized by the group as legitimate. The animal is killed in ways similar to

840-474: Is in het begin van de 15e eeuw verzonnen." “There isn’t a single piece of evidence that Jan Breydel was the leader of the Bruges Matins or the Battle of the Golden Spurs” […] “At that moment, there were three Jan Breydels. There were probably Breydels who fought in the army and they probably also delivered goods, given the fact they were originally butchers. But the whole function as a leader was invented in

896-464: Is made in accordance with such regulations as the Secretary may prescribe to assure that such animals, or the unwholesome parts or products thereof, will be prevented from being used for human food purposes." The 2004 report to US Congress titled “Animal Rendering: Economics and Policy”, available in the library of Congressional Research Service, in the ‘Introduction’ paragraph explains Renderers in

952-691: Is not widely available outside India. Jhatka meat is also often considered to be the preferred method of slaughter for Sikhs in India and abroad. In 2010, Human Rights Watch described slaughterhouse line work in the United States as a human rights crime. Slaughterhouses in the United States commonly illegally employ and exploit underage workers and illegal immigrants. In a report by Oxfam America , slaughterhouse workers were observed not being allowed breaks, were often required to wear diapers, and were paid below minimum wage. American slaughterhouse workers are three times more likely to suffer serious injury than

1008-405: Is often earned through an apprenticeship although some training organisations also certify their students. In Canada, once a butcher is trade qualified, they can learn to become a master butcher (Fleishmaster). Standards and practices of butchery differ between countries, regions and ethnic groups. Variation with respect to the types of animals that are butchered as well as the cuts and parts of

1064-466: Is the house cricket ), and increasingly, fish in the aquaculture industry ( fish farming ). In 2020, Faunalytics reported that the countries with the largest number of slaughtered cows and chickens are China, the United States, and Brazil. Concerning pigs, they are slaughtered by far the most in China, followed by the United States, Germany, Spain, Vietnam, and Brazil. For sheep, again China slaughtered

1120-560: Is the overarching term accounting for various methods of slaughter used by religions around the world for food production. While keeping religious autonomy, these methods of slaughter, within the United States, are governed by the Humane Slaughter Act and various religion-specific laws, most notably, Shechita and Dhabihah . Animal slaughter in Judaism falls in accordance to the religious law of Shechita . In preparation,

1176-411: The carotid or brachial arteries to facilitate blood removal), skinning (removing the hide or pelt) or scalding and dehairing (pork), evisceration (removing the viscera ) and splitting (dividing the carcass in half longitudinally ). After the carcasses are chilled (unless "hot-boned"), primary butchery consists of selecting carcasses, sides, or quarters from which primal cuts can be produced with

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1232-477: The entrails and offal but usually leaving the carcass in one piece. Such dressing can be done by hunters in the field (field dressing of game ) or in a slaughterhouse . Later, the carcass is usually butchered into smaller cuts. The animals most commonly slaughtered for food are cattle and water buffalo , sheep , goats , pigs , deers , horses , rabbits , poultry (mainly chickens , turkeys , ducks and geese ), insects (a commercial species

1288-639: The "worst of both worlds", as it mean that the slaughter methods now caused distress to conspecifics without reliably ensuring the animals were killed before regaining consciousness. In the United States , the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) specifies the approved methods of livestock slaughter: Each of these methods is outlined in detail, and the regulations require that inspectors identify operations which cause "undue" "excitement and discomfort" of animals. In 1958,

1344-560: The Battle of the Golden Spurs are often referenced to as cornerstones of an emerging Flemish identity in the Middle Ages. The emerging Flemish movement in the 19th century, of which Hendrik Conscience was one of the leaders, often referred to the Battle of the Golden Spurs as a Flemish victory against a French occupying force. Nowadays, especially Flemish nationalist parties (as, for example, Vlaams Belang ), aiming for Flemish independence , have taken up this talking point, as it showcases

1400-485: The Jewish ritual with the throat being slit (dhabh), resulting in a quick drop in blood pressure, restricting blood to the brain. This abrupt loss of pressure results in the rapid and irreversible cessation of consciousness and sensibility to pain (a requirement held in high regard by most institutions). The slaughterer must say Bismillah (In the name of Allah/God) before slaughtering the animal. Blood must be drained out of

1456-503: The Meat Inspection Regulations. The CFIA's humane slaughter requirements take effect when the animals arrive at the federally registered slaughter establishment. Industry is required to comply with the Meat Inspection Regulations for all animals under their care. The Meat Inspection Regulations define the conditions for the humane slaughter of all species of food animals in federally registered establishments. Some of

1512-555: The PTSD Journal explain, "These employees are hired to kill animals, such as pigs and cows that are largely gentle creatures. Carrying out this action requires workers to disconnect from what they are doing and from the creature standing before them. This emotional dissonance can lead to consequences such as domestic violence, social withdrawal, anxiety, drug and alcohol abuse, and PTSD." Even though around 90% of US adults regularly consume meat, almost half of them appear to support

1568-804: The Slaughter of Animals Act 1933. This made the mechanical stunning of cows and electrical stunning of pigs compulsory, with the exception of Jewish and Muslim meat . Modern methods, such as the captive bolt pistol and electric tongs were required, and the act's wording specifically outlawed the poleaxe . The period was marked by the development of various innovations in slaughterhouse technologies, not all of them particularly long-lasting. Various methods are used to kill or render an animal unconscious during animal slaughter. Whether animals are stunned before slaughter or not, they suffer stress while waiting to be killed. A 1996 veterinary review found that there are many ways in which animals suffer and die during

1624-661: The US and Canada convert dead animals and other waste material into sellable products: “Renderers convert dead animals and animal parts that otherwise would require disposal into a variety of materials, including edible and inedible tallow and lard and proteins such as meat and bone meal (MBM). These materials in turn are exported or sold to domestic manufacturers of a wide range of industrial and consumer goods such as livestock feed and pet food, soaps, pharmaceuticals, lubricants, plastics, personal care products, and even crayons.” Although some authors have found health problems associated with

1680-509: The United States even that role is diminished with the advent of "case-ready" meat, where the product is packaged for retail sale at the packinghouse or specialized central processing plants. A primal cut is a piece of meat initially separated from the carcass during butchering. Different countries and cultures make these cuts in different ways, and primal cuts also differ between type of carcass. The British, American and French primal cuts all differ in some respects. One notable example with pork

1736-667: The animal being prepared for slaughter must be considered kosher (fit) before the act of slaughter can commence and consumed. The basic law of the Shechita process requires the rapid and uninterrupted severance of the major vital organs and vessels. They slit the throat, resulting in a quick drop in blood pressure, restricting blood to the brain. This abrupt loss of pressure results in the rapid and irreversible cessation of consciousness and sensibility to pain (a requirement held in high regard by most institutions). Animal slaughtering in Islam

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1792-419: The animal that are sold depends on the types of foods that are prepared by the butcher's customers. Butchery is a traditional line of work. In the industrialized world, slaughterhouses use butchers to slaughter the animals, performing one or a few of the steps repeatedly as specialists on a semi-automated disassembly line. The steps include stunning (rendering the animal incapacitated), exsanguination (severing

1848-464: The average American worker. NPR reports that pig and cattle slaughterhouse workers are nearly seven times more likely to suffer repetitive strain injuries than average. The Guardian reports that on average there are two amputations a week involving slaughterhouse workers in the United States . On average, one employee of Tyson Foods , the largest meat producer in America, is injured and amputates

1904-580: The basis of this record, it is generally accepted that he had fought on 11 July 1302 in the Battle of the Golden Spurs , even though there is no concrete evidence that he was present on the battlegrounds. In 1309, Breydel, together with Pieter de Coninck and Jan Heem , again led an uprising in Bruges, aimed against the Treaty of Athis-sur-Orge (1305) forced upon Flanders by the French. Jan Breydel, alongside his ally Pieter de Coninck, has often been portrayed as

1960-536: The carcass. The practice of Jhatka in India developed out of the Sikh tradition in accordance with the value of Ahimsa (no harm). Sikhs believe that an animal should be slaughtered quickly and with as little pain as possible in order to reduce bad Karma that may result from such a practice. In India today most establishments will provide both Halal and Jhatka options for dishes containing chicken and lamb. Jhatka meat

2016-424: The carcasses of any animals that died otherwise than by slaughter, shall buy, sell, transport, offer for sale or transportation, or receive for transportation, in commerce, or import, any dead, dying, disabled, or diseased cattle, sheep, swine, goats, horses, mules or other equines, or parts of the carcasses of any such animals that died otherwise than by slaughter, unless such transaction, transportation or importation

2072-620: The constant screams of animals being killed. A 2004 study in the Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine found that "excess risks were observed for mortality from all causes, all cancers, and lung cancer" in workers employed in the New Zealand meat processing industry. The worst thing, worse than the physical danger, is the emotional toll. If you work in the stick pit [where hogs are killed] for any period of time—that let’s [sic] you kill things but doesn't let you care. You may look

2128-451: The consumption of 4D meat by certain species in its raw form, or found it potentially hazardous, FDA considers it fit for animal consumption: "Pet food consisting of material from diseased animals or animals which have died otherwise than by slaughter, which is in violation of 402(a)(5) will not ordinarily be actionable, if it is not otherwise in violation of the law. It will be considered fit for animal consumption." Ritual slaughter

2184-548: The early 15th century.” According to Demets, the contemporary image of Breydel as one of the heroes of the Franco-Flemish War was made up by his family more than 100 years later. There had been accounts of a Jan Breydel in sources after 1302; however, the portrayal of the Breydel in those sources was rather negative, referring to him as an alcoholic and even murderer. In 1400, however, the portrayals of Jan Breydel suddenly starting getting more positive, portraying him as

2240-651: The first century BC, got the Latin nickname adulescentulus carnifex , translated as "The Teenage Butcher" or "The Butcher Boy", due to brutal treatment of political opponents in the early part of his career. More recently, the Bosnian Serb war criminal Ratko Mladić was nicknamed "the Butcher of the Balkans ". The term can also be used in a semi-humorous or metaphorical way to describe someone whose actions resemble

2296-648: The first half of the twentieth century. In 1911, the Council of Justice to Animals (later the Humane Slaughter Association, or HSA) was established in England to improve the slaughter of livestock. In the early 1920s, the HSA introduced and demonstrated a mechanical stunner, which led to the adoption of humane stunning by many local authorities. The HSA went on to play a key role in the passage of

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2352-521: The law that is enforced today by the USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) was passed as the Humane Slaughter Act of 1958. This Act requires the proper treatment and humane handling of all food animals slaughtered in USDA inspected slaughter plants. It does not apply to chickens or other birds. Meat from animals which are dead, diseased, disabled or dying (4-D meat) on the arrival at

2408-483: The minimum of wastage; separating the primal cuts from the carcass; trimming primal cuts and preparing them for secondary butchery or sale; and storing cut meats. Secondary butchery involves boning, trimming and value-adding of primal cuts in preparation for sale. Historically, primary and secondary butchery were performed in the same establishment, but the advent of methods of preservation ( vacuum packing ) and low cost transportation has largely separated them. In parts of

2464-430: The most, this time followed by Australia and New Zealand. Similarly, the amount (in tonnes) of fish used for production is highest in China, Indonesia, Peru, India, Russia, and the United States (in that order). The use of a sharpened blade for the slaughtering of livestock has been practised throughout history. Prior to the development of electric stunning equipment, some species were killed by simply striking them with

2520-619: The people involved. A 2016 study in Organization indicates, "Regression analyses of data from 10,605 Danish workers across 44 occupations suggest that slaughterhouse workers consistently experience lower physical and psychological well-being along with increased incidences of negative coping behavior." A 2009 study by criminologist Amy Fitzgerald indicates, "slaughterhouse employment increases total arrest rates, arrests for violent crimes, arrests for rape, and arrests for other sex offenses in comparison with other industries." As authors from

2576-605: The praise of Jan Breydel as a Flemish hero however, there have also been critical accounts of Breydel. According to Lisa Demets, the historical perception of Jan Breydel as one of the leaders of the Bruges Matins and the Battle of the Golden Spurs is false: "Er is geen enkel bewijs dat een Jan Breydel ook werkelijk kapitein was van de Brugse Metten of de Guldensporenslag" […] "Er waren op dat moment drie Jan Breydels. Waarschijnlijk hebben er wel Breydels meegevochten met het leger en hebben ze ook allerlei dingen geleverd, want het waren oorspronkelijk beenhouwers. Maar heel de kapiteinsfunctie

2632-941: The preslaughter period. They include: The measures for sanitary checks, animal welfare protection and slaughtering procedures are harmonised throughout the European Union, and detailed by the European Commissions' regulations CE 853/2004, 854/2004 and 1099/2009. In Canada, the handling and slaughter of food animals is a shared responsibility of the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), industry, stakeholders, transporters, operators and every person who handles live animals. Canadian law requires that all federally registered slaughter establishments ensure that all species of food animals are handled and slaughtered humanely. The CFIA verifies that federal slaughter establishments are compliant with

2688-544: The provisions contained in the regulations include: The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs ( Defra ) is the main governing body responsible for legislation and codes of practice covering animal slaughter in the UK. In the UK the methods of slaughter are largely the same as those used in the United States with some differences. The use of captive bolt equipment and electrical stunning are approved methods of stunning sheep, goats, cattle and calves for consumption - with

2744-755: The question “Were you aware that slaughterhouses are where livestock are killed and processed into meat, such that, without them, you would not be able to consume meat?”. In the United States, many public protest slaughters were held in the late 1960s and early 1970s by the National Farmers Organization . Protesting low prices for meat, farmers would kill their own animals in front of media representatives. The carcasses were wasted and not eaten. However, this effort backfired because it angered television audiences to see animals being needlessly and wastefully killed. There has been controversy over whether or not animals should be slaughtered and over

2800-519: The slaughterhouse is often salvaged for rendering , and used by a wide range of industries including pet food manufacturers, zoos, greyhound kennels, and mink ranches. The U.S. Code (Title 21, Chapter 12, Subchapter II, § 644) Regulates transactions, transportation, or importation of 4–D animals to prevent use as human food: "No person, firm, or corporation engaged in the business of buying, selling, or transporting in commerce, or importing, dead, dying, disabled, or diseased animals, or any parts of

2856-423: The stunned animal, increasing the risk the animal would regain consciousness and it was consequently recommended that slaughter in front of conspecifics be permitted alongside a mandatory limit on stun-to-kill time. Legislation was introduced which allowed animals to be slaughtered in sight of their conspecifics but there was no legislation for a legal maximum stun-to-kill time. Some critics argue that this resulted in

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2912-405: The use of gas reserved for swine. Until 2004, it was illegal to slaughter animals in sight of their conspecifics (members of the same species) because it was thought to cause them distress. However, there was a concern that moving the animals away from their conspecifics to a different place to be slaughtered would increase the stun-to-kill time (time between stunning the animal and killing it) for

2968-648: The various methods used. Some people believe sentient beings should not be harmed regardless of the purpose, or that meat production is an insufficient justification for harm. Religious slaughter laws and practices have always been a subject of debate, and the certification and labeling of meat products remain to be standardized. Animal welfare concerns are being addressed to improve slaughter practices by providing more training and new regulations. There are differences between conventional and religious slaughter practices, although both have been criticized on grounds of animal welfare. Concerns about religious slaughter focus on

3024-445: The various skills and methods of a butcher (chopping, cutting, slicing, stabbing etc.) Spanish footballer Andoni Goikoetxea was popularly ascribed the epithet "The Butcher of Bilbao" in recognition of his perceived aggressive style of play and frequent, sometimes injurious, challenges on opposing players. Animal slaughter Animal slaughter is the killing of animals , usually referring to killing domestic livestock . It

3080-541: The victory of an oppressed Flemish infantry against a highly superior French foe. Belgian historian Henri Pirenne , on the other hand, especially laid emphasis on the social scale of the conflict. He is also credited with ensuring the survival of the Dutch language in the northern part of Belgium. The statue Jan Breydel shares with Pieter de Coninck has decorated the Market Place in Bruges ever since 1887. Contrary to

3136-692: The world, it is common for butchers to perform many or all of the butcher's duties. Where refrigeration is less common, these skills are required to sell the meat of slaughtered animals. Butchers sell their goods in specialized stores, commonly termed a butcher shop ( American English ), butchery ( South African English ) or butchers ( British English ). Butchers at a butcher shop may perform primary butchery, but will typically perform secondary butchery to prepare fresh cuts of meat for sale. These shops may also sell related products, such as Charcuterie , hot food (using their own meat products), food preparation supplies, baked goods and grocery items. Butcher shops can have

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