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41-759: JBIC became the international wing of the Japan Finance Corporation (JFC) ( 日本政策金融公庫 , Nihon seisaku kin-yu kohko ) (administered by the Ministry of Finance ) established on October 1, 2008. It became independent again from JFC on April 1, 2012. The bank is wholly owned by the Japanese government , and its budget and operations are regulated by the JBIC law. It is headquartered in Tokyo and operates in 18 countries with 21 offices. The main purpose of

82-433: A big role in your self-identity development. Agents of socialization can also affect how you see yourself individually or as part of a collective. Our identities are constructed through social influences that we encounter in our daily lives. The way you are raised to view your individuality can hinder your ability to succeed by capping your abilities or it could become an obstacle in certain environments in which individuality

123-747: A key economic role in the Japanese economy, this unit assists in the development and growth of SMEs through the provision of financial support in the form of loans and credit insurance. JFC is wholly owned by the Japanese government . JFC is governed by a five-person board of directors with Koichi Hosokawa as the Governor and Chief Executive. Social structure 1800s: Martineau · Tocqueville  ·  Marx ·  Spencer · Le Bon · Ward · Pareto ·  Tönnies · Veblen ·  Simmel · Durkheim ·  Addams ·  Mead · Weber ·  Du Bois ·  Mannheim · Elias In

164-486: A more complex relationship that asserted the relative autonomy of cultural and political institutions, and a general determination by economic factors only "in the last instance." In 1905, German sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies published his study The Present Problems of Social Structure , in which he argues that only the constitution of a multitude into a unity creates a "social structure", basing his approach on his concept of social will . Émile Durkheim , drawing on

205-413: A new policy-based financing institution, tentatively called Japan Finance Corporation (JFC). To maintain the international trust and confidence enjoyed by previous JBIC, the international finance sector of JFC continued to use the name "Japan Bank for International Cooperation". Of the two types of operations conducted by the former JBIC, new JBIC took over IFOs in its international finance sector. JBIC

246-510: A recent study describes how indigenous social structure in the Republic of Panama changed macro social structures and impeded a planned Panama Canal expansion. Marxist sociology has also historically mixed different meanings of social structure, though doing so by simply treating the cultural aspects of social structure as phenomenal of its economic aspects. Social norms are believed to influence social structure through relations between

287-440: A shared culture, while the latter describes differentiated parts united through social exchange and material interdependence. As did Marx and Weber, Georg Simmel , more generally, developed a wide-ranging approach that provided observations and insights into domination and subordination; competition; division of labor ; formation of parties; representation; inner solidarity and external exclusiveness; and many similar features of

328-460: A variety of other analytic perspectives. Some follow Marx in trying to identify the basic dimensions of society that explain the other dimensions, most emphasizing either economic production or political power. Others follow Lévi-Strauss in seeking logical order in cultural structures. Still others, notably Peter Blau , follow Simmel in attempting to base a formal theory of social structure on numerical patterns in relationships—analyzing, for example,

369-548: Is a public corporation that provides financial services in Japan and internationally. Its headquarters are located in Tokyo , Japan . JFC is a policy based financial institution whose co-function is the provision of business loans to SMEs and business start-ups; and educational loans to individuals for school entrance fees and related expenses. All these are with the aim of complement financial activities carried out by privately owned financial institutions as well as improve

410-545: The meso scale, it concerns the structure of social networks between individuals or organizations. On the micro scale, "social structure" includes the ways in which ' norms ' shape the behavior of individuals within the social system . These scales are not always kept separate. For example, John Levi Martin has theorized that certain macro-scale structures are the emergent properties of micro-scale cultural institutions (i.e., "structure" resembles that used by anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss ). Likewise, in ethnography,

451-480: The OECD , Japan’s total official development assistance (ODA) (USD 17.5 billion, grant-equivalent methodology, preliminary data) increased in 2022 due to an increase in its bilateral lending, which includes support to Ukraine. ODA represented 0.39% of gross national income (GNI). Nonetheless, it was the biggest known financier of coal projects among public institutions worldwide in 2016 and continues to finance coal up to

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492-473: The social sciences , social structure is the aggregate of patterned social arrangements in society that are both emergent from and determinant of the actions of individuals . Likewise, society is believed to be grouped into structurally related groups or sets of roles , with different functions, meanings, or purposes. Examples of social structure include family , religion , law , economy , and class . It contrasts with " social system ", which refers to

533-594: The IFO operations accounted for ¥985.5 billion. The ODA operations were aimed mainly at developing countries, especially those in Asia, which accounted for 15.8% of the bank's operations in 2004 fiscal year. These operations provide long-term and low-interest loans to important projects that develop social structure and infrastructure of developing countries. The JBIC's financial assistance represented 40 percent of Japan's official development assistance. As of March 31, 2006,

574-516: The Micro Unit had made loans to 0.95 million businesses. It is estimated that 77,000 jobs were created and 110,000 educational loans are issued annually as a result of the Micro Unit. This unit (AFFF Unit) contributes to the development of domestic agriculture, forestry, the fishery industry and improved quality of food. This is by providing access to finance for individuals and businesses operating in these industries. Recognizing that SMEs play

615-633: The ODA operations accounted for ¥770 billion. These ODA operations were merged with Japan International Cooperation Agency in 2008. As of March 2005, the country which had access to the most loans was Indonesia , followed by China and the Philippines . Brazil was the most benefited from South American countries, holding the sixth place in the bank's investments. Japan Finance Corporation Japan Finance Corporation ( 株式会社日本政策金融公庫 , Kabushiki gaisha Nihon Seisaku Kin'yū Kōko , JFC ) ,

656-420: The actions, thoughts, and beliefs of every individual human being. In terms of agents of socialization, social structures are slightly influenced by individuals but individuals are more greatly influenced by them. Some examples of these agents of socialization are the workplace, family, religion, and school. The way these agents of socialization influence your individualism varies on each one; however, they all play

697-501: The analogies between biological and social systems popularized by Herbert Spencer and others, introduced the idea that diverse social institutions and practices played a role in assuring the functional integration of society through assimilation of diverse parts into a unified and self-reproducing whole. In this context, Durkheim distinguished two forms of structural relationship: mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity . The former describes structures that unite similar parts through

738-559: The binaries that underlie classic sociological and anthropological reasoning (notably the universalizing tendencies of Lévi-Strauss's structuralism). Bourdieu's practice theory also seeks a more subtle account of social structure as embedded in, rather than determinative of, individual behavior. Other recent work by Margaret Archer ( morphogenesis theory ), Tom R. Burns and Helena Flam (actor-system dynamics theory and social rule system theory ), and Immanuel Wallerstein ( World Systems Theory ) provide elaborations and applications of

779-433: The duality of structure and agency, in the sense that structures and agency cannot be conceived apart from one another. This permits him to argue that structures are neither independent of actors nor determining of their behavior, but rather sets of rules and competencies on which actors draw, and which, in the aggregate, they reproduce. Giddens's analysis, in this respect, closely parallels Jacques Derrida 's deconstruction of

820-400: The earliest and most comprehensive accounts of social structure was provided by Karl Marx, who related political, cultural, and religious life to the mode of production (an underlying economic structure). Marx argued that the economic base substantially determined the cultural and political superstructure of a society. Subsequent Marxist accounts, such as that of Louis Althusser , proposed

861-537: The following principles: Former JBIC had mainly two ways of performing its loans: international financial operations (IFOs) and overseas economic operations ( ODA ). These operations were independent of each other and were clearly separated in the bank's financial statements. The IFO operations include loans and equity participation in overseas projects of Japanese corporations, therefore contributing to Japanese activities overseas. These operations are aimed at both developed and developing countries. As of March 31, 2006,

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902-473: The following three functions to contribute to sound development of the international economy, including Japan: In addition to the above functions, the new JBIC will take over, on a separate account, financial operations for effective realignment of the United States military forces stationed in Japan pursuant to the relevant special legislation. The new JBIC will conduct business operations based on

943-403: The institution is to promote economic cooperation between Japan and overseas countries by providing resources to foreign investments and by fostering international commerce . It has a major role in promoting Japanese exports and imports, and the country's activities overseas. The bank's presence can be seen both in developed and developing countries . It tries to contribute to the stability of

984-630: The interdependence common among working-class individuals can hinder workers' opportunities to succeed. In this sense, social structure may be created by the power of élites who seek to retain their power, or by economic systems that place emphasis upon competition or upon cooperation . Ethnography has contributed to understandings about social structure by revealing local practices and customs that differ from Western practices of hierarchy and economic power in its construction. Social structures can be influenced by individuals, but individuals are often influenced by agents of socialization (e.g.,

1025-483: The international financial order and follows a policy of not competing with ordinary financial institutions . The bank was one of the instruments of Japan's official development assistance (ODA), which contributes to the execution of the country's foreign policy . JBIC claims to aim at sustainable development and to be concerned about social and environmental issues , and requires environmental impact assessment studies to provide funding to any project. According to

1066-567: The living standards of the Japanese people. The company has 152 branch offices in Japan, 2 representative offices overseas, and a workforce of 7,364 employees. Japan Finance Corporation was founded on 1 October 2008 with the passing of the Japan Finance Corporation Act. This Act led to the merger of four policy-based financing institutions i.e.: In April 2012, the Japan Bank for International Cooperation Act

1107-475: The majority and the minority. As those who align with the majority are considered ' normal ', and those who align with the minority are considered ' abnormal ', majority-minority relations create a hierarchical stratification within social structures that favors the majority in all aspects of society. The early study of social structures has considerably informed the study of institutions, culture and agency, social interaction, and history. Alexis de Tocqueville

1148-433: The need for labour , management , professional , and military functions), or by conflicts between groups (e.g. competition among political parties or élites and masses ). Others believe that structuring is not a result of natural processes, but of social construction . Research from scholars Nicole M. Stephens and Sarah Townsend demonstrated that the cultural mismatch between institutions' ideals of independence and

1189-400: The parent structure in which these various structures are embedded. Thus, social structures significantly influence larger systems, such as economic systems , legal systems , political systems , cultural systems , etc. Social structure can also be said to be the framework upon which a society is established. It determines the norms and patterns of relations between the various institutions of

1230-605: The present (status 2019). Following the passage of the Japan Finance Corporation Law on May 18, 2007, during the 166th Ordinary Session of the Diet, the international financial operations (IFOs) of Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC) were merged with National Life Finance Corporation (NLFC), Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Finance Corporation (AFC), and Japan Finance Corporation for Small and Medium Enterprise (JASME) on October 1, 2008, to become

1271-496: The society. Since the 1920s, the term has been in general use in social science, especially as a variable whose sub-components needed to be distinguished in relationship to other sociological variables, as well as in academic literature, as result of the rising influence of structuralism . The concept of " social stratification ", for instance, uses the idea of social structure to explain that most societies are separated into different strata (levels), guided (if only partially) by

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1312-449: The sociological classics in structural sociology. As noted above, social structure has been conceptualized as: Furthermore, Lopez and Scott (2000) distinguish between two types of structure: Social structure can also be divided into microstructure and macrostructure : Sociologists also distinguish between: Modern sociologists sometimes differentiate between three types of social structures: Social rule system theory reduces

1353-529: The state, religious communities, economic associations, art schools, and of family and kinship networks. However diverse the interests that give rise to these associations, the forms in which interests are realized may yet be identical. The notion of social structure was extensively developed in the 20th century with key contributions from structuralist perspectives drawing on theories of Claude Lévi-Strauss , as well as feminist, marxist, functionalist (e.g. those developed by Talcott Parsons and followers), and

1394-497: The structures of (3) to particular rule system arrangements, i.e. the types of basic structures of (1 and 2). It shares with role theory , organizational and institutional sociology , and network analysis the concern with structural properties and developments and at the same time provides detailed conceptual tools needed to generate interesting, fruitful propositions and models and analyses. Some believe that social structure develops naturally, caused by larger systemic needs (e.g.

1435-480: The underlying structures in the social system. It is also important in the modern study of organizations, as an organization's structure may determine its flexibility, capacity to change, etc. In this sense, structure is an important issue for management . On the macro scale, social structure pertains to the system of socioeconomic stratification (most notably the class structure ), social institutions , or other patterned relations between large social groups . On

1476-423: The ways in which factors like group size shape intergroup relations. The notion of social structure is intimately related to a variety of central topics in social science, including the relation of structure and agency . The most influential attempts to combine the concept of social structure with agency are Anthony Giddens ' theory of structuration and Pierre Bourdieu 's practice theory . Giddens emphasizes

1517-510: The workplace because of their gender, which would be termed a "social structural" bias, but other variables (such as time on the job or hours worked) might be masked. Modern social structural analysis takes this into account through multivariate analysis and other techniques, but the analytic problem of how to combine various aspects of social life into a whole remains. Sociologists such as Georges Palante have written on how social structures coerce our individuality and social groups by shaping

1558-450: The workplace, family, religion, and school ). The way these agents of socialization influence individualism varies on each separate member of society; however, each agent is critical in the development of self-identity . The notion of social structure may mask systematic biases, as it involves many identifiable sub-variables (e.g. gender). Some argue that men and women who have otherwise equal qualifications receive different treatment in

1599-460: Was passed. This led to the separation of the Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC) from JFC. JBIC has since operated as an independent entity. JFC has divided its operations in three units: This unit acts (Micro Unit) as a community based financial institution and provides loans to small businesses , business start-ups and educational loans to individuals. As of March 2014

1640-411: Was supposedly the first to use the term "social structure". Later, Karl Marx , Herbert Spencer , Ferdinand Tönnies , Émile Durkheim , and Max Weber would all contribute to structural concepts in sociology. The latter, for example, investigated and analyzed the institutions of modern society: market , bureaucracy (private enterprise and public administration), and politics (e.g. democracy). One of

1681-491: Was the international wing of Japan Finance Corporation (JFC) from October 1, 2008 to April 1, 2012. "The predecessor of JBIC is the International Financial Operations of former JBIC. JFC once took over those IFOs in its international wing. The new JBIC constituted the international finance sector of Japan Finance Corporation (JFC), a policy-based financing institution. The new JBIC performs

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