In biology , offspring are the young creation of living organisms , produced either by sexual or asexual reproduction . Collective offspring may be known as a brood or progeny . This can refer to a set of simultaneous offspring, such as the chicks hatched from one clutch of eggs , or to all offspring produced over time, as with the honeybee . Offspring can occur after mating , artificial insemination , or as a result of cloning .
20-410: Human offspring ( descendants ) are referred to as children ; male children are sons and female children are daughters (see Kinship ). Offspring contains many parts and properties that are precise and accurate in what they consist of, and what they define. As the offspring of a new species, also known as a child or f1 generation, consist of genes of the father and the mother, which is also known as
40-560: A continuous spectrum (hot, cold). Complementary antonyms are word pairs whose meanings are opposite but whose meanings do not lie on a continuous spectrum ( push , pull ). Relational antonyms are word pairs where opposite makes sense only in the context of the relationship between the two meanings ( teacher , pupil ). These more restricted meanings may not apply in all scholarly contexts, with Lyons (1968, 1977) defining antonym to mean gradable antonyms, and Crystal (2003) warning that antonymy and antonym should be regarded with care. Opposition
60-417: A continuous spectrum so hot and cold , two meanings on opposite ends of the spectrum, are gradable antonyms. Other examples include: heavy : light , fat : skinny , dark : light , young : old , early : late , empty : full , dull : interesting . A complementary antonym, sometimes called a binary or contradictory antonym (Aarts, Chalker & Weiner 2014),
80-452: A pair of words that refer to a relationship from opposite points of view. There is no lexical opposite of teacher , but teacher and pupil are opposite within the context of their relationship. This makes them relational antonyms. Other examples include: husband : wife , doctor : patient , predator : prey , teach : learn , servant : master , come : go , parent : child . An auto-antonym
100-417: Is antecedent . A collateral descendant is a legal term for a relative descended from a sibling of an ancestor , and thus a niece , nephew , aunt, uncle, or cousin . This law -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Antonym In lexical semantics , opposites are words lying in an inherently incompatible binary relationship. For example, something that
120-561: Is male entails that it is not female . It is referred to as a 'binary' relationship because there are two members in a set of opposites. The relationship between opposites is known as opposition . A member of a pair of opposites can generally be determined by the question What is the opposite of X ? The term antonym (and the related antonymy) is commonly taken to be synonymous with opposite, but antonym also has other more restricted meanings. Graded (or gradable) antonyms are word pairs whose meanings are opposite and which lie on
140-441: Is "inept," which seems to be "in-" + *"ept," although the word "ept" itself does not exist . Such words are known as unpaired words . Opposites may be viewed as a special type of incompatibility. Words that are incompatible create the following type of entailment (where X is a given word and Y is a different word incompatible with word X): An example of an incompatible pair of words is cat : dog : This incompatibility
160-472: Is a blood relative in the direct line of descent – the children , grandchildren, great-grandchildren, etc. of a person. In a legal procedure sense, lineal descent refers to the acquisition of estate by inheritance by parent from grandparent and by child from parent, whereas collateral descent refers to the acquisition of estate or real property by inheritance by sibling from sibling, and cousin from cousin. Adopted children, for whom adoption statutes create
180-409: Is a semantic relation in which one word has a sense or meaning that negates or, in terms of a scale , is distant from a related word. Some words lack a lexical opposite due to an accidental gap in the language's lexicon . For instance, while the word "devout" has no direct opposite, it is easy to conceptualize a scale of devoutness, where "devout" lies at the positive end with a missing counterpart at
200-459: Is a vital part of survival, there are many steps involved and mutations can occur with permanent change in an organism's and their offspring's DNA. Some mutations can be good as they result in random evolution periods which may be good for the species, but most mutations are bad as they can change the genotypes of offspring, which can result in changes that harm the species. Lineal descendant A lineal or direct descendant , in legal usage,
220-558: Is also found in the opposite pairs fast : slow and stationary : moving , as can be seen below: It's fast entails It's not slow Cruse (2004) identifies some basic characteristics of opposites: Some planned languages abundantly use such devices to reduce vocabulary multiplication. Esperanto has mal- (compare bona = "good" and malbona = "bad"), Damin has kuri- ( tjitjuu "small", kuritjitjuu "large") and Newspeak has un- (as in ungood , "bad"). Some classes of opposites include: An antonym
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#1732772458612240-408: Is one of a pair of words with opposite meanings, where the two meanings do not lie on a continuous spectrum. There is no continuous spectrum between odd and even but they are opposite in meaning and are therefore complementary antonyms. Other examples include: mortal : immortal , exit : entrance , exhale : inhale , occupied : vacant . A relational antonym is one of
260-400: Is one of a pair of words with opposite meanings. Each word in the pair is the antithesis of the other. A word may have more than one antonym. There are three categories of antonyms identified by the nature of the relationship between the opposed meanings. A gradable antonym is one of a pair of words with opposite meanings where the two meanings lie on a continuous spectrum. Temperature is such
280-536: Is that it produces an exact copy of the parent being cloned. Cloning copies the DNA/genes of the parent and then creates a genetic duplicate. The clone will not be a similar copy as they will grow up in different surroundings from the parent and may encounter different opportunities and experiences that can result in epigenetic changes. Although mostly positive, cloning also faces some setbacks in terms of ethics and human health. Though cell division and DNA replication
300-408: The female chromosome, resulting in a process of meiosis occurring, and leading to the splitting of the chromosomes evenly. Depending on which genes are dominantly expressed in the gene will result in the sex of the offspring. The female will always give an X chromosome , whereas the male, depending on the situation, will either give an X chromosome or a Y chromosome . If a male offspring is produced,
320-411: The formation of the f1 generation, is an inheritance called sex linkage , which is a gene located on the sex chromosome , and patterns of this inheritance differ in both male and female. The explanation that proves the theory of the offspring having genes from both parent generations is proven through a process called crossing over , which consists of taking genes from the male chromosomes and genes from
340-483: The gene will consist of an X and a Y chromosome, and if a female offspring is produced, the gene will consist of two X chromosomes. Cloning is the production of an offspring which represents the identical genes to its parent. Reproductive cloning begins with the removal of the nucleus from an egg, which holds the genetic material. In order to clone an organ, a stem cell is to be produced and then utilized to clone that specific organ. A common misconception of cloning
360-464: The negative end. In certain cases, opposites can be formed with prefixes like "un-" or "non-," with varying levels of naturalness. For example, "undevout" is found in Webster's 1828 dictionary, while the prefix pattern of "non-person" could theoretically extend to "non-platypus." Conversely, some words appear to be derived from a prefix suggesting opposition, yet the root term does not exist. An example
380-430: The parent generation. Each of these offspring contains numerous genes which have coding for specific tasks and properties. Males and females both contribute equally to the genotypes of their offspring, in which gametes fuse and form. An important aspect of the formation of the parent offspring is the chromosome , which is a structure of DNA which contains many genes. To focus more on the offspring and how it results in
400-669: The same rights of heirship as children of the body , come within the meaning of the term "lineal descendants," as used in a statute providing for the non-lapse of a devise where the devisee predeceases the testator but leaves lineal descendants. Among some Native American tribes in the United States , tribal enrollment can be determined by lineal descent, as opposed to a minimum blood quantum . Lineal descent means that anyone directly descended from original tribal enrollees could be eligible for tribal enrollment, regardless of how much native blood they have. The antonym of descendant
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