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28-416: The oat grains are de-husked by impact, and are then heated and cooled to stabilize the groats, the seed inside the husk. The groats may be milled to produce fine, medium, or coarse oatmeal. Rolled oats are steamed and flattened whole oat groats. Old-fashioned oats may be thick and require longer cooking time. Quick-cooking rolled oats are cut into small pieces before being steamed and rolled. Instant oatmeal

56-539: A 100-gram amount, a serving of cooked oatmeal provides 71 Calories and contains 29% of the Daily Value (DV) for manganese and moderate content of phosphorus and zinc (11% DV each), with no other micronutrients in a significant quantity (see table on right). Oatmeal and other oat products were the subject of a 1997 ruling by the Food and Drug Administration that consuming oat bran or whole rolled oats can lower

84-526: A common oatmeal dish known as zimbuleh is eaten during the winter months. Traditionally it is sweetened with raw honey and cardamom . In the Eket and Kwa Ibo regions it is often served alongside warm milk, and it is customary to pour the milk into the porridge just moments before eating. Dehusked Husk (or hull ) in botany is the outer shell or coating of a seed . In the United States,

112-599: A holiday called Meal Monday to permit students to return to their farms and collect more oats for food. Samuel Johnson referred, disparagingly, to this in his dictionary definition for oats: "A grain , which in England is generally given to horses, but in Scotland supports the people." His biographer, James Boswell , noted that Lord Elibank was said by Sir Walter Scott to have retorted, "Yes, and where else will you see such horses and such men?" In Scotland, oatmeal

140-428: A local component of the full English breakfast . It is a plate-sized pancake, made with medium oatmeal and wheatmeal (flour), along with yeast. Once the mixture has risen, it is ladled onto a griddle or bakestone and dried through. Staffordshire oatcakes are commonly paired with bacon, sausages, mushrooms, kidney, and baked beans, among others. A related oatcake is sometimes found in neighbouring Derbyshire . Throughout

168-616: A long tradition in these regions, but during the Middle Ages porridge made from rye or barley was even more common in at least some parts of the area. In the United States, oatmeal is often served as a porridge with milk or cream and a sweetener, such as brown sugar , honey , or maple syrup . The term oatmeal is used in American English to mean porridge . It may include additional ingredients such as peanut butter , cinnamon , or various types of fruits. In Nigeria,

196-514: A source of charcoal . In Thailand, the coconut husk is used as a potting medium to produce healthy forest tree saplings . A dried half coconut shell with husk can be used to buff floors. It is known as a bunot in the Philippines and simply a "coconut brush" in Jamaica . Coir , also called coconut fibre , is a natural fibre extracted from the outer husk of coconut. Husking of corn is

224-489: A student at the University of Edinburgh , "the liberal arts, sciences and theology were cultivated on oatmeal, with an occasional glass of beer on a Saturday night." As the students' country homes or farms were some distance from the city universities, an occasional long weekend was scheduled to permit them to replenish their supplies. Originally, and until as recently as 1885, these Meal Mondays would occur regularly;

252-646: A thin soup. It could be flavoured with cream, sugar, butter, salt, honey, seeds or fruit on top. Because of its cheapness, and the ease with which it could be prepared in large quantities, stirabout was widely served in institutions like prisons, boarding schools , convents , and workhouses . For example, in 1863, children in workhouses received stirabout for their breakfast: made of half oats and half cornmeal , each child got 5 oz (140 g) of meal and 0.5 imp pt (0.28 L) of milk. Similarly, in 1891, district asylum inmates got 6–8 oz (170–230 g) of meal in stirabout every morning. Similarly, in

280-403: Is cooked and dried, often with a sweetener and flavorings added. Both types of rolled oats may be eaten uncooked, as in muesli , or cooked with water or milk to make porridge . In some countries, rolled oats are eaten raw or toasted with milk and sugar, sometimes with raisins added, as in muesli. The term oatmeal sometimes refers to a porridge made from the bran or fibrous husk as well as from

308-475: Is created by grinding oats into a coarse powder. It may be ground fine, medium, or coarse, or rolled , or the groats may be chopped in two or three pieces to make what is described as pinhead oatmeal. Ground oatmeal, rolled oats, and pinhead oatmeal are all used throughout Britain; one Scots manufacturer describes varieties as "Scottish Porridge Oats" (rolled), "Scottish Oatmeal" (medium ground), and "Pinhead Oatmeal". The main uses are: Staffordshire oatcakes are

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336-471: Is derived from hūs meaning house. In cooking , hull can also refer to other waste parts of fruits and vegetables, notably the cap or sepal of a strawberry . Grains such as wheat and barley have husks. The grains are the entire seed of a plant. The seed of a grain (which the grain industry calls a “ kernel ”) is made up of three key edible parts – the bran , the germ , and the endosperm – which are all protected by an inedible husk that protects

364-401: Is found in green walnut husks of Juglans mandshurica Maxim. for various uses. Juglans nigra , black walnut, husks have antioxidant potential. Confusingly, Walnut husks are also called hulls as well. Rhagoletis juglandis , also known as the 'walnut husk fly' is a common pest of walnuts. The larvae are small and live under the surface of the husk of the walnut. They cause damage to

392-434: Is still often done by hand using a large mortar and pestle . These are usually made of wood, and operated by one or more people. The husk is biodegradable and may be composted . This plant morphology article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Meal Monday Meal Monday (also known as Oatmeal Monday ) was a traditional holiday observed by the ancient universities of Scotland on

420-474: Is the system offered in areas where beans are processed directly from the field. Warm dehulling is often used by processors who import their soybeans. Cold dehulling is used in plants that have existing drying and conditioning equipment, but need to add dehulling equipment to produce high protein meal. The different dehulling temperature options are for different types of production, beans and preparation equipment. In third-world countries, husking and dehulling

448-474: The 20th century, prisoners got between 0.5 imp pt (0.28 L) and 1 imp pt (0.57 L) of stirabout for breakfast in many Irish jails. Oatmeal has a long history in Scottish culinary tradition because oats are better suited than wheat to the country's low temperatures and high humidity. As a result, oats became the staple grain of Scotland . The ancient universities of Scotland had

476-635: The Netherlands, the Nordic countries, the Baltic states and Russia, oatmeal porridge made from rolled oats and water or milk is a traditional breakfast staple. Known under various local names meaning ' oat porridge ' , ' oat flake porridge ' or ' oatmeal porridge ' , it is normally made either savoury or sweet by adding salt or sugar, and it is often eaten with added nuts, raisins or dried fruits as well as spices, most commonly cinnamon. Local names for

504-529: The University of Edinburgh had one on the first Monday of every month. However, by 1896 Edinburgh established just one official holiday, on the second Monday in February. Meal Monday remained widely observed in Scotland during the late 19th and 20th century, with Glasgow and Aberdeen Universities also having the academic holiday. In 2006, Scottish author Alexander McCall Smith reported that "[it]

532-577: The fruit and husks which then become difficult to remove. The husk fly also infests ripe apricot and peach fruits , usually if infested walnuts are located within flying distance. Some fruit shell and hull derived bio-adsorbents have also been used for wastewater treatment purposes. For example, the almond hull and shell have been used to remove metals such as Pb , Cd , and Co in various quantities. Iranian almond ( Prunus amygdalus L. ) hulls have antioxidant and anti-radical properties. The coconut husk and shells can be used for fuel and are

560-462: The husks of walnuts ( Juglans regia L. ) which are produced as waste crops during the fruit harvesting and processing, are sometimes burned as fuel for heating purposes. In 2019, it has been demonstrated that the walnut green husk could be valued as a source of different natural bio-active compounds with excellent antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. As well as cosmetic uses. An organic compound Naphthalenone, (derivative of Naphthalene )

588-436: The kernel from damage by sunlight, pests, water and disease. In Hazel trees , the nut is surrounded by a short leafy husk (which is technically an involucre ). This leaf-like husk encloses most of the nut. It starts off green and will fade to brown at the end of the season. Usually, the ripe nut falls out of (or can be separated from) the husk some 7–8 months after pollination has occurred. In some places, both shells and

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616-413: The kernel or groat. Rolled oats are often used as a key ingredient in granola , in which toasted oats are blended with sugar and/or nuts and raisins, and in granola bars . Rolled oats are also used as an ingredient in oatmeal cookies , oatcakes , British flapjack bars, and baked oatmeal dessert dishes such as apple Brown Betty and apple crisp . Oats may also be added to foods as an accent, as in

644-406: The porridge include Dutch havermoutpap , Swedish havregrynsgröt , Danish havregrød , Norwegian havregrøt or havregraut , Icelandic hafragrautur , Finnish kaurapuuro , Estonian kaerahelbepuder , Latvian auzu pārslu (putra) , Lithuanian avižinių dribsnių košė , Polish owsianka and Russian овсянка ( ovsyanka ). Oatmeal porridge has

672-576: The process of removing its outer layers, leaving only the cob or seed rack of the corn. Dehulling is the process of removing the hulls (or chaff ) from beans and other seeds . This is sometimes done using a machine known as a huller . To prepare the seeds to have oils extracted from them, they are cleaned to remove any foreign objects. Next, the seeds have their hulls, or outer coverings, or husk, removed. There are three different types of dehulling systems that can be used to process soybeans : Hot dehulling, warm dehulling and cold dehulling. Hot dehulling

700-523: The risk of heart disease when combined with a low-fat diet via the effect of oat beta-glucan to reduce levels of blood cholesterol . A similar conclusion was reached in 2010 by the European Food Safety Authority . A 2023 review found oat consumption can significantly lower blood pressure . In Ireland, stirabout ( Irish : leite ) was formerly a staple food, made by stirring oatmeal into boiling water or milk to form

728-407: The second Monday of February. During the 17th century, Scottish university students lived in very basic accommodation and were required to bring their own fuel, firewood or peat , to maintain a fire. Their diet was meagre too, largely consisting of oatmeal , which they would make into porridge . This lifestyle would remain typical until the late 19th century. The Rev. James Sharp noted that as

756-429: The term husk often refers to the leafy outer covering of an ear of maize (corn) as it grows on the plant. Literally, a husk or hull includes the protective outer covering of a seed, fruit , or vegetable . It can also refer to the exuvia of insects or other small animals left behind after moulting . The term husk dates to c.14, it is probably based on Middle Dutch word huusken meaning 'little house', which

784-451: The topping on many oat bran breads and as the coating on Caboc cheese. Oatmeal is also used as a thickening agent in savory Arabic or Egyptian meat-and-vegetable soups, and sometimes as a way of adding relatively low-cost fibre and nutritional content to meatloaf . Unenriched oatmeal, cooked by boiling or microwaving , is 84% water and contains 12% carbohydrates , including 2% dietary fiber , and 2% each of protein and fat (table). In

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