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40-468: OAI may refer to: Object-action interface Office of American Innovation Omni Air International , a charter airline Open Archives Initiative , standards body Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting Open Archives Initiative Object Reuse and Exchange OAI, the IATA code of Bagram Airfield , Afghanistan OR-AND-invert ,

80-482: A complete thought possibly defined in terms of other thoughts as yet undefined. A model is needed which prevents unrestricted transfers of control and has a control structure closer to languages amenable to structured programming. We present an attempt at such a model. The new model technique for structured programming they presented has become known as the Nassi–Shneiderman diagram ; a graphical representation of

120-428: A designer to understand the complex processes that a user has to perform in order to successfully use an interface to perform a certain task. Designers model the interface actions and objects based on familiar example and then fine tune these models to fit the task and the user. Ben Shneiderman Ben Shneiderman (born August 21, 1947) is an American computer scientist , a Distinguished University Professor in

160-618: A key component of Spotfire , which was acquired by TIBCO in 2007. His work continued on visual analysis tools for time series data, TimeSearcher , high dimensional data, Hierarchical Clustering Explorer , and social network data, SocialAction. Shneiderman contributed to the widely used social network analysis and visualization tool NodeXL . Current work deals with visualization of temporal event sequences, such as found in Electronic Health Records, in systems such as LifeLines2 and EventFlow . These tools visualize

200-588: A logic gate made up of OR gates followed by a NAND gate Shorthand for OpenAI , an AI company See also [ edit ] Oai (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title OAI . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OAI&oldid=1223266448 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

240-466: A more skeptical opinion of the utility of detailed flowcharts under modern programming conditions. We repeatedly selected problems and tried to create test conditions which would favor the flowchart groups, but found no statistically significant differences between the flowchart and non-flowchart groups. In some cases the mean scores for the non-flowchart groups even surpassed the means for the flowchart groups. We conjecture that detailed flowcharts are merely

280-485: A programming methodology which has since become standard practice in the computer programming field. Furthermore, Shneiderman had conducted experiments which suggested that flowcharts were not helpful for writing, understanding, or modifying computer programs. At the end of their 1977 paper, Shneiderman et al. concluded: Although our original intention was to ascertain under which conditions detailed flowcharts were most helpful, our repeated negative results have led us to

320-468: A public debate on Direct Manipulation vs. Interface Agents at CHI'97 and IUI 1997 (with the IUI Proceedings showing two separate papers but no remaining internet trace of the panel.) Those events helped define the two current dominant themes in human-computer interaction: direct human control of computer operations via visual user interfaces vs delegation of control to interface agents that know

360-412: A redundant presentation of the information contained in the programming language statements. The flowcharts may even be at a disadvantage because they are not as complete (omitting declarations, statement labels, and input/output formats) and require many more pages than do the concise programming language statements. In 1986, he published the first edition (now on its sixth edition) of his book "Designing

400-413: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Object-action interface There are basically two similar models regarding OAI. This model focuses on the priority of the object over the actions (i.e. it emphasizes the object being selected first, and then any action performed on it. OAI adheres to this model. The OAI model graphically represents

440-822: The IEEE Visualization Career Award in 2012 and was inducted into the IEEE VIS Academy in 2019. In 2021 he received the InfoVis Conference Test of Time Award with co-authors Ben Bederson and Martin M. Wattenberg . He received Honorary Doctorates from the University of Guelph (Canada) in 1995, the University of Castile-La Mancha (Spain) in 2010, Stony Brook University in 2015, the University of Melbourne in 2017, Swansea University (in Wales, UK) in 2018, and

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480-613: The State University of New York at Farmingdale in 1968 as instructor at the Department of Data Processing. In the last year before his graduation he was an instructor at the Department of Computer Science of Stony Brook University (then called State University of New York at Stony Brook). In 1973 he was appointed assistant professor at the Indiana University , Department of Computer Science. In 1976 he moved to

520-575: The University of Pretoria (in South Africa) in 2018. Shneiderman resides in Bethesda, Maryland . He is the nephew of photographer David Seymour . In the 1973 article "Flowchart techniques for structured programming" presented at a 1973 SIGPLAN meeting Isaac Nassi and Shneiderman argued: With the advent of structured programming and GOTO-less programming a method is needed to model computation in simply ordered structures, each representing

560-758: The direct manipulation interface , and his eight rules of design. Born in New York, Shneiderman, attended the Bronx High School of Science , and received a BS in Mathematics and Physics from the City College of New York in 1968. He then went on to study at the State University of New York at Stony Brook , where he received an MS in Computer Science in 1972 and graduated with a PhD in 1973. Shneiderman started his academic career at

600-582: The treemap concept for hierarchical data. Treemaps are implemented in most information visualization tools including Spotfire , Tableau Software , QlikView , SAS , JMP , and Microsoft Excel . Treemaps are included in hard drive exploration tools, stock market data analysis, census systems, election data, gene expression, and data journalism. The artistic side of treemaps are on view in the Treemap Art Project. He also developed dynamic queries sliders with multiple coordinated displays that are

640-445: The 1940s. In 1947 Goldstein and von Neumann [7] presented a system of describing processes using operation, assertion, and alternative boxes. They felt that "coding begins with the drawing of flow diagram." Prior to coding, the algorithm had been identified and understood. The flowchart represented a high level definition of the solution to be implemented on a machine. Although they were working only with numerical algorithms, they proposed

680-564: The New Computing Technologies was Winner of an IEEE-USA Award for Distinguished Contributions Furthering Public Understanding of the Profession . His 2016 book, The New ABCs of Research: Achieving Breakthrough Collaborations , encourages applied and basic research to be combined. In 2019, he published Encounters with HCI Pioneers: A Personal History and Photo Journal , and Human-Centered AI in 2022. Shneiderman

720-555: The University of Maryland Department of Computer Science, which is part of the University of Maryland College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences at the University of Maryland, College Park , and the founding director (1983-2000) of the University of Maryland Human-Computer Interaction Lab . He conducted fundamental research in the field of human–computer interaction , developing new ideas, methods, and tools such as

760-513: The University of Maryland. He started out as assistant professor in its Department of Information Systems Management, and became associate professor in 1979. In 1983 he moved to its Department of Computer Science as associate professor, and was promoted to full professor in 1989. In 1983 he was the Founding Director of its Human-Computer Interaction Lab , which he directed until 2000. In 2002 his book Leonardo's Laptop: Human Needs and

800-1095: The User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction". Included in this book is his most popular list of "Eight Golden Rules of Interface Design", which read: These guidelines are frequently taught in courses on Human-Computer Interaction. In 2003, Ben Bederson and Shneiderman coauthored the book "The Craft of Information Visualization: Readings and Reflections". Included in Chapter 8: Theories for Understanding Information Visualization in this book are five goals of theories for HCI practitioners and researchers, which read: The typical goals of theories are to enable practitioners and researchers to: These goals are frequently taught in courses on Human-Computer Interaction and cited in works by authors such as Yvonne Rogers , Victor Kaptelinin, and Bonnie Nardi . Shneiderman's cognitive analysis of user needs led to principles of direct manipulation interface design in 1982: (1) continuous representation of

840-420: The actions. Moreover, it emulates WYSIWYG . This feature of OAI lets the user control their sequence of action and visualize the effects at the runtime. If an action results in an undesired effect, the user simply reverses his sequence of actions. In the action–object model, the computer is seen as a tool to perform different action. Whereas in the object–action model, the user gains a great sense of control from

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880-1168: The categorical data that make up a single patient history and they present an aggregated view that enables analysts to find patterns in large patient history databases. In 2012, Jeffrey Heer and Shneiderman coauthored the article "Interactive Dynamics for Visual Analysis" in Association for Computing Machinery Queue vol. 10, no. 2. Included in this article is a taxonomy of interactive dynamics to assist researchers, designers, analysts, educators, and students in evaluating and creating visual analysis tools. The taxonomy consists of 12 task types grouped into three high-level categories, as shown below. Filter out data to focus on relevant items. Sort items to expose patterns. Derive values or models from source data. Navigate to examine high-level patterns and low-level detail. Coordinate views for linked, multi-dimensional exploration. Organize multiple windows and workspaces. Annotate patterns to document findings. Share views and annotations to enable collaboration. Guide users through analysis tasks or stories. He also defined

920-417: The design of structured software. In the 1970s Shneiderman continued to study programmers, and the use of flow charts . In the 1977 article "Experimental investigations of the utility of detailed flowcharts in programming" Shneiderman et al. summarized the origin and status quo of flowcharts in computer programming : Flowcharts have been a part of computer programming since the introduction of computers in

960-444: The domain of all possible actions performed by the user. Once these tasks objects and actions are agreed upon, the designer starts by creating an isomorphic representation of the corresponding interface objects and actions. The figure above shows how the designer maps the objects of the user's world to metaphors and actions to plans. The interface actions are usually performed by pointing device or keyboard and hence have to be visual to

1000-422: The feeling of a direct involvement. The computer in this case is seen as a medium through which different tools are represented, which is isomorphic to interacting with objects in the real world. Designing an OAI model starts with examining and understanding the tasks to be performed by the system. The domain of tasks include the universe of objects within which the user works to accomplish a certain goal as well as

1040-417: The hierarchy represent different level of decompositions. A high level plan to create a text file might involve mid-level actions such as creating a file, inserting text and saving that file. The mid-level action of saving a file the file can be decomposed into lower level actions such as storing the file with a backup copy and applying the access control rights. Further lower level actions might involve choosing

1080-423: The issues of implementation. Ben Shneiderman suggests the following steps for designers to build a correct task hierarchy: This hierarchy is similar to that of the task hierarchy and contains: Users interacting with system build up a basic concept/model of computer related objects like files, buttons , dialog box etc. They also acquire a brief experience of the properties of the objects and how to manipulate

1120-450: The memory load of the users significantly and therefore enhances the usability. Tasks are composed of objects and actions at different levels. The positional hierarchy of any object and its related action may not be suitable for every user, but by being comprehensible they provide a great deal of usefulness. The most natural way of solving a complex problem is to divide it into sub-problems and then tackle them independently. Then by merging

1160-420: The name of the file, the folder to save in, dealing with errors such as space shortage and so on. There are several ways users learn interface objects and actions such as demonstrations, sessions, or trial and error sessions. When these objects and actions have logical structure that can be related to other familiar task objects and actions, this knowledge becomes stable in the user's memory. The OAI model helps

1200-435: The object through its properties. Moreover, they learn how to perform actions on those objects to achieve their computing goals. Hence, a hierarchy of such objects is maintained (which represent the resource of the interface). This hierarchy consists of decomposed low level units of complex actions that could be performed on objects relevant to the domain of computers as assigned in the interface objects hierarchy. Each level in

1240-417: The objects and actions, (2) rapid, incremental, and reversible actions, and (3) physical actions and gestures to replace typed commands, which enabled designers to craft more effective graphical user interfaces. He applied those principles to design innovative user interfaces such as the highlighted selectable phrases in text, that were used in the commercially successful Hyperties. Hyperties was used to author

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1280-416: The research area of universal usability to encourage greater attention to diverse users, languages, cultures, screen sizes, network speeds, and technology platforms. The current topic of Shneiderman's Scholarship is Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence Shneiderman proposes an alternative vision of AI which focuses on the need for reliable, safe and trustworthy systems that enable people to benefit from

1320-482: The selection by lifting the finger off the screen. The HCIL team applied direct manipulation principles for touchscreen home automation systems, finger-painting programs, and the double-box range sliders that gained prominence by their inclusion in Spotfire . The visual presentation inherent in direct manipulation emphasized the opportunity for information visualization. In 1997, Pattie Maes and Shneiderman had

1360-427: The solutions, a solution for the main problem is reached. This is basically a Divide-and-Conquer approach to problem-solving. This approach is followed in the real world by users when they perform tasks. Each complex task is divided into simple tasks. It is easy to see then, that by managing different levels within a hierarchy, the process is simplified. Through this method, users learn to execute tasks without considering

1400-431: The user so that the latter can decompose his plan into steps of actions such as pointing, clicking, dragging, etc. This way DMUIs provide a snapshot of the real world situations and map the natural way of user's work sequence through the interface. This means that the users do not have to memorize the course of actions and it reduces the time required to familiarize themselves with the new model of work. Moreover, it reduces

1440-522: The users desires and act on their behalf, thereby requiring less human attention. Their debate continues to be highly cited (with 479 citations in January 2022 for the original CHI debate ), especially in user interface design communities where return debates took place at the ACM CHI 2017 and ACM CHI 2021 conferences. His major work in recent years has been on information visualization , originating

1480-400: The users' workplace using metaphors and let the users perform action(s) on the object. The sequence of work is to first select the object graphically (using mouse or other pointing device), and then performing an action on the selected object. The result/effect of the action is then shown graphically to the user. This way, the user is relieved from memory limitation, and syntactical complexity of

1520-473: The world's first commercial electronic book, Hypertext Hands-On! in 1988. Direct manipulation concepts led to touchscreen interfaces for home controls, finger-painting, and the now ubiquitous small touchscreen keyboards. The development of the "Lift-off strategy" by University of Maryland Human–Computer Interaction Lab (HCIL) researchers enabled users to touch the screen, getting feedback as to what will be selected, adjust their finger position, and complete

1560-634: The world's first electronic scientific journal issue, which was the July 1988 issue of the Communications of the ACM with seven papers from the 1987 Hypertext conference. It was made available as a floppy disk accompanying the printed journal. Tim Berners-Lee cited this disk as the source for his "hot spots" in his Spring 1989 manifesto for the World Wide Web . Hyperties was also used to create

1600-607: Was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery in 1997, a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2001, a Member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2010, an IEEE Fellow in 2012, and a Fellow of the National Academy of Inventors in 2015. He is an ACM CHI Academy Member and received their Lifetime Achievement Award in 2001. He received

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