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87-446: Oddjob's real name is unknown. Goldfinger names him to describe his duties to his employer. A Korean, like all of Goldfinger's staff, he is extremely powerful, as shown in one sequence where he breaks the thick oak railing of a staircase with a knife-hand strikes (colloquially known as 'karate chops') and shatters a mantel with his foot. When Bond expresses surprise at these feats, Goldfinger explains that Oddjob trains extensively to toughen

174-430: A galvanometer , but this method involves breaking the electrical circuit , which is sometimes inconvenient. Current can also be measured without breaking the circuit by detecting the magnetic field associated with the current. Devices, at the circuit level, use various techniques to measure current: Joule heating, also known as ohmic heating and resistive heating , is the process of power dissipation by which

261-498: A gas mask before entering Fort Knox. The fourth time, as Bond electrocutes him in Fort Knox, he yells a final long, loud "Arrgh!". Oddjob acts as Goldfinger's personal chauffeur , bodyguard, and golf caddy . He wears a bowler hat with a sharpened steel rim, using it as a lethal weapon in the style of a chakram (an Indian throwing weapon) or a flying guillotine. It is powerful and capable of cutting through steel and decapitating

348-453: A rectifier . Direct current may flow in a conductor such as a wire, but can also flow through semiconductors , insulators , or even through a vacuum as in electron or ion beams . An old name for direct current was galvanic current . Natural observable examples of electric current include lightning , static electric discharge , and the solar wind , the source of the polar auroras . Man-made occurrences of electric current include

435-490: A skin ulceration or infection, or cause the affected person to try to offload the affected painful area, which can place excessive stress on the asymptomatic side. Rubbing that is too frequent or forceful will cause blisters , as opposed to calluses, to form. Normally, a callus will form on any part of the skin exposed to excess friction over a long period of time. Activities that are known for causing calluses include (but are not limited to) construction work and craftwork,

522-494: A wire . In semiconductors they can be electrons or holes . In an electrolyte the charge carriers are ions , while in plasma , an ionized gas, they are ions and electrons. In the International System of Units (SI), electric current is expressed in units of ampere (sometimes called an "amp", symbol A), which is equivalent to one coulomb per second. The ampere is an SI base unit and electric current

609-411: A circuit, as an equal flow of negative charges in the opposite direction. Since current can be the flow of either positive or negative charges, or both, a convention is needed for the direction of current that is independent of the type of charge carriers . Negatively charged carriers, such as the electrons (the charge carriers in metal wires and many other electronic circuit components), therefore flow in

696-405: A common lead-acid electrochemical cell, electric currents are composed of positive hydronium ions flowing in one direction, and negative sulfate ions flowing in the other. Electric currents in sparks or plasma are flows of electrons as well as positive and negative ions. In ice and in certain solid electrolytes, the electric current is entirely composed of flowing ions. In a metal , some of

783-399: A corn. The hard part at the center of the corn resembles a funnel with a broad raised top and a pointed bottom. Because of their shape, corns intensify the pressure at the tip and can cause deep tissue damage and ulceration . The scientific name for a corn is heloma (plural helomata ). A hard corn is called a heloma durum , while a soft corn is called a heloma molle . The location of

870-416: A definition of current independent of the type of charge carriers, conventional current is defined as moving in the same direction as the positive charge flow. So, in metals where the charge carriers (electrons) are negative, conventional current is in the opposite direction to the overall electron movement. In conductors where the charge carriers are positive, conventional current is in the same direction as

957-442: A karate expert. He is also fanatically loyal to Goldfinger and his plot, as he is willing to die in the nuclear explosion in Fort Knox rather than allow the bomb's disarmament. Oddjob's demeanor remains constant throughout the film. He smiles broadly whenever he encounters Bond, even during their fight scene. The only time he shows anything resembling fear or wariness is when Bond attempts to use Oddjob's hat against him. Oddjob dodges

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1044-447: A localized high current. These regions may be initiated by field electron emission , but are then sustained by localized thermionic emission once a vacuum arc forms. These small electron-emitting regions can form quite rapidly, even explosively, on a metal surface subjected to a high electrical field. Vacuum tubes and sprytrons are some of the electronic switching and amplifying devices based on vacuum conductivity. Superconductivity

1131-428: A metal wire is connected across the two terminals of a DC voltage source such as a battery , the source places an electric field across the conductor. The moment contact is made, the free electrons of the conductor are forced to drift toward the positive terminal under the influence of this field. The free electrons are therefore the charge carrier in a typical solid conductor. For a steady flow of charge through

1218-404: A millimetre per second. To take a different example, in the near-vacuum inside a cathode-ray tube , the electrons travel in near-straight lines at about a tenth of the speed of light . Any accelerating electric charge, and therefore any changing electric current, gives rise to an electromagnetic wave that propagates at very high speed outside the surface of the conductor. This speed is usually

1305-472: A new iteration of Oddjob is featured who is envisioned as a South Korean secret agent and a successor to another Oddjob (with Harold Sakata's likeness), initially acting as a rival spy to Bond in a mutual assignment. His given name is John Lee. The prop used in Goldfinger by Oddjob was made by British hat makers, Lock & Co. The hat was then adapted by inserting a chakram into the brim. John Stears

1392-408: A particular band called the valence band . Semiconductors and insulators are distinguished from metals because the valence band in any given metal is nearly filled with electrons under usual operating conditions, while very few (semiconductor) or virtually none (insulator) of them are available in the conduction band , the band immediately above the valence band. The ease of exciting electrons in

1479-471: A playable character for use in multiplayer modes. His short stature in Goldeneye made him infamously hard to hit and often banned as a House rule . In Nightfire , he can use his hat as a unique throwing weapon that returns after 30 seconds. Oddjob is also a playable multiplayer character in the 2010 remake game GoldenEye 007 . In Dynamite Entertainment 's ongoing comic book title James Bond 007 ,

1566-556: A shield to protect him from Oddjob's hats, which he uses to deflect back at him. In this game, Oddjob speaks. In the video game GoldenEye: Rogue Agent , Oddjob is a henchman of Goldfinger and initially a companion of GoldenEye. He is killed when GoldenEye tosses him over a rail into a pit inside the Hoover Dam after he attacks GoldenEye. Oddjob appears in the James Bond video games GoldenEye 007 and 007: Nightfire as

1653-475: A significant fraction of the speed of light, as can be deduced from Maxwell's equations , and is therefore many times faster than the drift velocity of the electrons. For example, in AC power lines , the waves of electromagnetic energy propagate through the space between the wires, moving from a source to a distant load , even though the electrons in the wires only move back and forth over a tiny distance. The ratio of

1740-407: A stone statue. He uses it to kill Tilly Masterson by breaking her neck. Physically, Oddjob is extremely strong and resilient; he crushes a golf ball with one hand, and during the climactic fight scene with Bond, he is struck in the chest by a thrown gold bar and struck in the head with a wooden object used as a club. He barely flinches after both these attacks. However, he is never mentioned to be

1827-546: A stone statue. It failed to do so, and the Mythbusters ultimately labeled it 'Busted'. Oddjob's lethal hat was ranked tenth in a 2008 20th Century Fox poll for the most popular movie weapon, which surveyed approximately 2,000 films fans. Oddjob's popularity has resulted in numerous popular culture references and homages. In the Mortal Kombat video game franchise, recurring character Kung Lao 's throwable hat

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1914-405: A surface, the current I (in amperes) can be calculated with the following equation: I = Q t , {\displaystyle I={Q \over t}\,,} where Q is the electric charge transferred through the surface over a time t . If Q and t are measured in coulombs and seconds respectively, I is in amperes. More generally, electric current can be represented as

2001-603: Is I , which originates from the French phrase intensité du courant , (current intensity). Current intensity is often referred to simply as current . The I symbol was used by André-Marie Ampère , after whom the unit of electric current is named, in formulating Ampère's force law (1820). The notation travelled from France to Great Britain, where it became standard, although at least one journal did not change from using C to I until 1896. The conventional direction of current, also known as conventional current ,

2088-551: Is a base quantity in the International System of Quantities (ISQ). Electric current is also known as amperage and is measured using a device called an ammeter . Electric currents create magnetic fields , which are used in motors, generators, inductors , and transformers . In ordinary conductors, they cause Joule heating , which creates light in incandescent light bulbs . Time-varying currents emit electromagnetic waves , which are used in telecommunications to broadcast information. The conventional symbol for current

2175-407: Is a flow of charged particles , such as electrons or ions , moving through an electrical conductor or space. It is defined as the net rate of flow of electric charge through a surface. The moving particles are called charge carriers , which may be one of several types of particles, depending on the conductor . In electric circuits the charge carriers are often electrons moving through

2262-523: Is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields occurring in certain materials when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature . It was discovered by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes on April 8, 1911 in Leiden . Like ferromagnetism and atomic spectral lines , superconductivity is a quantum mechanical phenomenon. It is characterized by the Meissner effect ,

2349-473: Is a razor-edged bowler hat , which he wears at all times and can throw with deadly accuracy. He is also a skilled archer , able to fire an arrow through a ring as it is held aloft. Due to a cleft palate , he has a speech defect that renders his speech unintelligible to everyone except Goldfinger. In addition to killing people who might cause trouble for Goldfinger, Oddjob functions as his guard, chauffeur, and manservant (though not his golf caddy, as depicted in

2436-613: Is also present in Māori culture , where the words raupā and raupo refer to hands left cracked and chapped due to manual work, and are used as similes for someone deemed a hard worker. Calluses have also been known to develop on the forehead from the frequent prostrations required in Muslim prayer ; known as a prayer bump or zebiba , such calluses are considered marks of piety in some Muslim countries, and people have been known to take special steps, such as praying on straw mats, to encourage

2523-411: Is arbitrarily defined as the direction in which positive charges flow. In a conductive material , the moving charged particles that constitute the electric current are called charge carriers . In metals, which make up the wires and other conductors in most electrical circuits , the positively charged atomic nuclei of the atoms are held in a fixed position, and the negatively charged electrons are

2610-683: Is current. Magnetic fields can also be used to make electric currents. When a changing magnetic field is applied to a conductor, an electromotive force (EMF) is induced, which starts an electric current, when there is a suitable path. When an electric current flows in a suitably shaped conductor at radio frequencies , radio waves can be generated. These travel at the speed of light and can cause electric currents in distant conductors. In metallic solids, electric charge flows by means of electrons , from lower to higher electrical potential . In other media, any stream of charged objects (ions, for example) may constitute an electric current. To provide

2697-571: Is described as having a black belt in the Japanese martial art of karate ; in later editions it is learned that Oddjob practised taekwondo and hapkido in his native Korea but went on to earn his black belt in karate in Japan . The earlier novel tells of his hatred of being mistaken for Japanese, mainly due to Korean anger at the Japanese occupation of Korea (1910–1945). Oddjob's signature weapon

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2784-423: Is in a nanowire , for every energy there is a state with electrons flowing in one direction and another state with the electrons flowing in the other. For a net current to flow, more states for one direction than for the other direction must be occupied. For this to occur, energy is required, as in the semiconductor the next higher states lie above the band gap. Often this is stated as: full bands do not contribute to

2871-468: Is low, gases are dielectrics or insulators . However, once the applied electric field approaches the breakdown value, free electrons become sufficiently accelerated by the electric field to create additional free electrons by colliding, and ionizing , neutral gas atoms or molecules in a process called avalanche breakdown . The breakdown process forms a plasma that contains enough mobile electrons and positive ions to make it an electrical conductor. In

2958-455: Is opposite that of the chosen reference direction. Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the potential difference across the two points. Introducing the constant of proportionality, the resistance , one arrives at the usual mathematical equation that describes this relationship: I = V R , {\displaystyle I={\frac {V}{R}},} where I

3045-658: Is opposite to the velocity of the charges. In SI units , current density (symbol: j) is expressed in the SI base units of amperes per square metre. In linear materials such as metals, and under low frequencies, the current density across the conductor surface is uniform. In such conditions, Ohm's law states that the current is directly proportional to the potential difference between two ends (across) of that metal (ideal) resistor (or other ohmic device ): I = V R , {\displaystyle I={V \over R}\,,} where I {\displaystyle I}

3132-433: Is the current through the conductor in units of amperes , V is the potential difference measured across the conductor in units of volts , and R is the resistance of the conductor in units of ohms . More specifically, Ohm's law states that the R in this relation is constant, independent of the current. In alternating current (AC) systems, the movement of electric charge periodically reverses direction. AC

3219-400: Is the current, measured in amperes; V {\displaystyle V} is the potential difference , measured in volts ; and R {\displaystyle R} is the resistance , measured in ohms . For alternating currents , especially at higher frequencies, skin effect causes the current to spread unevenly across the conductor cross-section, with higher density near

3306-441: Is the form of electric power most commonly delivered to businesses and residences. The usual waveform of an AC power circuit is a sine wave , though certain applications use alternative waveforms, such as triangular or square waves . Audio and radio signals carried on electrical wires are also examples of alternating current. An important goal in these applications is recovery of information encoded (or modulated ) onto

3393-438: Is the natural reaction of the palmar or plantar skin. Too much friction occurring too fast for the skin to develop a protective callus will cause a blister or abrasion instead. Sometimes a callus occurs where there is no rubbing or pressure. These hyperkeratoses can have a variety of causes. Some toxic materials, such as arsenic , can cause thick palms and soles. Some diseases, such as syphilis , can cause thickening of

3480-461: Is the rate at which charge passes through a chosen unit area. It is defined as a vector whose magnitude is the current per unit cross-sectional area. As discussed in Reference direction , the direction is arbitrary. Conventionally, if the moving charges are positive, then the current density has the same sign as the velocity of the charges. For negative charges, the sign of the current density

3567-415: Is undesirable to form a callus, minimizing rubbing and pressure will prevent callus formation. Footwear should be properly fitted, gloves may be worn, and protective pads, rings or skin dressings may be used. People with poor circulation or sensation should check their skin often for signs of rubbing and irritation so they can minimize any damage. Calluses and corns may heal by themselves eventually, once

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3654-403: Is zero net current within the metal. At room temperature, the average speed of these random motions is 10 metres per second. Given a surface through which a metal wire passes, electrons move in both directions across the surface at an equal rate. As George Gamow wrote in his popular science book, One, Two, Three...Infinity (1947), "The metallic substances differ from all other materials by

3741-405: The electrical conductivity . However, as a semiconductor's temperature rises above absolute zero , there is more energy in the semiconductor to spend on lattice vibration and on exciting electrons into the conduction band. The current-carrying electrons in the conduction band are known as free electrons , though they are often simply called electrons if that is clear in context. Current density

3828-458: The reference direction of the current I {\displaystyle I} . When analyzing electrical circuits , the actual direction of current through a specific circuit element is usually unknown until the analysis is completed. Consequently, the reference directions of currents are often assigned arbitrarily. When the circuit is solved, a negative value for the current implies the actual direction of current through that circuit element

3915-418: The watt (symbol: W), is equivalent to one joule per second. In an electromagnet a coil of wires behaves like a magnet when an electric current flows through it. When the current is switched off, the coil loses its magnetism immediately. Electric current produces a magnetic field . The magnetic field can be visualized as a pattern of circular field lines surrounding the wire that persists as long as there

4002-449: The AC signal. In contrast, direct current (DC) refers to a system in which the movement of electric charge in only one direction (sometimes called unidirectional flow). Direct current is produced by sources such as batteries , thermocouples , solar cells , and commutator -type electric machines of the dynamo type. Alternating current can also be converted to direct current through use of

4089-413: The animated series James Bond Jr. with a miniature top hat (in place of the customary bowler hat), sunglasses, and hip-hop style clothes (not only does he wear purple instead of black, but he wears more casual attire as opposed to his live-action counterpart's dress suit), revealing that the electric shock did not kill him, but knocked him unconscious. The Americans arrest him before he escapes again in

4176-414: The arts , food preparation , many sports and physical activities , and fashion choices like wearing high heels . Although calluses can occur anywhere on the body as a reaction to moderate, constant "grinding" pressure, they are most often found on the foot (where the most pressure and friction are applied). On the feet (arguably the source of the most problematic calluses), they typically form on

4263-401: The callus to develop. Calluses may also form on the fingertips from the repeated pressure and friction of playing stringed instruments. This formation of calluses allows the player to repeatedly depress the strings without causing pain. Because of this, callus formation is viewed as something of a rite of passage for beginner string players. Electric current An electric current

4350-402: The capillaries or adjoining tissue, causing bleeding within the callus or corn. This can often be result of trying to pick, cut, or shave off the callus by yourself at home. Although the bleeding can be small, sometimes small pools of blood or hematoma are formed. The blood itself is an irritant, a foreign body within the callus that makes the area burn or itch. If the pool of blood is exposed to

4437-412: The charge carriers, free to move about in the metal. In other materials, notably the semiconductors , the charge carriers can be positive or negative, depending on the dopant used. Positive and negative charge carriers may even be present at the same time, as happens in an electrolyte in an electrochemical cell . A flow of positive charges gives the same electric current, and has the same effect in

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4524-402: The charge carriers. In a vacuum , a beam of ions or electrons may be formed. In other conductive materials, the electric current is due to the flow of both positively and negatively charged particles at the same time. In still others, the current is entirely due to positive charge flow . For example, the electric currents in electrolytes are flows of positively and negatively charged ions. In

4611-534: The complete ejection of magnetic field lines from the interior of the superconductor as it transitions into the superconducting state. The occurrence of the Meissner effect indicates that superconductivity cannot be understood simply as the idealization of perfect conductivity in classical physics . In a semiconductor it is sometimes useful to think of the current as due to the flow of positive " holes " (the mobile positive charge carriers that are places where

4698-544: The correct voltages within radio antennas , radio waves are generated. In electronics , other forms of electric current include the flow of electrons through resistors or through the vacuum in a vacuum tube , the flow of ions inside a battery , and the flow of holes within metals and semiconductors . A biological example of current is the flow of ions in neurons and nerves, responsible for both thought and sensory perception. Current can be measured using an ammeter . Electric current can be directly measured with

4785-399: The dermis, usually on the feet or hands. Corns may form due to chronic pressure or rubbing at a pressure point (in this skin over a bone), or due to scar tissue from a healing wound creating pressure in a weight-bearing area such as the sole of the foot. If there is constant stimulation of the tissue producing the corns, even after the corn is surgically removed, the skin may continue to grow as

4872-410: The energy of the ground state, the state in which electrons are tightly bound to the atomic nuclei of the material, and the free electron energy, the latter describing the energy required for an electron to escape entirely from the material. The energy bands each correspond to many discrete quantum states of the electrons, and most of the states with low energy (closer to the nucleus) are occupied, up to

4959-458: The fact that the outer shells of their atoms are bound rather loosely, and often let one of their electrons go free. Thus the interior of a metal is filled up with a large number of unattached electrons that travel aimlessly around like a crowd of displaced persons. When a metal wire is subjected to electric force applied on its opposite ends, these free electrons rush in the direction of the force, thus forming what we call an electric current." When

5046-538: The film). He is killed when Bond uses a knife to shatter the window next to his seat on an aircraft, which depressurizes the plane and blows Oddjob out of the window, a fate transferred to Auric Goldfinger in the film version. At the beginning of Goldfinger , Oddjob is seen only as a silhouette against a wall as he knocks Bond unconscious at the Fontainebleau Hotel , after which he and/or Goldfinger kills Bond girl Jill Masterson, with whom Bond had spent

5133-459: The flow of conduction electrons in metal wires such as the overhead power lines that deliver electrical energy across long distances and the smaller wires within electrical and electronic equipment. Eddy currents are electric currents that occur in conductors exposed to changing magnetic fields. Similarly, electric currents occur, particularly in the surface, of conductors exposed to electromagnetic waves . When oscillating electric currents flow at

5220-414: The hat, causing it to get stuck between a pair of metal bars. When he retrieves his hat and tries to free it, Bond grabs a sparking wire severed by the hat earlier and thrusts the open end onto the bars. The electric current transfers to the bars and then to the metal in the hat's rim, which electrocutes Oddjob to death. When asked what happened to him, Bond replies, "he blew a fuse". Oddjob appears in

5307-410: The heavier positive ions, and hence carry the bulk of the current. The free ions recombine to create new chemical compounds (for example, breaking atmospheric oxygen into single oxygen [O 2 → 2O], which then recombine creating ozone [O 3 ]). Since a " perfect vacuum " contains no charged particles, it normally behaves as a perfect insulator. However, metal electrode surfaces can cause a region of

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5394-419: The irritation is consistently avoided. They may also be dissolved with keratolytic agents containing salicylic acid , sanded down with a pumice stone or silicon carbide sandpaper or filed down with a callus shaver , or pared down by a professional such as a podiatrist . People with diabetes face special skin challenges. Because diabetes affects the capillaries , the small blood vessels which feed

5481-440: The length of the wire he deduced that the heat produced was proportional to the square of the current multiplied by the electrical resistance of the wire. P ∝ I 2 R . {\displaystyle P\propto I^{2}R.} This relationship is known as Joule's Law . The SI unit of energy was subsequently named the joule and given the symbol J . The commonly known SI unit of power,

5568-424: The metal into the vacuum. Externally heated electrodes are often used to generate an electron cloud as in the filament or indirectly heated cathode of vacuum tubes . Cold electrodes can also spontaneously produce electron clouds via thermionic emission when small incandescent regions (called cathode spots or anode spots ) are formed. These are incandescent regions of the electrode surface that are created by

5655-511: The metatarsal-phalangeal joint area ("balls of the foot"), heels and small toes due to the compression applied by tightly fitting shoes. Biologically, calluses are formed by the accumulation of terminally differentiated keratinocytes in the outermost layer of skin. Though the cells of calluses are dead, they are quite resistant to mechanical and chemical damage due to extensive networks of cross-linked proteins and hydrophobic keratin intermediate filaments containing many disulfide bonds . It

5742-424: The moving electrons in metals. In certain electrolyte mixtures, brightly coloured ions are the moving electric charges. The slow progress of the colour makes the current visible. In air and other ordinary gases below the breakdown field, the dominant source of electrical conduction is via relatively few mobile ions produced by radioactive gases, ultraviolet light, or cosmic rays. Since the electrical conductivity

5829-597: The night, through "skin suffocation" by painting her entire body with gold paint . When Bond meets Goldfinger for a round of golf, Oddjob is seen in full for the first time. Goldfinger describes him as "an admirable manservant but mute". He only has four lines of 'dialogue' throughout the film: in his first line, upon pretending to have found Goldfinger's missing golf ball, he exclaims, "Aha!". The second time, after killing Tilly Masterson, he instructs his men to dispose of her body by merely pointing at them and saying, "Ah! Ah!". The third time, he says "Ah!" to order Bond to put on

5916-400: The opposite direction of conventional current flow in an electrical circuit. A current in a wire or circuit element can flow in either of two directions. When defining a variable I {\displaystyle I} to represent the current, the direction representing positive current must be specified, usually by an arrow on the circuit schematic diagram . This is called

6003-403: The opposite direction of the electric field. The speed they drift at can be calculated from the equation: I = n A v Q , {\displaystyle I=nAvQ\,,} where Typically, electric charges in solids flow slowly. For example, in a copper wire of cross-section 0.5 mm , carrying a current of 5 A, the drift velocity of the electrons is on the order of

6090-502: The outer electrons in each atom are not bound to the individual molecules as they are in molecular solids , or in full bands as they are in insulating materials, but are free to move within the metal lattice . These conduction electrons can serve as charge carriers , carrying a current. Metals are particularly conductive because there are many of these free electrons. With no external electric field applied, these electrons move about randomly due to thermal energy but, on average, there

6177-628: The outside, infection may follow. Infection may also lead to ulceration . This process can be prevented at several places. Diabetic foot infections are the leading cause of diabetic limb amputation . Calluses in the hands are frequently associated with manual labor and blue-collar workers . During the Gads Hill Train Robbery in 1874, the James–Younger Gang purportedly refrained from robbing men with calloused hands, assuming them to be working class laborers. Such notion

6264-429: The palms and soles as well as pinpoint hyperkeratoses. There is a benign condition called keratosis palmaris et plantaris , which produces corns in the creases of the fingers and non-weight bearing spaces of the feet. Some of this may be caused by actinic keratosis , which occurs due to overexposure to sun or with age and hormonal shifts. A corn (or clavus , plural clavi ) is a cone-shaped callus that penetrates into

6351-413: The passage of an electric current through a conductor increases the internal energy of the conductor, converting thermodynamic work into heat . The phenomenon was first studied by James Prescott Joule in 1841. Joule immersed a length of wire in a fixed mass of water and measured the temperature rise due to a known current through the wire for a 30 minute period. By varying the current and

6438-468: The process, it forms a light emitting conductive path, such as a spark , arc or lightning . Plasma is the state of matter where some of the electrons in a gas are stripped or "ionized" from their molecules or atoms. A plasma can be formed by high temperature , or by application of a high electric or alternating magnetic field as noted above. Due to their lower mass, the electrons in a plasma accelerate more quickly in response to an electric field than

6525-401: The rate at which charge flows through a given surface as: I = d Q d t . {\displaystyle I={\frac {\mathrm {d} Q}{\mathrm {d} t}}\,.} Electric currents in electrolytes are flows of electrically charged particles ( ions ). For example, if an electric field is placed across a solution of Na and Cl (and conditions are right)

6612-501: The semiconductor crystal is missing a valence electron). This is the case in a p-type semiconductor. A semiconductor has electrical conductivity intermediate in magnitude between that of a conductor and an insulator . This means a conductivity roughly in the range of 10 to 10 siemens per centimeter (S⋅cm ). In the classic crystalline semiconductors, electrons can have energies only within certain bands (i.e. ranges of levels of energy). Energetically, these bands are located between

6699-503: The semiconductor from the valence band to the conduction band depends on the band gap between the bands. The size of this energy band gap serves as an arbitrary dividing line (roughly 4 eV ) between semiconductors and insulators . With covalent bonds, an electron moves by hopping to a neighboring bond. The Pauli exclusion principle requires that the electron be lifted into the higher anti-bonding state of that bond. For delocalized states, for example in one dimension – that

6786-497: The series. When not wearing his hat, his hair is now more flat-top. Like his movie counterpart, he rarely speaks. In the video game James Bond 007 , Oddjob appears as a henchman for the main villain, General Golgov. Bond encounters Oddjob at his hotel room in Marrakesh . The two fight and Bond is defeated and left stranded in a desert. Later on, Bond trails Oddjob to Tibet, only to be captured. Bond escapes confinement and obtains

6873-422: The skin, thickening of the skin with callus increases the difficulty of supplying nutrients to the skin. Callus formation is seen in high numbers of patients with diabetes, and together with absent foot pulses and formation of hammer toe , this may be an early sign of individuals at an increased risk for foot ulcers. The stiffness of a callus or corn, coupled with the shear and pressure that caused it, may tear

6960-419: The sodium ions move towards the negative electrode (cathode), while the chloride ions move towards the positive electrode (anode). Reactions take place at both electrode surfaces, neutralizing each ion. Water-ice and certain solid electrolytes called proton conductors contain positive hydrogen ions (" protons ") that are mobile. In these materials, electric currents are composed of moving protons, as opposed to

7047-438: The soft corns tends to differ from that of hard corns. Hard corns occur on dry, flat surfaces of skin. Soft corns (frequently found between adjacent toes) stay moist, keeping the surrounding skin soft. The corn's center is not soft however, but indurated . The specific diagnostic workup and treatments for corns may differ substantially from other forms of calluses. Corns and calluses are easier to prevent than to treat. When it

7134-505: The striking surfaces of his hands and feet, which have developed a tough callus , significantly increasing his striking power. Oddjob is described as being a "squat" man with "arms like thighs", black teeth, and a "sickly zoo-smell". In contrast with the film, where he is depicted as a man of average height, the novel describes his breaking of a mantelpiece seven feet off the ground and six inches above his head, placing his height at 6 ft 6 in (198 cm). In an early edition, Oddjob

7221-443: The surface, thus increasing the apparent resistance. The mobile charged particles within a conductor move constantly in random directions, like the particles of a gas . (More accurately, a Fermi gas .) To create a net flow of charge, the particles must also move together with an average drift rate. Electrons are the charge carriers in most metals and they follow an erratic path, bouncing from atom to atom, but generally drifting in

7308-405: The vacuum to become conductive by injecting free electrons or ions through either field electron emission or thermionic emission . Thermionic emission occurs when the thermal energy exceeds the metal's work function , while field electron emission occurs when the electric field at the surface of the metal is high enough to cause tunneling , which results in the ejection of free electrons from

7395-580: Was inspired by Oddjob. Callus A callus ( pl. : calluses ) is an area of thickened and sometimes hardened skin that forms as a response to repeated friction, pressure, or other irritation. Since repeated contact is required, calluses are most often found on the feet and hands, but they may occur anywhere on the skin. Some degree of callus, such as on the bottom of the foot, is normal. Calluses are generally not harmful and help prevent blisters , as well as offering protection. However, excessive formation may sometimes lead to other problems, such as

7482-619: Was responsible for making the hat fly. After Goldfinger , the hat came into the possession of the James Bond Fan Club. In 1998, the hat was auctioned at Christie's in a sale of James Bond memorabilia. The hat sold for £62,000. In 2002, the hat was lent out for an exhibition at the National Museum of Photography, Film and Television in Bradford , commemorating the 40th anniversary of the release of Dr. No . The hat

7569-533: Was then auctioned again in 2006, when the final price was $ 36,000. Replicas of the hat are sought after by collectors and replicas have been used as centrepieces for some exhibitions. In 2008, one replica joined the Bond exhibition at the National Motor Museum . The television show MythBusters tested out the capabilities of Oddjob's hat, testing whether or not it would have been able to decapitate

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