60-583: Ooty ( listen ; officially Udagamandalam , anglicized : Ootacamund ( listen ), abbreviated as Udagai ) is a town and municipality in the Nilgiris district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu . It is located 86 km (53 mi) northwest of Coimbatore , and is the headquarters of Nilgiris district. Situated in the Nilgiri hills , it is known by the epithet "Queen of Hill Stations ", and
120-472: A 20-million-year-old fossilized tree. The Government Rose Garden , situated on the slopes of Elk Hill at an altitude of 2,200 m (7,200 ft), has more than 20,000 varieties of roses from 2,800 cultivars and is the largest rose garden in India. A deer park was established along the edges of the lake in 1986 and is the second-highest altitude zoo in India. There are a few traditional Toda dogles (huts) on
180-775: A feature of Ooty since the British Raj and continue to operate currently, including some of the most expensive schools in India. A boat house located alongside the Ooty Lake offers boating facilities to tourists and is a major tourist attraction in Ooty. Similar boating facilities are also available at the Pykara falls and dam. The Government Botanical Garden, laid out in 1842, has several species indigenous and exotic plants , and hosts an annual flower show in May. The garden also hosts
240-403: A series of cascades with the last two falls of 55 metres (180 ft) and 61 metres (200 ft) known as Pykara falls. Kamaraj Sagar Dam is located 10 km (6.2 mi) from the Ooty. Emerald Lake , Avalanche Lake and Porthimund Lake are other lakes in the region. Ooty features a subtropical highland climate ( Cwb ) under Köppen climate classification . Because of its high altitude,
300-555: A shortening of the local Toda word Mandu . The first known written mention of the place is given as Wotokymund in a letter dated March 1821, written to the Madras Gazette by an unknown correspondent. Ootacamund was later shortened to Ooty . Ooty is in the Nilgiri hills , meaning the "blue mountains", so named due to the Kurunji flower, which used to give the slopes a bluish tinge. The earliest reference to Nilgiri hills
360-757: A tea factory and museum displays the process of tea processing and the machines used. The Ooty Radio Telescope was completed in 1970 and is part of the National Centre for Radio Astrophysics (NCRA) of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), funded by the Government of India through the Department of Atomic Energy . Snooker originated on the billiard tables of the Ootacamund Club, invented by Neville Chamberlain . There
420-475: Is a crispy and crusty cookie snack popular in Ooty. A number of films have been shot in Ooty. The town was used as a setting in David Lean 's 1984 movie, A Passage to India , which was based on E. M. Forster 's novel of the same name . Anglicisation Anglicisation or Anglicization is a form of cultural assimilation whereby something non-English becomes assimilated into or influenced by
480-585: Is a popular tourist destination. Originally occupied by the Toda people , the area came under the rule of the East India Company in the 18th century. It later served as the summer capital of Madras Presidency . The economy is based on the hospitality industry serving tourism and agriculture. The town is connected to the plains by the Nilgiri ghat roads and Nilgiri Mountain Railway . The region
540-569: Is about 1,100 millimetres (43 in) of precipitation annually. Ooty forms part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, the largest protected forest area in India. It was declared as a protected reserve in 1986 and is part of UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Programme . Mudumalai National Park and tiger reserve lies on the north-western side, about 31 km (19 mi) from Ooty and was established in 1940 as
600-490: Is found in the Tamil Sangam epic Silappathikaram from the 5th or 6th century CE. The region was a land occupied by various tribes such as Badagas , Todas , Kotas , Irulas and Kurumbas . The region was ruled by the three tamil kingdoms of Cheras , Cholas and Pandyas during various times. The Todas are referenced in a record belonging to Hoysala king Vishnuvardhana and his general Punisa, dated 1117 CE. It
660-544: Is part of the Udagamandalam Assembly constituency which forms part of the Nilgiris Lok Sabha constituency . The town is administered by Udagamanadalam municipality which was established in 1866 and the town is divided into 36 wards. The municipality is responsible for water services, sewage disposal and maintenance of public infrastructure. Ooty is a market town for the surrounding area, which
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#1732771871442720-530: Is still largely dependent on agriculture . Vegetables cultivated include potato , carrot , cabbage and cauliflower and fruits include peach , plum , pear and strawberry . There is a daily wholesale auction of these products at the Ooty Municipal Market . Dairy farming has long been present in the area, and there is a cooperative dairy manufacturing cheese and skimmed milk powder . Floriculture and sericulture are also practised, as
780-420: Is the cultivation of mushrooms . The local area is known for tea cultivation. Nilgiri tea is a black tea variety unique to the region. The Human Biologicals Institute , established in 1999, is involved in vaccine manufacturing. Other manufacturing industries located on the outskirts include Ketti (manufacture of needles) and Aruvankadu (manufacture of cordite ). Ooty is connected by roads known as
840-706: The 1807 general election , but in July that year he was elected at an uncontested by-election as a Member of Parliament (MP) for the borough of Rye in Sussex. At the 1812 general election he was returned without a contest for Canterbury , and held that seat until the 1830 general election . He was Secretary to the Treasury from 1814 to 1827. Lushington owned Norton Court in Norton, Kent , where he knew Jane Austen , and founded nearby schools. In 1827, Lushington
900-577: The British Isles , when Celts under the sovereignty of the king of England underwent a process of anglicisation. The Celtic language decline in England was mostly complete by 1000 AD, but continued in Cornwall and other regions until the 18th century. In Scotland , the decline of Scottish Gaelic began during the reign of Malcolm III of Scotland to the point where by the mid-14th century
960-899: The Danish city København ( Copenhagen ), the Russian city of Moskva ( Moscow ), the Swedish city of Göteborg ( Gothenburg ), the Dutch city of Den Haag ( The Hague ), the Spanish city of Sevilla ( Seville ), the Egyptian city of Al-Qāhira ( Cairo ), and the Italian city of Firenze ( Florence ). The Indian city of Kolkata used to be anglicised as Calcutta , until the city chose to change its official name back to Kolkata in 2001. Anglicisation of words and names from indigenous languages occurred across
1020-431: The East India Company sent a despatch to Madras urging the authorities to improve the quality of English education in the presidency. Lushington unsuccessfully contested Canterbury again at the 1835 general election , but the result was overturned on petition . He held the seat until he stood down in 1837 . Lushington was twice married. Lushington's 1840 book The Life and Services of General Lord Harris, G.C.B.
1080-616: The English-speaking world in former parts of the British Empire . Toponyms in particular have been affected by this process. In the past, the names of people from other language areas were anglicised to a higher extent than today. This was the general rule for names of Latin or (classical) Greek origin. Today, the anglicised name forms are often retained for the more well-known persons, like Aristotle for Aristoteles, and Adrian (or later Hadrian ) for Hadrianus. During
1140-708: The Isle of Man and the Channel Islands . Until the 19th century, most significant period for anglicisation in those regions was the High Middle Ages . Between 1000 and 1300, the British Isles became increasingly anglicised. Firstly, the ruling classes of England, who were of Norman origin after the Norman Conquest of 1066, became anglicised as their separate Norman identity, different from
1200-690: The Nilgiri Ghat Roads . It is situated on NH 181 . The municipality maintains roads in the town. Public bus services are operated by the Coimbatore division of TNSTC . SETC , KSRTC (Karnataka) and KSRTC (Kerala) connect to distant towns in Tamil Nadu and neighboring states. Nilgiri Mountain Railway is a 1,000 mm ( 3 ft 3 + 3 ⁄ 8 in ) metre gauge railway in Nilgiris district , connecting Udagamandalam and Mettupalayam . The Nilgiri Railway Company
1260-556: The Scots language was the dominant national language among the Scottish people . In Wales , however, the Welsh language has continued to be spoken by a large part of the country's population due to language revival measures aimed at countering historical anglicisation measures such as the Welsh not . In the early parts of the 19th century, mostly due to increased immigration from
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#17327718714421320-462: The Welsh educational system . English "was perceived as the language of progress, equality, prosperity, mass entertainment and pleasure". This and other administrative reforms resulted in the institutional and cultural dominance of English and marginalisation of Welsh, especially in the more urban south and north-east of Wales. In 2022, the Commission for Welsh-speaking Communities warned that
1380-799: The conquest of Wales by Edward I , which involved English and Flemish settlers being "planted" in various newly established settlements in Welsh territory. English settlers in Ireland mostly resided in the Pale , a small area concentrated around Dublin . However, much of the land the English settled was not intensively used or densely populated. The culture of settling English populations in Wales and Ireland remained heavy influenced by that of England. These communities were also socially and culturally segregated from
1440-664: The culture of England . It can be sociocultural, in which a non-English or place adopts the English language or culture; institutional, in which institutions are influenced by those of England or the United Kingdom ; or linguistic , in which a non-English term or name is altered due to the cultural influence of the English language. It can also refer to the influence of English soft power , which includes media, cuisine, popular culture, technology, business practices, laws and political systems. Anglicisation first occurred in
1500-666: The Islands. The upper class in the Channel Islands supported anglicising the Islands, due to the social and economic benefits it would bring. Anglophiles such as John Le Couteur strove to introduce English culture to Jersey . Anglicisation was an essential element in the development of British society and of the development of a unified British polity. Within the British Isles , anglicisation can be defined as influence of English culture in Scotland , Wales , Ireland ,
1560-530: The Moyar River. Deer include sambar deer , chital , Indian spotted chevrotain , Indian muntjac , four-horned antelope and blackbuck . Monkeys , including the endangered Nilgiri langur , bonnet macaque and gray langur are also found in the region. Nilgiri tahr is an endangered ungulate that is endemic to the Nilgiris and is the state animal of Tamil Nadu. Bats are found in darker caves in
1620-630: The Nilgiri Mountain Railway as an extension to the World Heritage Site of Mountain Railways of India . The nearest airport is Coimbatore International Airport , located 96 km (60 mi) from the town. The airport has regular flights from and to major domestic destinations and international destinations like Sharjah , Colombo and Singapore . Ooty has three helipads, one at Theettukal and two at Kodanad with
1680-535: The Theettukal helipad, approved by the Airports Authority of India for defence and VIP services. Pawan Hans planned to start commercial services with Bell 407 , but the plan has been shelved. Government Arts College , established in 1955, is one of the oldest institutions in Ooty and is affiliated with Bharathiar University . There are a few other colleges in the town. Boarding schools have been
1740-419: The Welsh people did not move abroad in search of employment during the early modern era, and thus did not have to learn to speak English. Furthermore, migration patterns created a cultural division of labour, with national migrants tending to work in coalfields or remain in rural villages, while non-national migrants were attracted to coastal towns and cities. This preserved monocultural Welsh communities, ensuring
1800-537: The anglicisation of the Welsh culture and language. Motives for anglicising Wales included securing Protestant England against incursions from Catholic powers in Continental Europe and promoting the power of the Welsh Tudor dynasty in the rest of England. Scholars have argued that industrialisation prevented Wales from being anglicised to the extent of Ireland and Scotland, as the majority of
1860-532: The continued prominence of the Welsh language and customs within them. However, other scholars argue that industrialisation and urbanisation led to economic decline in rural Wales, and given that the country's large towns and cities were anglicised, this led to an overall anglicisation of the nation. The Elementary Education Act 1870 and the Welsh Intermediate Education Act 1889 introduced compulsory English-language education into
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1920-434: The decline of French brought about the adoption of more values and social structures from Victorian era England. Eventually, this led to the Channel Islands's culture becoming mostly anglicised, which supplanted the traditional Norman-based culture of the Islands. From 1912, the educational system of the Channel Islands was delivered solely in English, following the norms of the English educational system . Anglicisation
1980-554: The emigration of Anglophones to Welsh-speaking villages and towns was putting the Welsh language at risk. During the 19th and 20th centuries, there was a nationwide effort in the United States to anglicise all immigrants to the US . This was carried out through methods including (but not limited to) mandating the teaching of American English and having all immigrants change their first names to English-sounding names. This movement
2040-491: The first wildlife sanctuary in India. The region is part of the South Western Ghats montane rain forests ecoregion. Nilgiris harbours thousands of plant species including medicinal plants and endemic flowering plants . Stunted evergreen trees grow in shola forest patches above 1,800 m (5,900 ft) and are festooned with epiphytes . The native vegetation consisted of Meadows and grasslands on
2100-554: The hills above the Botanical Garden. A Tribal Museum was opened in 1995 as a part of the Tribal Research Center, located about (10 km (6.2 mi) from the town and hosts rare artifacts and photographs of tribal groups of Tamil Nadu and Andaman and Nicobar , and other anthropological and archaeological finds on early human culture and heritage. The Stone House was the first bungalow constructed in
2160-399: The hills. More than 200 species of birds are found in the region. According to the 2011 census , Udagamandalam had a population of 88,430 with a sex-ratio of 1,053 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. A total of 7,781 were under the age of six, constituting 3,915 males and 3,866 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 28.98% and 0.30% of
2220-473: The hillsides with shola forests in the valleys. When the British populated the town, invasive species of pine , wattle and eucalyptus were planted along with tea plantations and they became the dominant species replacing the native vegetation. The region has one of the largest bengal tiger populations. The Indian elephant is the largest mammal in the region. The gaur is the largest ungulate in
2280-403: The identity of the native Anglo-Saxons , became replaced with a single English national identity . Secondly, English communities in Wales and Ireland emphasised their English identities, which became established through the settlement of various parts of Wales and Ireland between the 11th and 17th centuries under the guidance of successive English kings. In Wales, this primarily occurred during
2340-704: The native Irish and Welsh, a distinction which was reinforced by government legislation such as the Statutes of Kilkenny . During the Middle Ages , Wales was gradually conquered by the English. The institutional anglicisation of Wales was finalised with the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 , which fully incorporated Wales into the Kingdom of England . This not only institutionally anglicised Wales, but brought about
2400-473: The neighboring states of Kerala and Karnataka and being a tourist destination, Malayalam , Kannada and English are also spoken and understood to an extent. According to the 2011 census, the most widely spoken languages in Udagamandalam taluk were Tamil, spoken by 88,896, followed by Badaga with 41,213 and Kannada with 27,070 speakers. Ooty is the headquarters of the Nilgiris district. The town
2460-485: The population respectively. The average literacy of the city in 2011 was 90.2%, compared to the national average of 72.99%. The city had a total of 23,235 households. There were a total of 35,981 workers, comprising 636 cultivators, 5,194 agricultural labourers, 292 in household industries, 26,411 other workers, 3,448 marginal workers, 65 marginal cultivators, 828 marginal agricultural labourers, 56 marginal workers in household industries and 2,499 other marginal workers. As per
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2520-493: The region that frequent grasslands in the vicinity of water sources. Other mega-fauna include Indian leopard and sloth bear . Smaller fauna include Jungle cat , rusty-spotted cat , leopard cat , dhole , Golden jackal , Nilgiri marten , Small Indian civet , Asian palm civet , brown palm civet , ruddy mongoose , wild boar , Indian pangolin , Indian crested porcupine and Indian giant squirrel . Indian giant flying squirrel , Smooth-coated otter groups are observed along
2580-616: The region's potential to serve as a summer retreat. Sullivan established his residence there and reported to the Board of Revenue on 31 July 1819. He also started work on a road from Sirumugai which was completed in May 1823 and extended up to Coonoor between 1830–32. By 1827, it was established as a sanatorium of the Madras Presidency and developed further at the behest of then Governor of Madras Stephen Lushington . The Government Botanical Garden , covering 51 acres (21 ha),
2640-421: The religious census of 2011, Udagamandalam had 64.36% Hindus , 21.25% Christians , 13.37% Muslims , 0.03% Sikhs , 0.3% Buddhists , 0.4% Jains , 0.28% following other religions and 0.02% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference. Tamil is the official language of Udagamandalam. Languages native to the Nilgiris including Badaga, Paniya , Irula and Kurumba . Due to its proximity to
2700-476: The rest of the British Isles, the town of St Helier in the Channel Islands became a predominantly English-speaking place, though bilingualism was still common. This created a divided linguistic geography, as the people of the countryside continued to use forms of Norman French , and many did not even know English. English became seen in the Channel Islands as "the language of commercial success and moral and intellectual achievement". The growth of English and
2760-549: The south by the Palghat Gap . It is situated at an altitude of 2,240 metres (7,350 feet) above sea level. The total area of the town is 30.36 km (11.72 sq mi). Doddabetta is the highest peak (2,623 m or 8,606 ft) in the Nilgiris, about 10 km (6.2 mi) from Ooty. Ooty Lake is an artificial lake covering 65 acres (26 ha) created in 1824. The Pykara , a river located 19 km (12 mi) from Ooty, rises at Mukurthi peak and flows through
2820-414: The temperatures are generally lower than the surrounding plains with the average between 10–25 °C (50–77 °F) during summer and 0–21 °C (32–70 °F) during winter. The highest temperature ever recorded was 28.5 °C (83.3 °F) and the lowest temperature was −5.1 °C (22.8 °F). The town gets heavy rainfall during both South-West and North-East monsoons and the average rainfall
2880-417: The time in which there were large influxes of immigrants from Europe to the United States and United Kingdom during the 19th and 20th centuries, the names of many immigrants were never changed by immigration officials but only by personal choice. Stephen Rumbold Lushington Stephen Rumbold Lushington (6 May 1776 – 5 August 1868) was an English Tory politician and an administrator in India. He
2940-847: The town developed into a popular hill resort and the nearby Wellington became the home of the Defence Services Staff College of the Indian Army . Ooty is located in the Nilgiri hills, which are part of the Western Ghats in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve . It is separated from the neighboring state of Karnataka by the Moyar river in the north and from the Anaimalai and Palani hills in
3000-401: The town. St Stephen's Church , built in 1829, is one of the oldest churches in the Nilgiris district. St. Thomas Church, opened in 1871, hosts many famous graves in the churchyard including those of Josiah John Goodwin , William Patrick Adam , whose grave is topped by a pillar monument dedicated to St. Thomas , the tallest structure in Ooty. Spread over an area of nearly 1 acre (0.40 ha),
3060-457: Was governor of Madras from 1827 to 1835. He was born at Bottisham , Cambridgeshire , the son of the Rev. James Stephen Lushington of Rodmersham and his second wife, Mary Christian, daughter of the Rev. Humphrey Christian. He was educated at Rugby School , and was in India from 1792. Initially he was a translator. In England from 1807, he unsuccessfully contested the borough of Canterbury at
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#17327718714423120-608: Was also a cricket ground with regular matches played between teams from the Army and Indian Civil Service . There were riding stables and kennels at Ooty and the hounds hunted across the surrounding countryside and the open grasslands of the Wenlock downs . Horse racing is held at the Ooty Racecourse . Ooty Golf Course is at an altitude of 7,600 feet (2,300 m) and extends over 193.56 acres (78.33 ha). Ooty varkey
3180-488: Was also ruled by various dynasties like Pallavas , Satavahanas , Gangas , Kadambas , Rashtrakutas , Hoysalas and the Vijayanagara empire . Tipu Sultan captured Nilgiris in the eighteenth century and the region came into possession of British in 1799. It became part of Coimbatore district of the Madras Presidency . In 1818, J. C. Whish and N. W. Kindersley, assistants to John Sullivan , then collector of Coimbatore district, visited Kotagiri nearby and reported on
3240-413: Was appointed governor of Madras in succession to Thomas Munro, 1st Baronet . But as Munro fell ill and died even before his tenure had ended, Henry Sullivan Graeme acted as the governor in interim till Lushington's arrival in Madras. Lushington served as Governor of Madras from 1827 to 1832. The Madras Club was started in 1832 during Lushington's tenure as governor. In 1830, the Court of Directors of
3300-401: Was earlier known as Ottakal Mandu , with Otha-Cal meaning "single stone" in Tamil , a reference to a sacred stone revered by the local Toda people and Mandu , a Toda word for "village". This later became Udagamandalam which was anglicised to Ootacamund by the British , with the first part of the name ( Ootaca ), a corruption of the local name for the region and the second part ( Mand ),
3360-422: Was established in 1842 and a library was established in 1959. Ooty was made a municipality in 1866, and civic improvements including roads, drainage, and water supply from the Marlimund and Tiger Hill reservoirs were added through Government loans. In August 1868, the Nilgiris was separated from the Coimbatore district , and James Wilkinson Breeks was appointed its first commissioner. On 1 February 1882, Nilgiris
3420-520: Was formed in 1885, and the Mettupalayam-Coonoor section of the track was opened for traffic on 15 June 1899. The railway was operated by the Madras Railway until 31 December 1907, when it was handed over to the South Indian Railway . The line from Coonoor to Ooty was completed in 1908. Operated currently by the Southern Railway zone of Indian Railways , it is the only rack railway in India and operates on its own fleet of steam locomotives between Coonoor and Udagamandalam. In July 2005, UNESCO added
3480-650: Was known as Americanization and is considered a subset of Anglicization due to English being the dominant language in the United States. Linguistic anglicisation is the practice of modifying foreign words, names, and phrases to make them easier to spell, pronounce or understand in English . The term commonly refers to the respelling of foreign words, often to a more drastic degree than that implied in, for example, romanisation . Non-English words may be anglicised by changing their form and/or pronunciation to something more familiar to English speakers. Some foreign place names are commonly anglicised in English. Examples include
3540-413: Was made a district, and Richard Wellesley Barlow, the then commissioner, became its first collector. By the early 20th century, Ooty was a well-developed hill station, with an artificial lake, various parks, religious structures, and sporting facilities for polo , golf , and cricket . It served as the summer capital of the Madras Presidency and as a retreat for the British officials. Post-independence,
3600-435: Was supported by the British government , and it was suggested that anglicisation would not only encourage loyalty and congeniality between the Channel Islands and Britain, but also provide economic prosperity and improved "general happiness". During the 19th century, there was concern over the practise of sending young Channel Islanders to France for education, as they might have brought back French culture and viewpoints back to
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