60-467: Roberto Cavalli ( Italian pronunciation: [roˈbɛrto kaˈvalli] ; 15 November 1940 – 12 April 2024) was an Italian fashion designer and inventor. He was known for exotic prints and for creating the sand-blasted look for jeans . The Roberto Cavalli fashion house sells luxury clothing, perfume and leather accessories. Cavalli was born in a suburb of Florence , Italy on 15 November 1940. His grandfather, Giuseppe Rossi, an artist and member of
120-745: A "used look" can be more environmentally damaging than regular jeans, depending on how the waste compounds are processed. Sandblasting and treating with sandpaper has the risk of causing silicosis to the workers, and in Turkey, more than 5,000 textile workers have been stricken with this disease, and 46 people are known to have died. Some companies have announced they are banning the use of sandblasting. Despite most jeans being "pre-shrunk", they are still sensitive to slight further shrinkage and loss of color from being washed. The Levi Strauss company recommends avoiding washing jeans as much as possible. Carl Chiara, Levi Strauss director of brand and special projects, has
180-405: A (historic) type of sturdy cloth commonly made with a cotton warp and wool weft (also known as "Virginia cloth"). Jean cloth can be entirely cotton as well, similar to denim. Originally designed for miners , modern jeans were popularized as casual wear by Marlon Brando and James Dean in their 1950s films, particularly The Wild One and Rebel Without a Cause , leading to the fabric becoming
240-488: A 45-year-old driving instructor was accused of rape. When he picked up an 18-year-old girl for her first driving lesson, he allegedly raped her for an hour, then told her that if she was to tell anyone he would kill her. Later that night she told her parents and her parents agreed to help her press charges. While the alleged rapist was convicted and sentenced, the Italian Supreme Court of Cassation overturned
300-548: A boutique in the New York East Village, was "the first retailer to wash a new pair of jeans to get a used, worn effect, and the idea became a hit." He continued, "[Limbo] hired East Village artists to embellish the jeans with patches, decals, and other touches, and sold them for $ 200." In the early 1980s the denim industry introduced the stone-washing technique developed by GWG also known as "Great Western Garment Co." Donald Freeland of Edmonton, Alberta , pioneered
360-482: A credo: The less you wash your jeans, the better your jeans become. These and other suggestions to avoid washing jeans where possible have encountered criticism. Cory Warren, editor of LS&Co. Unzipped , clarifies in a response to such a criticism: Our advice is to wash less often, but clearly, you have to judge for yourself what's appropriate. Hot day, dirty job? Wash your jeans. Please! Cold day, office job? Maybe you can wear them twice or more before they go back to
420-467: A fabric that looks like denim. The fabric would have been Genoese jean, which was cheaper. Genre painting came to prominence in the late 16th century, and the non-nobility subject matter in all ten paintings places them among others that portray similar scenes. Dungaree was mentioned for the first time in the 17th century, when it was referred to as cheap, coarse thick cotton cloth, often colored blue but sometimes white, worn by impoverished people in what
480-453: A few grams of the dye are required for each pair. For other colors of denim other dyes must be used. Currently, jeans are produced in any color that can be achieved with cotton. For more information on dyeing, refer to denim and the discussion there of using pigment dyes. In 1962, Levi Strauss introduced their own pre-shrunk jeans (Lee and Wrangler jeans had already long been pre-shrunk); these did not shrink further after purchase, allowing
540-496: A flourishing commercial concern. In 1800 Massena 's troops entered the town and Jean-Gabriel was entrusted with their supply. In particular he furnished them with uniforms cut from blue cloth called "bleu de Genes" whence later derives the famous garment known worldwide as "blue jeans". Levi Strauss , as a young man in 1851, went from Germany to New York to join his older brothers who ran a goods store. In 1853, he moved to San Francisco to open his own dry goods business. Jacob Davis
600-565: A judge at the Miss Universe pageant, he met contestant Eva Düringer , whom he married in 1980. Together, they had three children and Düringer became his business partner. They worked together until selling the business. They divorced in 2010. In 2023, Cavalli announced the birth of his sixth child, with his partner, Swedish model and actor Sandra Nilsson. Cavalli died at his home in Florence, Italy, on 12 April 2024, aged 83, following
660-417: A long period of ill-health. As of January 2014, Cavalli returned to the role of men's creative director from his son, Daniele Cavalli, starting with the 2014 fall collection, appointing Martyn Bal as his righthand man. Also, on 24 January 2014, Gianluca Brozzetti (CEO) and Carlo Di Biagio (COO) announced they were leaving the fashion brand. In May 2014, Cavalli approached Investcorp , an investment firm in
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#1732790604157720-568: A result of the COVID-19 lockdowns. Media reported in 2017 that the trend of low-rise jeans , famous in the 1990s and 2000s, was coming back into fashion due to a sparked by an interest in Y2K style. In the early 2000s, low-rise jeans were commonly seen on celebrities such as Jennifer Lopez , Paris Hilton , Gwen Stefani and Christina Aguilera , attributing to the Y2K style. In 2021, online searches for 'y2k fashion' had risen by 193%, showing that
780-545: A risk-adjusted basis. In 2020, Investcorp merged its hedge fund business with Tages Group, a European alternative asset management firm, creating a 50/50 joint venture. Investcorp Credit Management has assets under management of over $ 22 billion. Based in London, New York, and Singapore, they manage funds that invest primarily in senior secured corporate debt issued by mid and large-cap corporates in Western Europe and
840-478: A symbol of rebellion among teenagers, especially members of the greaser subculture. From the 1960s onwards, jeans became common among various youth subcultures and subsequently young members of the general population. Nowadays, they are one of the most popular types of trousers in Western culture . Historic brands include Levi's , Lee , and Wrangler . Research on the trade of jean fabric shows that it emerged in
900-776: A symbol of youth rebellion during the 1950s. During the 1960s, the wearing of jeans became more acceptable, and by the 1970s it had become general fashion in the United States for casual wear. In Japan in 1977, a professor of Osaka University Philip Karl Pehda chastised a female student wearing jeans in the classroom. Then he was protested by the students, and a controversy arose in the country. Examples of intentional denim distressing strictly to make them more fashionable can be seen as early as 1935 in Vogue's June issue. Michael Belluomo, editor of Sportswear International Magazine , Oct/Nov 1987, p. 45, wrote that in 1965, Limbo,
960-567: Is a less extreme version of sagging , which was popularized by male hip-hop artists in the 1990s. Investcorp Investcorp is a global manager of alternative investment products, for private and institutional clients. Founded in Bahrain in 1982, the firm has offices in United States , United Kingdom , Saudi Arabia , Qatar , United Arab Emirates , India , China , Japan , and Singapore . Investcorp's principal client base
1020-511: Is among the top-10 largest cross-border buyers and sellers of US real estate. Established in 1996, Investcorp's hedge fund business grew to an approximate value of $ 3.5 billion capital under management, out of which approximately $ 0.2 billion is reserved for proprietary investments. The hedge fund business provides institutional investors with access to its emerging manager program, investing with and seeding early-stage managers who, according to Investcorp research, outperform larger hedge funds on
1080-579: Is considered fashionable in some circumstances. During the process of wear, fading will usually occur on those parts of the article that receive the most stress. On a pair of jeans, this includes the upper thighs, the ankles, and the areas behind the knees. Patterns of fading in jeans caused by prolonged periods of wear include: Distressed denim emerged from the cultural punk movement in the 1970s. Early punks tore apart consumer goods as an expression of their anger towards capitalism and corporate greed. Punks deliberately used safety pins in garments to encourage
1140-518: Is created by means of abrading the jeans or treating them with chemicals, such as acryl resin, phenol, a hypochlorite, potassium permanganate, caustic soda, acids etc. Ripping or distressing of jeans, though also arising naturally as a result of wear and tear, is sometimes deliberately performed by suppliers—with distressed clothing sometimes selling for more than a nondistressed pair. For example, Pucci sold "embellished mid-rise boyfriend jeans" for £600 (US$ 860). Over time dry denim will fade, which
1200-810: Is in the six countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council , but it also has a growing base of institutional clients in North America, Europe, and Asia. The group's biggest external shareholder is Mubadala Investment Company, a $ 229 billion Abu Dhabi sovereign wealth fund, which has a stake of 20 percent. The company's main activities include private equity , real estate , and credit management , and has $ 50 billion worth of assets under management, as of April 2023. Investcorp has 7 asset classes which include private equity, real estate, credit, absolute return strategies, GP stakes, infrastructure, and insurance asset management. The company
1260-640: Is nearly impossible to slip off tight jeans even partly without the active collaboration of the person who is wearing them." The ruling sparked widespread feminist protest. The day after the decision, women in the Italian Parliament protested by wearing jeans and holding placards that read "Jeans: An Alibi for Rape". As a sign of support, the California Senate and the California Assembly followed suit. Patricia Giggans ,
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#17327906041571320-704: Is no longer a "denim" defense to the charge of rape. In 1957, during the 6th World Festival of Youth and Students held in Moscow , Soviet Union (present-day Russia ), Western-made jeans were first introduced to the communist state and sparked "jeans fever" at the time. People preferred to wear Western-made blue jeans rather than local-made black ones. In Soviet ideology, such an action challenged communist-made jeans and symbolized Western victory. In 1961, two ringleaders, Y. T. Rokotov and V. P. Faibishenko, were caught with their group for smuggling currencies from other countries along with blue jeans and other contraband. Under
1380-678: Is sold in more than 50 countries worldwide, Cavalli designed RC Menswear, as well as the youth-aimed diffusion line Just Cavalli, launched in 2000, today encompasses men’s and women’s wear and accessories, watches, jewelry, perfumes, eye wear, under garments, and beach attire. There is also the Angels & Devils Children Collection, the Class line, shoes and two underwear collections. In 2002, Cavalli opened his first café-store in Florence, revamping it with his signature animal prints . Soon after, in Milan,
1440-619: The Macchiaioli Movement, produced work that was exhibited in the Uffizi Gallery . His father was killed in 1944 in the Cavriglia massacre [ it ] , a Nazi reprisal on civilians, when he was four. Cavalli enrolled at the local art institute, concentrating on textile print. While still a student, he made a series of flower prints on knit that caught the attention of major Italian hosiery manufacturers. In
1500-632: The Persian Gulf , as a potential buyer of a stake in his fashion brand. Many leading models have worked for the brand: Jessica Stam , Eva Riccobono , Laetitia Casta , Natasha Poly , Mariacarla Boscono , Karen Elson , Karolina Kurkova , and Ivan Olita among others. Former Acne Studios creative consultant Paul Surridge succeeded Peter Dundas as creative director for the brand in May 2017. In 2019, DAMAC Properties 's Hussain Sajwani completed
1560-877: The Soviet Union , jeans were the symbol of the Western way of life. The "jeans fever" in the USSR started in 1957 during the World Festival of Youth and Students . According to a 1961 Soviet textile dictionary, jeans were initially referred to as a "worker's uniform" (рабочий костюм, rabochii kostyum ). The jeans brand Rokotov and Fainberg is named after the defendants in the Rokotov–Faibishenko case, Yan T. Rokotov and Vladislav P. Faibishenko, who were executed for, among other things, trafficking in jeans. Although not outright banned, jeans were hard to come by in
1620-403: The zipper down the front. Historic photographs indicate that in the decades before they became a staple of fashion, jeans generally fit quite loosely, much like a pair of bib overalls without the bib. Indeed, until 1960, Levi Strauss called its flagship product "waist overalls" rather than "jeans". After James Dean popularized them in the movie Rebel Without a Cause , wearing jeans became
1680-411: The 1990s with the emergence of grunge fashion. The grunge youth wore loose-fitting ripped jeans, flannel shirts or woolen Pendletons layered over T-shirts. Their anti-conformist approach to fashion led to the popularization of the casual chic look, a trend which continued into the 2000s. A typical pair of blue jeans uses 3,479 litres (919 US gal) of water during its life cycle. This includes
1740-718: The Executive Chairman of the company. The changes also involved an update to the business model, which is now focused on raising funds, raising institutional capital, and diversifying strategies further. Investcorp made several acquisitions between 2016 and 2019, pushing into China with investments into tech and the food sector. In 2019, the company also pushed into the US market with the acquisition of Mercury Capital. Investcorp's portfolio company, Moneybookers, ended its relationship with WikiLeaks in August 2010. The company
1800-709: The Just Cavalli café at Torre Branca opened, as well as another boutique on Via della Spiga . In July 2011, his company collection was presented at the catwalk of The Brandery fashion show in Barcelona. On 18 June 2013, he was awarded an Honorary Master Diploma in Fashion Management from Domus Academy in Milan, during a ceremony after which he held a lectio magistralis . In 1964, Cavalli married Silvanella Giannoni, with whom he had two children, before their divorce in 1974. In 1977, while serving as
1860-675: The Just Cavalli line. The Sufi school brought forth a proceeding in Europe to the Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market (OHIM). "On 16 May 2014, the OHIM pronounced itself in the first degree rejecting the request made by the School to invalidate the Just Cavalli logo. The Court stated that the two logos are not mistakable and do not present any similarities." Nonetheless, students of
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1920-484: The North American West. During this period, men's jeans had the fly down the front, whereas women's jeans had the fly down the left side. When Levi Strauss & Co. patented the modern, mass-produced prototype in 1873, there were two pockets in the front and a patch pocket on the back right reinforced with copper rivets. The small riveted watch pocket was first added by Levi Strauss to their jeans in
1980-595: The Soviet Union since they were seen as a symbol of rebellion by the Soviet youth, who wanted to emulate the style of film and rock stars of the West. The Soviet government resisted supplying the market with jeans as it would mean responding to the market , a capitalist principle. People went to great lengths, sometimes by resorting to violence and other illegal activities, to obtain real Western-made jeans. That led to
2040-593: The Sufi school continued their protest. Jeans Jeans are a type of trousers made from denim or dungaree cloth. Often the term "jeans" refers to a particular style of trousers, called "blue jeans", with the addition of copper pocket rivets added by Jacob W. Davis in 1871 and patented by Davis and Levi Strauss on May 20, 1873. Prior to the patent, the term "blue jeans" had been long in use for various garments (including trousers, overalls, and coats), constructed from blue-colored denim. "Jean" also references
2100-489: The acquisition of Italian fashion group Roberto Cavalli. Cavalli was sharply criticized in 2004 by the Hindu community for marketing a line of feminine underwear (designed for Harrods ) which featured the images of Hindu goddesses. The line was eventually withdrawn and formal apologies were made. The Maktab Tarighat Oveyssi Shahmaghsoudi school of Islamic Sufism accused Cavalli of copying their "sacred emblem" for branding
2160-438: The acquisition of US and European properties and US commercial mortgage debt positions. The investment in these properties or loans is typically aggregated into a series of multi-investment portfolios for placement to clients. Debt investments are also made within a series of debt funds which are managed by the group. Since 1996, Investcorp has acquired over 1,000 properties for a total value of approximately $ 23billion. Investcorp
2220-479: The cities of Genoa , Italy, and Nîmes , France. Gênes, the French word for Genoa, might be the origin of the word " jeans ". In Nîmes, weavers tried to reproduce jean fabric but instead developed a similar twill fabric that became known as denim, " de Nîmes" , meaning "from Nîmes". Genoa's jeans fabric was a fustian textile of "medium quality and of reasonable cost", very similar to cotton corduroy for which Genoa
2280-403: The consumer to purchase a correctly fitting size. Pre-shrink is most common in jeans nowadays. These jeans were known as the 505 regular fit jeans. The 505s are almost identical to the 501s with the exception of the button-fly. The Levi's Corporation also introduced a slim boot-cut fit known as 517 and 527. The difference between the two is that the 517s sit at the waist line and the 527s sit below
2340-414: The conviction in 1998 because the victim wore tight jeans. It was argued that she must have necessarily had to help her attacker remove her jeans, thus making the act consensual ("because the victim wore very, very tight jeans, she had to help him remove them... and by removing the jeans... it was no longer rape but consensual sex"). The court stated in its decision "it is a fact of common experience that it
2400-479: The creation of black markets and to the bootlegging of jeans, which since has become an important cultural element of the history of the Soviet Union . In 2014, teens were buying more fashion and athleisure clothing from brands such as Nike and Lululemon over denim classics from brands like Abercrombie & Fitch . Activewear in 2014 comprised 28% of teens' apparel purchases, up from 6% in 2008. In 2014, Nike, Lululemon, Under Armour , and Adidas were
2460-851: The early 1970s, he invented and patented a printing process on leather, and started creating patchworks of different materials. He debuted these techniques in Paris, immediately winning commissions from the likes of Hermès and Pierre Cardin . At age 32, he presented his first namesake collection at the Salon for Prêt-à-Porter in Paris. He brought it to the catwalks of the Sala Bianca of Palazzo Pitti in Florence, and later his Milano Collezioni featured jeans made of printed denim, intarsia leathers, brocade, and wild-animal prints. In 1972, he opened his first boutique in Saint-Tropez . In 1975, he founded
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2520-598: The executive director of the Los Angeles Commission on Assaults Against Women (now Peace Over Violence) soon made Denim Day an annual event. As of 2011 at least 20 U.S. states officially recognize Denim Day in April. Wearing jeans on that day has become an international symbol of protest against such attitudes about sexual assault. In 2008 the Supreme Court of Cassation overturned the ruling, so there
2580-429: The fashion style was making a comeback, and low-rise jeans were becoming a common clothing item for teenagers and young adults. Low-rise jeans usually come 2–3 inches (5–8 cm) or more below the navel. Manufactured low-rise jeans have a shorter rise (distance between the waistband and crotch seam). The low-rise look can also be accomplished by letting jeans with longer rises fall lower than they are meant to. This
2640-628: The house of Roberto Cavalli fashion, incorporating "femininity, spiritedness, and leopard print" as its pillars. The brand acquired appeal for its stable and unvarying looks despite the changing trends. In Milan in 1994, Cavalli presented the first sand-blasted jeans. By December of the same year, he had opened boutiques in Saint Barth , in the French Caribbean, followed by others in Venice and Saint-Tropez . Besides his main line, which
2700-401: The late 1870s. In 1901, Levi Strauss added the back left pocket to their 501 model. This created the now familiar and industry-standard five-pocket configuration with two large pockets and small watch pocket in front with two pockets on the rear. The popularity of "waist overalls", as jeans were sometimes called, expanded during World War II . By the 1960s, both men's and women's jeans had
2760-640: The late 19th century. It was replaced by indigo synthesis methods developed in Germany. By the 17th century, jean was a crucial textile for working-class people in Northern Italy. This is seen in a series of genre paintings from around the 17th century attributed to an artist now referred to as the Master of the Blue Jeans. The ten paintings depict impoverished scenes with lower-class figures wearing
2820-502: The leadership of Nikita Khrushchev , the duo were executed. North America accounts for 39% of global purchases for jeans, followed by Western Europe at 20%, Japan and Korea at 10% and the rest of the world at 31%. United States consumers spent more than US$ 14 billion on jeans in 2004 and US$ 15 billion in 2005. US consumers bought US$ 13.8 billion of men's and women's jeans in the year that ended April 30, 2011 (~$ 18.4 billion in 2023), according to market-research firm NPD Group. In
2880-491: The method, which helped to bring denim to a larger and more versatile market. Acceptance of jeans continued through the 1980s and 1990s. Originally a utilitarian garment, jeans became a common fashion choice in the second half of the 20th century. In the early 21st century, Details Men's Style Manual devoted a chapter to jeans, saying, "Now that jeans have become more acceptable cocktail-hour attire, you should probably own more than one pair." Calling Levi's 501s "an icon from
2940-403: The moment they were introduced," and "the quintessential pair of jeans," the guidebook calls the standard straight leg design, "a classic clean-cut American Graffiti look." Traditionally, jeans were dyed to a blue color using natural indigo dye . Most denim is now dyed using synthetic indigo. Approximately 20 thousand tons of indigo are produced annually for this purpose, though only
3000-423: The most popular brands for athletic apparel among teen consumers. Fashion retailers have begun to adjust their offerings accordingly. Bloomberg reports that Levi's stuck to its core product (denim) instead of adapting to consumer trends. As a result, Levi's sales decreased from over US$ 7 billion to US$ 4.8 billion in 2015. In February 2021, it was found that sales for athleisure had risen by 84% since March 2020 as
3060-651: The waist line. Later, Levi's would develop other styles and fits such as the loose, slim, comfort, relaxed, skinny, and a regular fit with a tapered leg. A significant amount of the aesthetic treatment of jeans may occur after the denim has been cut and sewn into the final garment. Many denim articles are washed to make them softer and to reduce or minimize shrinkage even beyond what sanforization prevents. Significantly washed denim can resemble dry denim which has faded naturally over extended use. Such distressing may be supplemented by chemical treatments or physical techniques such as stone washing . The used or " acid wash " look
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#17327906041573120-469: The washing machine. Personally, if I wear a pair of jeans to work on Friday—cool climate, office job—I tend to wear them on Saturday. And if Saturday is spent indoors and I'm not spilling food all over myself, I might even wear them on Sunday. For those who prefer to refrain from washing their jeans there have been suggestions to freeze them in order to kill the germs that cause odor. However, this advice has been proven ineffective. In Rome , Italy, in 1992,
3180-447: The water to irrigate the cotton crop, manufacture the jeans, and the numerous washes by the consumer. During production, the typical amount for washing with traditional Pullman machines reaches 90 litres per jeans, which can be reduced to about 27 litres using modern frontloaders. Novel washing processes such as Droptima can reduce that to 6 litres fresh water plus 4 litres used water. The production of jeans with
3240-443: The youth to not buy endless, meaningless, fashion, and so fund corporations. Corporate bosses gentrified the notion, by selling clothes with safety pins already in them, to the next generation, so the original meaning of punk was lost. Denim became a key target of this politically fueled deconstruction, with both men and women donning torn pants and jackets, accessorized with safety pins and slogans. The trend became popular again in
3300-688: Was a tailor who often bought bolts of cloth from the Levi Strauss & Co . wholesale house. In 1872, Davis wrote to Strauss asking to partner with him to patent and sell clothing reinforced with rivets . The copper rivets were to reinforce the points of stress, such as pocket corners and at the bottom of the button fly. Strauss accepted Davis's offer, and the two men received US patent No. 139,121 for an "Improvement in Fastening Pocket-Openings" on May 20, 1873. Davis and Strauss experimented with different fabrics. An early attempt
3360-581: Was brown cotton duck , a bottom-weight fabric. Finding denim a more suitable material for work-pants, they began using it to manufacture their riveted pants. The denim used was produced by an American manufacturer. Popular legend incorrectly states that it was imported from Nîmes. A popular myth is that Strauss initially sold brown canvas pants to miners, later dyed them blue, turned to using denim, and only after Davis wrote to him, added rivets. Initially, Strauss's jeans were simply sturdy trousers worn by factory workers , miners, farmers, and cattlemen throughout
3420-430: Was co-founded in 1982 by Nemir Kirdar , Elias Hallak, Savio Tung, Mike Merritt, and Cem Cesmig and acquired Tiffany & Co in 1984, floating in 1987. In 1988, Maurizio Gucci sold almost 47.8% of Gucci to Investcorp, and withheld the other 50% until 1993. The company diversified in 1997 into hedge funds. Kirdar stepped down as CEO and executive chairman in 2015. With Kirdar resigning, Mohammad Alardhi became
3480-526: Was famous, and was "used for work clothes in general". The Genoese navy equipped its sailors with jeans, as they needed a fabric that could be worn wet or dry. Nîmes's "denim" was coarser, considered higher quality, and was used "for over garments such as smocks or overalls". In 1576, a quantity of "jean fustians" arrived into the port of Barnstaple on a vessel from Bristol. Nearly all indigo , needed for dyeing, came from indigo bush plantations in India until
3540-895: Was regulated in Bahrain as a wholesale bank until 2019, when it voluntarily surrendered its wholesale banking license. It remained listed on the Bahrain Bourse (BSE) for four decades until 2021, when it delisted itself as a result of low trading volumes. Investcorp's traditional activity is private equity. This includes mid-size companies in North America, Western Europe and MENA including Turkey, as well as technology lower mid-cap investment, through Investcorp Technology Partners. The past and present portfolio includes over 175 investments. Selected past investments include: The real estate division based in New York and London, sources and performs due diligence , and arranges financing and
3600-475: Was then a region of Bombay , India a dockside village called Dongri. This cloth was "dungri" in Hindi . Dungri was exported to England and used for manufacturing of cheap, robust working clothes. In English, the word "dungri" became pronounced as "dungaree". The term jeans appears first in 1795, when a Swiss banker by the name Jean-Gabriel Eynard and his brother Jacques went to Genoa and both were soon heading
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